Colour bait preferences of Musca domestica (house fly) was evaluated in a dodecagon maze. Flies collected from a poultry unit maintained in an in sectary were used for the study. An acrylic dodecagon maze was fabricated with dimensions 30 cm L x 25.5 cm B x 26 cm H with a lid. Twelve chambers were colour coded with red, black, blue, green, yellow and white in duplicate. House flies were swiftly released into the central chamber of dodecagon maze in batches, lid closed, observed for 30 min. Out of the total 718 house flies evaluated, 81.05 per cent (582 flies) responded to different colours whereas 5.01 per cent (36 flies) were non responders. Out of the 582 house flies responded to different colours, 30.41 per cent (177 flies), 21.99 per cent (128 flies), 16.32 per cent (95 flies), 14.43 per cent (84 flies), 10.48 per cent (61 flies) and 6.35 per cent (37 flies) preferred red, black, green, yellow, blue and white colours, respectively. Preference of house flies towards different colours compared to white was found to be highly significant statistically. Findings of the present study indicate that red being the most preferred colour, it can be used in house fly traps.

The livestock sector has a good growth potential. One of the major challenges is huge shortage of fodder, more so during drought situations and in summer. As part of fodder security policy, government of Andhra Pradesh has started Ooruraa Pasu Graasa Kshetralu (OPGK) scheme. It is felt necessary to study the influencing factors for adoption and hence the study entitled “Correlation of adoption of OPGK scheme with socio-profile characteristics of dairy farmers in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken. Respondents from each of the six mandal’s of Srikakulam district formed a sample size of 120 farmers.. Correlation coefficient (r) computed showed that, age, socio-economic status, social participation, innovativeness, mass media exposure, extension contact, economic orientation, achievement motivation and risk orientation were the influencing factors for adoption of OPGK scheme.

The transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) is a contagious neoplasm that is sexually transmitted between dogs. TVT lesions affect the mucus membranes of the external genitalia in dogs of both sexes. Tumour masses are seen in the caudal aspect of the penis and frequently the prepuce area in males and the posterior vaginal area, particularly the vestibule vaginal junction of females. Sixteen bitches of various ages (2-6 years) and breeds were brought to the clinics at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Gannavaram with the history of continuous oozing of blood from vagina, anorexia and depression. All these were diagnosed as TVT based on the history, clinical symptoms and cytological examination and therapy was initiated. At weekly intervals, all the bitches were administered with combination therapy of Vincristine sulphate (0.025 mg/kg body weight, strict and slow I/V) and Ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg body weight, strict S/C) for four consecutive weeks. All of the bitches underwent significant reduction in tumour size with improvement in general health during the course of therapy with exception that one bitch showed signs of anorexia and dullness.

A rare case of combined oviductal adenocarcinoma and leiomyoma in a white leghorn chicken is reported. Necropsy of an adult female white leghorn chicken, showed distension of oviduct. The oviduct serosa revealed small nodules of about 3 mm diameter and the lumen contained brownish exudates. The oviductal mucosa showed irregular nodules of about 0.5 to 1.5 cm in diameter attached to the mucosa of the magnum. Grossly, the mucosal nodules were firm and pink to grey in colour and serosal nodules were grey white in colour. Histopathologically, oviduct mucosal nodule revealed acinar or tubular pattern of tumour cells separated by fibrous tissue. The oviduct serosal nodule revealed interlacing bundles of smooth muscles cells in various directions. Based on histopathological characteristics, the present case was diagnosed as a rare combined case of oviduct adenocarcinoma and leiomyoma in a white leghorn layer chicken.

