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A total of 3430 serum samples from various animal species and humans were tested using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to determinethe frequency of the important leptospiral serovars involved in animals and humans. The sera were screened against 14 serovars of pathogenic Leptospira interogans and 1 serovar of non-pathogenic Leptospira biflexa. Altogether, 441 (12.86%) of the tested serum samples were found to be positive serologically. Tested sera reacted to all 15 serovars used in this study. The most predominant serovar in cattle and sheep is hardjo (39.60% and 66.67%). However, in goat, buffalo and horse, the most frequent serovar detected is hebdomadis (30.00%, 32.58% and 57.14%). In dog, the most predominant serovar is bataviae (19.23%). In humans, the most predominant serovar is cynopteri (3.26%). Among all the samples tested, there were no positive samples from pig and cat. Domestic animals, rodents andpets can infect the environment or transmit the disease to human or other animals. This study showed that domestic animals could play a role in the epidemiology of leptospirosis and represents a threat topublic health.

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public health leptospira pathogenic microorganisms pet care antibodies domestic animals ...

Universiti Putra Malaysia - Malaysia

Investigation on performance of different age and gender using biochemical profile of horses during 120 km endurance race

2013

Noraniza M. A. | Lawan A. | Rasedee A. | Bashir A.

Exercise-induced changes of pro-oxidant generating substances and muscle fibre damaging enzymes are the possible causes of reduced performance in endurance horses. Therefore, this study aims to investigate on the performance of different age and gender using biochemical profile of endurance horses during 120 km endurance race. One hundred and eighty four Arabian endurance horses were physically examined and blood samples were collected post-race.After physical examination, the MD (F, n= 44; G, n = 86) and SC (F, n = 20; G, n = 34) were identified. T-test and pairwise correlation were used for the analysis. There were significant differences inCK, uric acid, lactate and age (P<0.0001) respectively between the gender in the MD and SC. There were significant differences in AST (P<0.0029) and GGT (P<0.0039) respectively between the gender in theMD and SC. In conclusion age and gender significantly affect performance of endurance horses in relation to biochemical profile during 120 km endurance race. Therefore, further studies are required to determine if age, gender and biochemical profile could be used to assess performance in endurance horses.

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metabolic disorders physical fitness temperature animal performance hydration muscle fibres ...

Universiti Putra Malaysia - Malaysia

Evaluation of the survival of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolated from chickens and possible inactivation by in-use concentration of Lindores-30, Ecos Timsen and Omnicide

2013

Adamu Abubakar Yerima | Latiffah Hassan | Zakaria Zunita

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are well-known ascendant nosocomial pathogens. The recent detection of epidemiologic straincarrying vanA gene in the community of people working with animals and in chickens has brought to the forefront the potential public health danger posed by these organism. The farm environment is a major source of VRE persistence in poultry farms. We carried out survival test to test the survival of the VRE isolates on dry condition and surface test to evaluate the inactivation of the isolates by in-use concentration of commonly used disinfectants. In the survival test, all isolates survived for at least 4 weeks incolony counts of (1.00 × 103 – 3.86 × 103 CFU/ml) under clean condition and (1.00 × 103 – 2.02 × 104) for soiled condition.Those that were suspended in 5% BSA solution to mimic organic matter load as obtainable on farms survived for at least 8 weeks at (1.54 × 102 – 1.34 × 103 CFU/ ml). In the surface test, inactivation of VRE isolates by in-use concentration of Lindores®, Omnicide® and Ecos Timsen® was tested using the European surface test (EST). All the tested disinfectants were active against the VRE isolates on both the standard test surface (stainless steel) and our test surface (wooden). The results shows microbiocidal effects (ME) for test disinfectants, i.e. the log10 CFU of micro-organisms compared between test biocide and control treated with distilled water, after 7 min of exposure as follows; Lindores® active on both surfaces 5.24 and 3.17, Ecos Timsen® active significantly on steel 4.90 than wood 2.98 and Omnicide® significantly less active on stainless steel2.40 than on wood 3.50.

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pathogens farm management culture techniques relative humidity neutralization health hazards ...

Universiti Putra Malaysia - Malaysia

Testing Neem products on goats in Infoternak, Perak: a preliminary trial for neem capsules, neem juice, neem extract & neem decoction for worm control

2013

Four types of products made from Neem namely, neem leaf decoction, neem capsule, neem fresh juice and neem extract were given to 4 groups of goat for a period of 10 weeks to evaluate the effectiveness of these products in controlling natural gastrointestinal helminth infection. During the course of the study, faecal egg counts, Packed Cell Volume and FAMACHA readings weremonitored weekly. Results of feeding these products were variable when compared to untreated control animals, however, a 40-60% worm control was observed. Further testing is required to fine tune theseproducts for use in the field especially where anthelmintic resistance deems drugs to be ineffective.

