Animal pain management is an important aspect in veterinary medicine. Trauma, illness and surgery can all result in acute pain and good management of pain is required for animal welfare (i.e., Health, physical and mental wellbeing). Newer classes of drugs are emerging for the management of pain which has lesser side effects and more efficacy than older drugs which were used against pain. Combination of two or more drugs has been proved to be more effective for the management of pain than the single drug usage. Selection of the most suitable drug combination is based on the severity of pain, effectiveness of the drug and also health status of the animal. Management of animals that are under pain needs a combination of good nursing, nondrug therapies (for example, ice packs or heat, bandaging and physical therapy) and drug treatments. The article reviews about the classes of drugs which are used for the management of acute and chronic pain in animals, their most common side effects, and the treatment regimen for different class of drugs. It is aimed to guide the veterinary practitioner to select and dose the animals with effective analgesics for the management of pain.

Data on 1, 64,962 ejaculates of 486 bulls maintained at BAIF (Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation) Research Foundation was utilized for this study. Six semen production traits viz. ejaculate volume (EV- ml), sperm concentration (SC- 109/ml), initial sperm motility (ISM- %), post-thaw motility (PTM- %), total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate (TNS- 109/ejaculate) and the theoretical number of semen doses (TNSD) were included in the analysis. Effect of different factors like location, season, year, collection time, collection interval, ejaculation order, breed and age of the bulls was studied on the semen production traits and least-squares means were obtained for these fixed factors while adjusting for the random factors like bull and semen collector. Bayesian method using Gibbs sampling was used to obtain precise least-squares estimates along with 95 per cent posterior standard densities. Better yield was obtained in the early hours of the day before 7 AM, when the ambient temperatures were lower and the first ejaculate was better than the second ejaculate for all the traits. EV was highest when the bulls were six years old, whereas, ISM gradually declined as the age advanced.

Human–wild pig conflict is one of the main threats to farmers as wild pig destroys the growing crops completely. Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu was purposefully selected for the study as it ranked first in human-wild pig conflict incidents in Tamil Nadu. Farmers who had at least one wildlife conflict incidence in their lifetime were selected for this study during 2015- 16 on adoption and effectiveness of traditional practices to manage human-wild pig conflict situations. Sixty participants were selected using the snow ball sampling and data were collected using semi-structured interviews, complemented by free listing techniques, nonspecific prompting and reading back. A total number of nine traditional practices were identified and found that they were adopted at various levels. Further, boundary clearing, using metal cow bells and using shining tapes (100 %) were found to be most effective traditional method followed by fireworks/ crackers (75 %), noise making (72.2 %) and scarecrows (69.6 %). Although encouraging, these results require more widespread testing and demonstration to ensure their effectiveness at broader scales.

An eight year old male Lhasa Apso dog was presented for necropsy with the history of persistent vomition, anorexia, lethargy, dehydration and abdominal distension. Blood picture revealed marked neutrophilic leukocytosis along with left shift. Necropsy examination revealed the presence of secondary septic peritonitis and multiple renal / splenic infarcts. Histologically, perforative/haemorrhagic enteritis, renal infarcts with diffuse glomerular / tubular necrosis of coagulative type and splenic infarction with occluded artery containing bacterial thromboemboli were confirmed. Secondary peritonitis has been observed to be a frequent complication associated with perforation of the intestine. These fatal complications of septic peritonitis present a therapeutic challenge and needs prompt veterinary care and treatment.

A logistic model was fitted for the sample respondents to explore the determinant factors of poverty and comparative advantage of livestock component in reduction of poverty was ascertained. The primary data were collected through personal interview from randomly selected 540 sample households from six poverty prone districts using pre-tested interview schedules. Among various variables presumed to be the determinants of poverty, the variables viz., Ariyalur district dummy, cattle holding, sheep holding, family size, family dependency ratio were found to be statistically significant and rest were non-significant. The number of cattle and sheep were found to reduce the probability of fell down below the poverty line. Thus, these components may be considered while framing any poverty alleviation programmes in rural India.