Green fodder feeding is most important for milking cows. An experiment was carried out to compare the growth, performance, proximate composition and nutritive value of Bajra Napier hybrid Co(BN)5 (improved variety) with the standard variety Co(CN)4.Both the cultivars were cultivated in irrigated land comprising red sandy loam soil by following standard agronomical practices and 0.5 acre of land area was utilized for each cultivar. Fodder was harvested on 75th day after planting and subsequent harvest at every 45 days in each experimental plot. The growth and yield parameters were measured.The yield was significantly (p<0.01) higher in Co(BN)5 (360.50t/ha/year)followed by Co(CN)4(290.12t/ ha/year).The biometric observations showed the significant (p<0.05) difference in Co(BN)5 than Co(CN)4. The samples were collected for analyzing chemical composition.The results indicated that the crude protein, crude fibre, NDF, ADF and cellulose content of Co(BN)5 were significantly (p<0.01) higher than Co(CN)4. The fodder crop cultivars were analysed for IVDMD.The IVDMD of Co(BN)5 (49.18%) was significantly higher than the Co(CN)4 (43.09%). A Lactation trial was conducted in twelve cross bred cows during mid lactation period and separated into two groups with six animals in each group. One group was named as control (C) and fed with Co(CN)4 green fodder and another group named as treatment (T) and fed with Co(BN)5. The animals were housed in standard condition, dewormed and fed with clean potable drinking water ad libitum.The experiment was conducted for 90 days. Except green fodder variation, animals were offered ad libitum paddy straw and concentrate mixture according to their level of production. The feed and fodder intake, left over and dry matter intake were recorded every day. The average dry matter intake was recorded and inferred that it was significantly (P<0.05) different. The average milk yield, milk fat, solid non-fat and total solids were recorded for both groups. The average milk yield in treatment group is highly significant (p<0.01) than control group. There was no change observed in the milk fat and solid non-fat. The feed cost was calculated for every litre of milk production.The feed cost is significantly (p<0.01) reduced in treatment group due to the less requirement of Co(BN)5 fodder when compared to Co(CN)4 fodder. It is concluded that Cultivar Co(BN)5 is superior than Co(CN)4 in terms of crop growth and biomass yield. Hence, cultivation of Bajra Napier Cultivar Co(BN)5 and feeding the same to improve the milk yield in cattle is the outcome of this study.

The present study was conducted in buffaloes which were maintained at experimental animal sheds of Animal Reproduction Division, IVRI, Izatnagar. All the experimental buffaloes (n=6) were observed for onset of estrus using a teaser bull and visual signs of estrus followed by rectal examination twice daily. Animals detected in estrus were inseminated using frozen semen of Murrah buffalo. The inseminated buffaloes were allowed for real time B-mode ultrasonographic examination at 10 days interval starting from day 20 to 120 of pregnancy. Monitoring of embryonic development was carried out by viewing embryonic vesicle diameter (EVD), Crown Rump length (CRL), embryonic heartbeat, skull and placentome through ultrasonography. The mean diameter of EV was 0.52±0.12, 1.56±0.16, 2.94±0.07, 3.80±0.14 and 6.37±0.15 cm on day 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 of pregnancy, respectively. EVD increased with advancement of pregnancy and reached around 6.37±0.15 cm on day 60 of pregnancy. The CRL was 0.73±0.05, 1.45±0.55, 2.13±0.05 and 3.24±0.10 cm on day 30, 40, 50 and 60 of pregnancy, respectively. The mean heart rate was 197.33±4.60, 173.16±1.55, 162.33±1.20, 155.33±1.60, 152.16±2.58 and 146.66±2.40 per minute on days 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 120 of pregnancy, respectively. The heart rate was significantly (P<0.01) higher on day 50 of pregnancy, thereafter, it decreased with advancement of pregnancy. The mean diameter of skull  was 2.33±0.18,   2.90±0.12, 3.52±0.19   and   4.58±0.22 cm on days 60, 70, 80 and 90 of pregnancy, respectively. The skull diameter increased with the advancement of pregnancy. The accessibility of skull or head was very difficult as the pregnancy advanced into mid of the second trimester. The mean diameter of placentome increased with the advancement of pregnancy i.e. 0.38±0.01, 0.64±0.14, 1.05±0.07 and 1.26±0.08 cm on days 70, 80, 90 and 120 of pregnancy, respectively. The present study indicated use of Real time B mode transrectal ultrasonography in buffalo for early diagnosis of pregnancy, embryonic development and its viability by viewing embryonic vesicle, embryo, embryonic heart beat and other structures.