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farm management goats gastrointestinal diseases drug resistance helminthiasis parasitology anthelmintic resistance ...

Universiti Putra Malaysia - Malaysia

Freedom status of dourine (Trypanosoma equiperdum) in Malaysia

2013

The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of dourine from imported horses using Complement Fixation Test. Dourine is classified as a OIE listed B disease (OIE Terrestrial Manual 2008) where equines are mainly susceptible to it and it had occurred in many countries such as Africa, the Middle East, South America and South-eastern Europe. Malaysia regularly imports Australian horses for the equestrian sector which encompasses activities such as racing and endurance as well as other recreational or leisure activities in Malaysia. As such, awareness towards this disease is important during importation of horses to avoid dourine embark into Malaysia. A total of 288 horse sera samples obtained from animal quarantine stations and private stables were examined for dourine by complement fixation test. Results showed serologically negative results for dourine with all the samples tested.

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antigens dourine trypanosoma equiperdum quarantine horses blood serum field sera ...

Universiti Putra Malaysia - Malaysia

A preliminary study to understand the status of Newcastle disease and Avian Influenza disease in Sabah

2013

Wong, N. | Normah Y. | Yeo, B. K.

A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI) from backyard chickens and ducks in Sabah. A total of 2,117 samples consisting of 1,498 swabs and 619 serum samples were taken from all districts in the state.All samples tested were negative to Avian Influenza virus. 23.59% of the 619 serum samples collected were sero-positive for Newcastle Disease with the highest HI titre being 1/256. Only one pool of 4trachael swabs or 0.27% of the total 1,498 swabs was positive on virus isolation for Newcastle Disease. No Avian influenza virus was isolated from all the samples collected.

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serological techniques chickens avian influenza virus infectivity newcastle disease farm animals ...

Universiti Putra Malaysia - Malaysia

Effect of glutathione on the function and oxidative status of ovine cryopreserved sperm | Efeito da adição de glutationa na função e estresse oxidativo em sêmen ovino criopreservado

2013

The high susceptibility of sperm to the oxidative stress occurs especially due to high content of poly-unsaturated fattyacids (PUFAs) in its plasma membrane. The PUFAs provide the necessary fluidity to the plasma membrane. Howeverdouble bonds present in those fatty acids are more susceptible to oxidative stress. Studies in human indicate thatcryopreservation may lead to damages to the sperm due to oxidative stress. This study aimed to verify if the antioxidantglutathione (GSH) may protect ovine cryopreserved sperm against damages caused by oxidative stress. Semen samplesof four rams were cryopreserved using Tris-egg yolk extender supplemented with different concentrations of reducedglutathione (control, 1, 5 and 10 mM). After thawing, samples were evaluated using conventional (motility and vigor)and functional tests (membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity). Aliquots of each thawed sample were submitted toprotocol of induced lipid peroxidation using ascorbate (20 mM) and ferrous sulphate (4 mM), with further measurementof tiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), index of oxidative stress. No effect of GSH was observed on variablesassessed by conventional tests. GSH decreased the proportion of intact acrosomes. Samples treated with 5 mM GSHshowed lower percentage of intact membrane cells when compared to control samples and those treated with 10 mM.The percentage of cells with mitochondrial activity was affected by GSH, but no effect on TBARS. Samples from controlgroup were more susceptible to denaturation of chromatin. In conclusion, the addition of Glutathione (GSH) offersprotection to DNA and mitochondrial activity of ovine sperm. | Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados garantem fluidez à membrana plasmática do espermatozoide. No entanto, as duplas ligações presentes, os tornam mais susceptíveis aos efeitos nocivos da peroxidação lipídica. A adição do antioxidante Glutationa reduzida (GSH) poderia conferir proteção aos espermatozoides de ovinos submetidos à congelação contra os graves danos causados pelo estresse oxidativo. O objetivo do presente experimento foi avaliar se a GSH protege os espermatozoides ovinos criopreservados contra danos causados pelo estresse oxidativo. Foram colhidos ejaculados de quatro carneiros adultos. As análises convencionais foram: concentração, motilidade, vigor e morfologia. As análises funcionais foram: integridade de membrana, integridade acrossomal, integridade de cromatina e atividade mitocondrial. O sêmen foi criopreservado utilizando o diluidor Tris-gema-critrato, suplementado com GSH (controle, 1, 5 e 10 mM). As amostras foram submetidas ao protocolo de peroxidação lipídica induzida e subsequente quantificação das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o Sistema SAS para Windows. Não houve efeito do tratamento com GSH sobre as variáveis avaliadas pelos testes convencionais. A GSH diminuiu a proporção de acrossomas íntegros. Amostras tratadas com 5mM de GSH apresentaram menor percentual de células com membranas íntegras quando comparadas às amostras controle e aquelas tratadas com 10 mM; o percentual de células sem atividade mitocondrial foi influenciado pela GSH e também não houve efeito nas TBARS. As amostras do grupo controle foram mais susceptíveis à denaturação da cromatina. Em conclusão, a adição do antioxidante Glutationa reduzida confere proteção ao DNA e à atividade mitocondrial de espermatozoides de ovinos.