Fish are the source of high-quality protein and are preferable due to its exceptional richness in calcium, phosphorus and vitamins. Photobacterium damselae is a potential pathogen of marine fish and an opportunistic pathogen in humans which causes pasteurellosis. A study for the screening of Photobacterium sp. in the marine fish landings of Pulicat Lake, Tamil Nadu, India was undertaken between August 2018 and February 2019. About 113 samples of fishes belonging to various species viz., Ablenneshians, Rastrelliger kannagarta, Hemiramphus, Thunnus sp., Nemipterus bipunctatus, Leognathus sp., Scombroid sp., Saurida thumbil, Triacanthus biaculatus and Pomadasys sp. were used for the study. Photobacterium sp. has been isolated in 26 fish samples which include Rastrelliger kannagarta (13/16), Leognathus sp. (4/11) and Saurida thumbil (9/11). Pathogenic Photobacterium sp. could pose threat to the health of consumers through the ingestion of contaminated, improperly cooked seafood or may gain entry to the human body during handling of contaminated fish through the cuts or abrasions or by swimming and other recreational activities in the contaminated water bodies.

A two months old desi chicken carcass was received for necropsy. On necropsy the oesophagus was found directly entering into the gizzard and the proventriculus could not be located grossly. Further complete telescoping of proventriculus into the gizzard was observed. Based on the gross findings, the case was diagnosed as proventricular intussusception into gizzard. On histopathological examination, the proventricular mucosa revealed diffuse moderate diphtheritic proventriculitis. The incidence of intussusception of proventriculus is rare and this condition might be due to increased peristalsis associated with intestinal helminthiasis.

A rare case of combined oviductal adenocarcinoma and leiomyoma in a white leghorn chicken is reported. Necropsy of an adult female white leghorn chicken, showed distension of oviduct. The oviduct serosa revealed small nodules of about 3 mm diameter and the lumen contained brownish exudates. The oviductal mucosa showed irregular nodules of about 0.5 to 1.5 cm in diameter attached to the mucosa of the magnum. Grossly, the mucosal nodules were firm and pink to grey in colour and serosal nodules were grey white in colour. Histopathologically, oviduct mucosal nodule revealed acinar or tubular pattern of tumour cells separated by fibrous tissue. The oviduct serosal nodule revealed interlacing bundles of smooth muscles cells in various directions. Based on histopathological characteristics, the present case was diagnosed as a rare combined case of oviduct adenocarcinoma and leiomyoma in a white leghorn layer chicken.

Resistance-to-antibiotics (ABR) in bacteria is an ever increasing critical global public health concern, as is the prevalence of mycotoxins in human food and animal feed. Mycotoxins are toxins produced by fungi, and so are antibiotics, albeit some soil bacteria also produce antibiotics. While fungal compounds toxic to humans and animals were categorised as mycotoxins, compounds having bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity were pharmacologically used as antibiotics. Nevertheless, the line of demarcation between antibiotics and mycotoxins is not absolute, as many mycotoxins possess antibiotic properties. However, until now mycotoxins were usually not-suspected to induce cross-resistance to antibiotics. The current article demonstrates the plausible mechanistic link for the induction of cross-resistance by mycotoxins to antibiotics. Evidence presented shows that in addition to common origin both mycotoxins and antibiotics have similar chemical structures, genetic backbone, biosynthetic pathway as well as role in the life of producing organism and even induce similar resistance mechanisms in bacteria, scientifically substantiating that mycotoxin induced ABR is a plausible phenomenon. Further the unavoidable presence of mycotoxins in animal feed albeit at low levels, mimics long-term exposure of commensal bacteria in farm animals to antibiotic-growth-promoters at low levels. Additionally, chronic low-level antibiotic exposure in animals is argued to be a serious factor contributing to antibiotic-resistant bacteria in humans. Finally the article provides experimental design to help evaluate the mycotoxin-induced-ABR. The given scientific evidence necessitates future investigations through appropriate studies to confirm the potential of mycotoxins as critical inducers of ABR, from possibility to plausibility.

A study was carried out to determine the effects of feed form i.e.crumble and mash feed on growth performance in Japanese quail. Totally 500 Nandanam quail III day-old chicks were weighed individually, then randomly assigned to two dietary treatment groups of 250 chicks each. They were 50 chicks per replicate and five replicate per dietary treatment group. These Japanese quails were fed with starter diet in the form of crumble and mash up to 5 weeks. The parameters such as weekly body weight, feed consumption, livability and carcass characteristics were recorded. There was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) in weekly body weight and body weight gain was observed between crumble and mash dietary treatment groups during entire study period of 5 weeks. Similarly, the feed consumption and FCR also showed significant (P ≤ 0.01) difference between the dietary treatment groups. The per cent livability showed no significant difference between dietary treatment groups. The pre- slaughter live weight showed significant (P ≤ 0.01) difference between the dietary treatments; however, the other carcass characteristics such as eviscerated weight, ready to cook yield, giblets yield, breast yield, and thigh yield showed no significant difference between dietary treatments. It can be concluded that crumble form of diet had improved the growth performance than mash form in Japanese quail.