miRNAs act as post-transcriptional regulators of protein synthesis. It is known that miRNAs, which are members of the non-coding RNAs class, are effective in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression and the hereditary and adaptive immune response. miRNAs bind to target mRNAs to regulate gene expression by mRNA degradation or translational inhibition. miRNAs have functions in the formation or development of many diseases such as cancer, viral and autoimmune diseases in which epigenetic mechanisms play a role. With the development of miRNA-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches in recent years, miRNA research has gained importance. In this review, general information about miRNA is emphasized, its role in some diseases and the relationship between immunity and miRNA are examined.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the treatment of long bone fractures of cats and dogs by minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO), guided by radiological and walking-weight bearing criteria. For this purpose, 6 dogs and 1 cat, were operated according to MIPO procedures. After general anesthesia with butorphanol-propofol-sevoflurane, the fragments were aligned with closed reduction, and a MIPO plate was placed periostally via the created soft tissue tunnel. Fracture healing was assessed postoperatively at 0, 7, 14, 30 and 45 days by radiographic examination and walking-weight bearing scales. From the controls made on the 14th day, it was observed that all the cases could walk. The average time for radiographic union of 7 cases were found to be 47.42 (±4.98) days. As a result, MIPO technique was considered to be an alternative to traditional -open- plate osteosynthesis methods in the treatment fractures of cats and dogs.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 2017-0730 Patent Number Thermolife Ixir product on weight loss and some biochemistry values in obese rat with fatty liver. Thirty male Wistar albino rats fed a high-fat diet were the material of the study. An obesity model was created in rats fed a special high fat diet. Ad libitum feeding was applied to rats with a special diet and water. These rats were randomly divided into 3 groups consisting of 10 rats in each group. Group B was given 1 gram of the product daily, and 1.5 grams of the product was given to group C while group A was served as control. All rats were fed a high-fat diet. Before the study, the body weight was measured and blood was drawn for serum parameters. The test mixture was administered orally for a month, the same parameters were measued periodically and differences were determined. After the study, it was observed that the body weight of the rats in group B and C decreased significantly compared to group A. It was determined that there was a decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride values, an increase in HDL values and, the changes in other parameters were not statistically significant. At the end of the study (the 30th day), it was observed that the adipose tissues in the body appearred normal and lower in the rats in group B and C which were fed without a diet change. The rats in group A had appearent fatty tissues in abdomen and aroud the different areas of the body. In histopathological examination, the liver in group A rats was associated with hepatic steatosis, which covered approxiamtely 10% of the liver, due to excessive fatty nutrition. In a dependent manner, the rats in groups B and C had lower triglyceride and glucose levels and higher HDL levels. In conclusion, the Thermolife Ixir productcauses weight loss and fat burning in rats in a dose dependent manner that is also associated with increase in HDL as well decrease in triglyceride and glucose levels.

Nigella (Nigella sativa) plants and oil for centuries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East today is by the United States and millions of people in Europe "to promote health" was a plant used and has been a material referenced in terms of health. As a result of scientific research, it was suggested that the seeds of vitamins, active substances and essential fatty acids should be consumed by scientists due to acid. Nigella sativa has significantly increased the total lymphocyte amount and has been supported by studies that have an immunomodulatory effect on both humans and animals. Healthy life support issues to the forefront of popular Cumin seed, which is an important component of thymoquinone (TQ) has been preferred due to potential medicinal properties as a source of healing. In the scientific researches, seedlings of black seed, vitamins, active substances and essential fatty acids may be useful to be consumed due to the products.

One of the most common diseases in horse breeding is colic. Colic cases are the leading cause of horse loss and economic loss in Turkey as well as the whole world. Failure to the effective management of colic is a major obstacle in obtaining the desired yield of sport horses in Turkey and it is thought that most people are away from horse breeding and equestrian sports due to this reason. The objectives of this study are to set forth the prevalence and cost of colic cases in sport horses for two years and, present the rate of recurrent colic cases in the same period respectively. Throughout the study, economical and some technical parameters related to the course of the disease were obtained between January 2017 and December 2018. Interviews and data collection were conducted from 984 sport horses in all ages and gender for 24 months. The collected data were recorded and processed in the database created via MS Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS 22 for Windows. The average cost of colic management for a 4-day treatment in 2018 was $215.60. The rate of recurrent colic cases was 48,2% and the development of laminitis was 11,9% in a year following the treatment. As a result, it was estimated that the average annual economic loss of colic in 984 horses was $36.806 in addition to horse losses. Horses that survived spontaneously, without any invasive treatment, and suffering from different disorders other than colic, were removed from the study. It is concluded that reduction of cost in colic cases and prevention of recurrent colic cases and post-colic diseases, such as laminitis, would increase horse welfare and yield from horses in Turkey.

This study was aimed to gain reliable data regarding the gender-based discrimination towards woman academicians working in the veterinary faculties in Turkey. The data is based on 220 (31.3 %) women academicians out of 544 women while the total educators working in 24 veterinary faculties in Turkey during 2017 were 1,739. The scope of the study was from career beginners to the women who are on the administration positions. Results showed that the memberships in the professional organization are increased up to 51.4 % where this ratio is directly proportional to the level of an academic position. 79.10 % think that there is no discrimination towards them due to their gender, while 57 % of them did not face a problem as a woman in their respective workplaces. The rate of women in the administration is 20.9 %. As a result, it can be concluded that academic profession offers relatively more equal employment opportunities to women, compared to other professions, however, the ratio of women is very less in the decision-making mechanisms in academia.

