Many of the dogs and cats lives affected with behavioral disorders have been ended either in euthanasia, relinquishment, chronic suffering or would have handed over to shelters. Various types of behavioral disorders in dogs and cats include nonspecific/idiopathic aggression, fear, phobia, anxiety disorder and stereotyping behavior. The goal of therapy should be the modification of the abnormal behavior by environmental management, training with pharmacological intervention being adjunct to the behavioral modification training. Major classes of behavioral modifying drugs used in pets are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), antipsychotic agents, anticonvulsants and benzodiazepines. The mechanism of action has been attributed to modification of the availability or function of various neurotransmitters implicated in the behavioral disorders. Presently, the approved drugs for veterinary use has been limited to: selegiline, a SSRI, for canine cognitive dysfunction and clomipramine, a TCA, for separation anxiety in dogs, with majority drugs being used on extra label fashion with the extrapolation of human data. The article reviews about the pathophysiology of behavioral disorders, diagnostic approaches and drugs available for the treatment of abnormal behavior caused by variation in neurotransmitter.

One of the major concerns in poultry rearing has been the use of antibacterials for the control of infections. The antibacterial drugs often find their way into the edible part of chicken, thus making it an issue of human food safety. Screening of chicken meat for antibacterials is thus an important part of ensuring food safety. Simple sensitive methods which could be adopted easily at laboratories of research institutes and testing centres are a need of the hour. In this study, one such assay method for the assay of oxytetracycline, a popularly used antibiotic in poultry farms, in broiler chicken meat standardized using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The HPLC assay method consisted of a C18column as the stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of 0.2M oxalic acid: Acetonitrile: Methanol (3.5:1:1, v/v) pumped in with the flow rate of 1.5 ml/ min and assayed at 360nm for detection of OTC The Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification was 0.141 µg/ ml and 0.465 µg/ ml respectively. The total elution time was less than 4 minutes with a recovery rate of 105%. The results suggest that this method, with its high detection throughput and remarkable sensitivity and specificity, can be applied successfully for the field screening of oxytetracycline residue in chicken meat samples.

This paper deals with survey of the impact of COVID-19 on domestic meat trade and consumption of meat and meat products in India. The survey has a specific focus on the domestic trade of meat and meat products during the pandemic COVID-19 lock down and was conducted by preparing a questionnaire and uploaded in google form and communicated to the respondents through email/Whatsapp. Based on the response offered by the respondents it appeared that during April and May 2020, there were likely to be widespread meat and meat product shortages in country due to difficulties associated with functioning of slaughter houses, availability of labours and supply of food animals. During COVID-19 lockdown period only 50 % of panchayat/municipal slaughter houses functioned of which nearly 81% of slaughterhouses functioned, occasionally, while 100 % of them had restricted working hours and 58.6 % restricted availability of skilled and 53.6 % restricted availability of unskilled labours. Moreover, movement of animals, raw materials were mostly restricted due to pandemic situation COVID-19. This disrupted the supply of meat and meat products to the consumers. Due to this there were changes in the wholesale rate of different types of meat especially on the rate of beef, mutton and chevon. There were also changes in the attitude of the consumer towards the purchase of hygienic and safe consumption of meat. The consumers also preferred to purchase the meat through online meat traders as restriction for migration of people prevailed during that time. Due to these factors the organized meat and poultry retail outlets have witnessed increased growth in sales. The domestic meat trade in India was adversely affected and suffered as an impact of COVID-19 lockdown.

The present research work was conducted to study the effect of propofol on haemato-biochemical and physiological parameters. A total of twelve adult dogs divided into six (6) animals in each group viz Group-I (Maintenance by propofol) and Group-II (maintenance by propofol and 2% lignocaine CRI) were presented for removal of infected uterus. Haematological parameters and biochemical parameters were within their normal physiological range in all groups. Based on the clinical, biochemical, hematological parameters propofol-lignocaine combination was more suitable.