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criopreservação ovinos glutationa reduzida

Universidade de São Paulo - Brazil

Morphological differentiation of the epididymis of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) at different ages | Morfologia do epidídimo de cobaio (Cavia porcellus) em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento pós-natal

2013

Bruno Cesar Schimming | Raquel Fantin Domeniconi | Maria do Carmo Panhoza Tse | Hero Gondinho Tse | Antonio Marcos Orsi

The morphological evolution of the epididymal duct of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus, L.) was studied on 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 70, 90 and 100 days of age, being complex, which is due to the proper differentiation postnatal in the epididymal epithelium. Thus, it was observed that the initial segment of the epididymis reveals an increase of epithelial height corresponding to the average height of the main tubular epithelium cells, generally progressive after 45 days of age. The epithelial height in the middle segment were higher in younger stages (10 to 45 days) than in the prepubertal age (60 days), and have a decrease among 70 to 100 days of age. The ductular terminal segment starts a gradual decrease of the epithelial heights from puberal age (70 days), until adult age (90 to 100 days). In addition, this segment showed epithelial waviness that disappeared after 70 days of age, when the lumen fills it with sperm and cellular exfoliation. The cell types of the epididymal tubular epithelium, principal cells, basal cells and apical cells, were observed in all ages. In the epididymis of very young animals, there was a predominance of undifferentiated columnar cells. After 20 days of age, there was natural prevalence of the principal cells on other cell types, what is a feature similar to other mammals. | A evolução morfológica do ducto epididimário de cobaio (Cavia porcellus, L.) foi avaliada nas faixas etárias de 10, 20, 30, 45,60, 70, 90 e 100 dias após o nascimento, mostrando-se complexa, o que é decorrente da própria diferenciação pós-natal do epitélio epididimário. Assim sendo, o segmento inicial epididimário mostrou um aumento de altura epitelial correspondente aos valores médios de alturas das células principais do epitélio tubular, crescente após 45 dias de idade pós-natal. As alturas epiteliais obtidas em nível do segmento médio foram maiores em idades juvenis (de 10 a 45 dias) do que na idade pré-puberal (60 dias), tendo diminuído entre os 70 e 100 dias de idade. No segmento terminal epididimário, verificou-se um decréscimo marcante da altura epitelial tubular a partir da idade puberal (70 dias) até a idade adulta (a partir de 90 dias). Além disso, este segmento apresentou ondulações epiteliais que cessaram aos 70 dias de idade, momento em que a luz tubular se preenche com espermatozoides e esfoliações celulares. Os tipos celulares do epitélio tubular epididimário, células principais, basais e apicais, foram observados em todas as idades. Em epidídimos de animais muito jovens, observou-se a predominância de células colunares indiferenciadas. A partir de 20 dias de idade, houve prevalência natural das células principais sobre os demais tipos celulares, como é peculiar ao epitélio epididimário de mamíferos, de modo geral.

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morfologia cobaio desenvolvimento pós-natal epitélio epididimário

Universidade de São Paulo - Brazil

Comparison of the neuron bodies number in different gyrus of brain cortex of malnourished dogs | Efeitos comportamentais da exposição aguda ao gliposato em camundongos Balb/c machos e fêmeas