This research aims to make economic analysis by considering the production activities of dairy cattle enterprises in Sivas Province, Turkey and to determine whether they are working profitably. This study was conducted in 80 dairy cattle farms, members of the Dairy Cattle Breeders Association of Sivas, in 2019-2020. Among the selected establishments, those with a maximum of 5 cows were defined as small-scale, those with up to 6-15 cows were medium-scale, and those with 16 or more cows were defined as large-scale enterprises. According to the results of the research, the percentage of cost items that comprise the cost consist of  were as follows; 51.3% feed, 30.1% labor costs, 3.4% health expenses, 2.6% general administrative expenses, and 2.6% other expenses, respectively. Looking at examined the income items, milk income ranks first with 71.7%. This item is followed by calf income with 12.2%, an increase in inventory value with 11.4%, and state support with 4.6%. The average cost of 1 liter of milk was found to be $ 0.19 in the study. When we look at the financial profitability, economic profitability, and profitability factors, it is seen that small-scale enterprises are located negatively position and the cost-to-return ratio of these enterprises is less than 1. These values ​​show that small-scale farms' are not working profitably. In medium and large enterprises, these values ​​are located in a positive area. It is seen that the ratio of cost to revenue in medium-sized enterprises is equal to "1", that these enterprises are in transition to the profit part, and in the analysis of the profitability parameters in large-scale enterprises, they have been seen located in the fully profitable region.

Urinary myiasis is mainly caused by the larvae of Psychoda albipennis, Fannia scalaris, Musca spp., Sarcophaga spp., Lucilia spp., Wohlfahrtia spp., Calliphora spp., and rarely by Eristalis tenax, Cordylobia anthropophaga and Clogmia albipunctata. Intestinal myiasis is caused by the larvae of Fannia canicularis, Eristalis tenax, Musca domestica, Calliphora vicina and rarely by Clogmia (Telmatoscopus) albipunctatus. The first case is a 47-year-old woman with difficulty in urination, frequent urination, haematuria, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, urinary incontinence and occasional small, moving, dark colored worm-like organisms in her urine for 4-5 months. The second case is an 8-year-old boy who complained of yellowish worm-like organisms in his feces, teeth grinding and to saliva in sleep for some time. These patients were referred to our department from the Department of Infectious Diseases of Medical Faculty Hospital in Kirikkale University. The larvae brought by the patient in separate containers were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The examined larvae were identified as Psyhcoda albipennis in urine and Fannia canicularis in faeces. In these cases, Psychoda albipennis was the second case in urine, while Fannia canicularis was the first case in feces in Kirikkale. It was found interesting that the mother and her son had different myiasis factors at the same time. This study shed slight on the medical importance of urinary and intestinal myiasis.

The aim of the present study was to examine gastrointestinal parasites in stool samples collected from stray dogs cared in animal shelters of Kırıkkale and Ankara and pet dogs that have been taken to the clinics and animal hospitals for control and treatment, and to evaluate the results for public health. Stool samples of 200 animals were obtained by arriving relevant centres for this purpose. Stool samples obtained were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Fülleborn Flotation and Benedek Sedimentation techniques were applied onto the stool samples for microscopic examination; Mc Master technique as used to determine the egg count per stool gram in stool samples which were positive for parasite. Stool samples were also examined for protozoan trophozoites and cysts through Giemsa staining, and for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts through Carbol-Fuchsin staining. According to the results of this study, helminths and protozoans were detected with following rates; Toxocara canis by 18%, Toxascaris leonina by 9%, Taenia spp. by 0.5%, Ancylostoma spp. by 7.5%, Dipylidium caninum by 0.5%, Hymenolepis diminuta by 0.5%, and Fasciolid type egg by 1.5%; protozoans detected in the stool samples were Isospora spp. by 14.5%, Giardia spp. by 16.5%, and Cryptosporidium spp. by 2%. Furthermore, the egg of Linguatula serrata (0.5%) was detected in one dog, and mature Demodex spp. (2%) was detected in 4 dogs.

The purpose of this study is to identify the general profiles of female veterinarians in economic life and to determine the status of their professional performances. A survey study was conducted with 110 women out of 511 women who are engaged in veterinary clinic management businesses in Turkey. In the survey, it was determined that female veterinarians who performed clinic management businesses worked at an average of 9.91 hours on weekdays, and that 79% of them predominantly had pets in their clinics, and regarding that, pet clinic management was being carried out. In the interviews, it was determined that, the highest incomes in clinics were received from vaccination-drug revenues, examination-treatment, and operations; depending on the city that the clinic is located and whether there are pets or not. In the study conducted, it was determined that the average monthly incomes of the clinic enterprises belonging to female veterinarians were $ 1.917 and the average monthly profits were $ 868. As a result, it is thought that, female veterinarians’ participation in supplementary vocational training activities, and improving their managerial skills by focusing on customer satisfaction and advertising activities, will help to solve problems in the professional life.