A rare case of pouched schistosomus reflexus in a Holstein Friesian crossbred cow, which was delivered per vaginum by mutation operation is reported.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global pandemic and one of the biggest public health challenges. Efflux pumps are one of several antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Efflux pumps are proteins that act by efflux or pumping substances out of cells. The major efflux pumps in bacteria include the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) Superfamily, Small Multidrug Resistance Family (SMR), Major FacilitatorSuperfamily (MFS), Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion Family (MATE), and Resistance Nodulation Cell Division (RND). Quinolones are antimicrobials that inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting type IV topoisomerase and DNA gyrase of bacteria. Efflux-mediated quinolone resistance can happen by the overexpression of some efflux pump genes in the prokaryotes. The substrate for most of the efflux pumps is fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin. A novel strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance is by the use of efflux pump inhibitors which can effectively block the efflux pumps. Plant-derived phytochemicals are promising lead molecules in developing an efflux pump inhibiting drug and thereby combat quinolone mediated efflux resistance. This review discusses plant-derived EPIs that can be used to combat quinolone-resistant microorganisms. 

An experiment was conducted by feeding diets with different levels of lysine (1.20, 1.30 and 1.40 % in pre-starter diet, 1.10, 1.20 and 1.30 % in starter diet and 0.95, 1.05 and 1.15% in finisher diet) and methionine (0.45, 0.55 and 0.65% in pre-starter diet, 0.40, 0.50 and 0.60 % in starter diet and 0.35, 0.45 and 0.55 % in finisher diet) to commercial broilers for a period of five weeksto assess the cumulative feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in environmentally controlled and open sided deeplitter housing system. The results of the study revealed that broilers reared in environmentally controlled housing system consumed more feed than in open sided housing system. In addition the housing system also inÀuenced the feed conversion ratio irrespective of various combinations of dietary lysine and methionine in broilers.

In India fast growing sub-sector of agriculture is the livestock production. The present study made an attempt to analyse the seasonal inÀuence on the retail price of mutton in Tamil Nadu. The data relevant for the study were collected from the Annual Statistical Abstract published by the Department of Statistics, Government of Tamil Nadu for the period from April 1975 to March 2018 and using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) formula the time value of money was calculated. The results revealed that significantly higher average retail price was noticed during winter summer season (Rs. 17.24 ± 0.16; 17.25 ± 0.13) than monsoon (Rs. 16.80 ± 0.11) and post monsoon (Rs. 16.69 ± 0.13). The result of current study gives an idea to the small ruminant farmers on the future strategies to fetch more income from animal rearing.  

Occurrence of lice infestation is not uncommon in wild and exotic birds. The present report deals with occurrence of lice in a Brahminy kite, Haliastur indus belonging to Accipitriformes. External examination of free range Brahminy kite from Vandaloor zoo, Tamil Nadu revealed presence of large sized louse in the feathers and was identified as Laemobothrion maximum on the basis of morphology and morphometry. The present report is found to be first of its kind from Tamil Nadu.

The sternum of the Victorian crowned pigeon (Goura victoria) was a long (10.40cm), and triangular bone. The dorsal surface was deeply concave and showed very large foramina behind the cranial border in the centre. The dorsal surface showed a groove in the centre, which contained numerous small pneumatic foramina. The cranial border was thick, convex and narrow. Below the dorsal ridge of cranial border, a large, round pneumatic foramen was present. The sternal spine was rudimentary. The craniolateral processes were 1.0 cm long, thick, pneumatised, projected upwards and cranially. The lateral borders contained three articular cylinders for the sternal ribs and the troughs between them contained pneumatic foraminae. The thoracic processes were large, well developed and scythe-shaped. The caudolateral processes were 1.5cm long, thin and projected caudally. It enclosed along with the lateral borders of the corpus sterni, a triangular notch, an incisura ovalis. The caudal border of the corpus sterni was very narrow (0.5cm), convex and should be ended as blunt. The sternal crest was large and triangular in shape. It began from below the ventral ridge of the cranial border extended deeply ventrally, formed a gentle curve in the cranial half and a steep curve in the caudal half and reached up to the caudal border of the corpus sterni. It was 11.50 cm long and the height of the sternal crest between the midpoint of the cranial border of the sternum and the highest point of the sternal crest (H) was 6.10cm.