2013

The aim of this study was to verify the quantitative alterations of the neurons bodies in the brain cortex of malnourished dogs. Seven brains of mongrel male dogs that were previously diagnosticated as malnourished were collected. The dogs had similar constitutionalist characteristics of cranium (mesaquicefalus). It was chosen different gyrus of the brain cortex to been study; those gyrus were sampled, prepared according to conventional histological technique and stained by modified cresil violet, for becoming evident the neurons bodies. The slides were analyzed with the 20x ocular. Our results indicate an expressive reduction in the number of neuron bodies in malnourished dogs (10,8), when compared with dogs in normal nutrition conditions (16,35). In conclusion, it’s possible that the malnutrition leads to a reduction of neurons bodies in brain cortex of dogs, when compared to those with normal condition of nutrition.  | Neste trabalho investigou-se em camundongos BALB/c, machos e fêmeas, os efeitos comportamentais da exposição aguda a uma formulação comercial do glifosato (GF) em uma dose duas vezes maior que a dose sem efeito observado(NOAEL). A neurotoxicidade aguda ao GF foi determinada por meio da análise da atividade geral, de parâmetros sensoriais, psicomotores, do sistema nervoso central e autônomo em machos e fêmeas. Os efeitos exploratório, de ansiedade e depressão induzidos pelo GF foram observados no campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado e no teste da suspensão da cauda, respectivamente. O GF promoveu poucos sinais de neurotoxicidade. A capacidade exploratória de fêmeas foi reduzida no campo aberto. Nenhum sinal de ansiedade foi detectado tanto em machos como em fêmeas no labirinto em cruz elevado, porém, notou-se redução da exploratória neste aparelho. No teste de suspensão da cauda tanto as fêmeas como machos mostraram aumento no tempo de imobilidade. Não foi observado neste caso interação entre sexo e tratamento. Concluiu-se que a exposição ao dobro da dose da NOAEL do GF induziu poucos sinais de neurotoxicidade e poucos efeitos sexualmente dimórficos em camundongos machos e fêmeas.

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neurotoxicidade comportamento animal dimorfismo sexual glifosato camundongo

Universidade de São Paulo - Brazil

Characterization of the immunogenicity of recombinant proteins VirB9, VirB10 and Elongation Factor Tu of Anaplasma marginale in mice | Caracterização da imunogenicidade das proteínas recombinantes Virb9, Virb10 e fator termo instável de Elongação de Peptídeos de Anaplasma marginale em camundongos

2013

Considering the limitations of current methods of anaplasmosis control, the development of a more effective vaccine is required. Previous studies, using proteomic and genomic approaches, have identified new membrane proteinsin Anaplasma marginale that may be vaccine candidates. These include VirB9, VirB10 and elongation factor-Tu (EFTu).Although the role of these proteins in the membrane of A. marginale has not been properly characterized, production of the recombinant proteins rVirB9, rVirB10, and rEF-Tu has been achieved. However, these recombinant proteins have not yet been exploited in vaccine formulations. The present study describes the use of rVirB9, rVirB10and rEF-Tu, emulsificated in adjuvant Montanide, in mice. A strong humoral immune response was induced under these conditions, with both IgG1 and IgG2a production. The IgG2a/IgG1 ratios revealed a predominance of IgG1.However, splenocytes of the animals that received rVirB9 or rVirB10 produced high levels of gamma interferon after in vitro stimulation, indicating a specific cellular immune response to these proteins. Therefore, further studies are required to adjust the profile of the immune response in order to perform tests of protection against A. marginale in cattle. | Considerando as limitações dos atuais métodos de controle contra a anaplasmose bovina, o desenvolvimento de uma vacina efetiva se faz necessário. A partir do advento da análise genômica e proteômica, novas proteínas de membrana de Anaplasma marginale foram identificadas como possíveis candidatas a componentes de uma vacina, tais como, VirB9,VirB10 e Fator Termo Instavél de Elongação de Peptídeos (EF-Tu). Embora estas proteínas ainda não estejam bem caracterizadas na membrana de A. marginale, a produção destas na forma recombinante (rVirB 9, rVirB10 e rEF-Tu)tem sido realizada, mas as mesmas ainda não foram exploradas em formulações vacinais. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se ouso de rVirB9, rVirB10 e rEF-Tu emulsionadas em adjuvante Montanide em camundongos. Nas condições testadas, verificou-se a indução de forte resposta imune humoral com a produção de IgG1 e IgG2a, sendo que as proporções dos níveis de produção destas subclasses indicam predomínio de IgG1. Entretanto, esplenócitos de animais, que foram injetados com rVirB9 ou rVirB10, produziram interferon-gama acima do limite de detecção do ensaio após estimulação in vitro, sinalizando assim resposta celular específica. Assim, novas avaliações serão realizadas com a finalidade de modular o perfil de resposta imune obtido em bovinos e avaliar a proteção contra A. marginale.

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vacina camundongos resposta imune anaplasma marginale. proteínas recombinantes

Universidade de São Paulo - Brazil

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