The effect of rumen protected omega–3 fatty acids prepared from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) rich rapeseed oil on milk fatty acid profile of lactating crossbred cows have been studied in this experiment. Eighteen lactating crossbred cows were selected and divided randomly into three groups (GI, GII and GIII) with six animals in each group. All the animals in GI were fed with basal diet (concentrates and green roughage ad libitum). In GII and III group cows, rumen protected fatty acids were mixed with basal diet before feeding. The calcium fatty acids of rapeseed oil (CaRSO) and encapsulated rape seed oil were fed to GII and GIII group cows respectively, for 90 days of experimental period. The fatty acid profile of milk, rapeseed oil and bypass fat was analysed by gas chromatography. The supplementation of CaRSO and encapsulated rapeseed oil significantly (P<0.05) increased milk yield compared to control. Better production efficiency (P<0.01) and increased 4 per cent FCM (kg/day) was recorded in encapsulated fatty acid supplemented group compared to CaRSO. The total concentration of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) were detected in milk of treatment group cows compared to control group.

The study was conducted to evaluate the oxidative stress in the dogs affected with parenchymal, biliary and neoplastic hepatic disorders compared with apparently healthy dogs. Twenty apparently healthy dogs framed the control group. The experimental group consist of twenty dogs in which 9 dogs formed the parenchymal disorder, six dogs with biliary disorder and five dogs with neoplastic disorder based on the serum biochemical and ultrasonographic investigation. The biochemical parameters such as Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were significantly elevated in experimental group whereas glucose concentration was decreased. In the present study Oxidative biomarkers such as Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were significantly reduced and Thiobarbituric Acid Reacting Substance (TBARS) was significantly increased in parenchymal, biliary and neoplastic disorders of experimental group when compared with control group. Results of this study showed that the significant increase in oxidative stress in all three disorders of hepatic dysfunction in dogs could be the cause for the progress of hepatic pathology.

The physiology of maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in cattle is well explored and a better understanding of phenomenon of MRP is needed in order to improve reproductive efficiency in buffaloes. The present work was conducted to study the effect of non-surgical removal of conceptus and expression profile of interferon tau (IFNT) in the conceptus after post insemination in buffaloes. In the experiment I, 15 female buffaloes in estrus were inseminated using frozen semen of Murrah buffalo and the uterine flushing by non-surgical method was carried out on days 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 of post insemination for collection of conceptus. Under experiment II, conceptus tissue collected on different days in the experiment I and conceptus tissue collected from slaughter house pregnant reproductive tracts were used for RNA isolation to study real time expression pattern of IFNT on day 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 30, 40 and 50 of pregnancy by using specific primers (F5’-GCCCTGGTGCTGGTCAGCTA -3’ and R5’-CATCTTAGTCAGCGAGAGTC -3’). The estrous cycle length following non- surgical removal of conceptus on day 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 post-insemination was 23.50±0.96, 36.60±3.35, 41.25±2.67, 42.73 ±2.61 and 45.20±7.03 days, respectively. The mean cycle length increased significantly by 8-47 days following removal of conceptus on day 14, 16, 18 and 20 post-insemination when compared to day 12. The expression of IFNT was found low but at detectable levels as early as on day 12 of gestation. The level of expression increased significantly (P<0.01) on day 14 of pregnancy and remains elevated up to day 16 and  It, thereafter, started reducing significantly (P<0.01) on day 20, 30, 40 and reached undetectable level on day 50 of pregnancy. It may, therefore, be concluded that non- surgical removal of conceptus on day 14, 16, 18 and 20 of pregnancy extended the cycle length up to 8-47 days and strong expression of IFNT during day 14-16 of pregnancy indicating embryonic signal to dam and establishment of Maternal Recognition Pregnancy (MRP) in buffalo.

Rabies is zoonotic viral encephalitis targeting the nervous system of several vertebrates and transmitted mostly through the saliva of the infected host causing extensive neurological dysfunction. In this study, 873 post-mortem examinations of different species of animals were done in the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Pookode and 17.64% were diagnosed as rabies positive by using direct fluorescent test (d-FAT). Out of all the rabies positive cases, 76.6% were dogs, 9.1% large ruminants, 8.4% cats and 4.5% goats. In dogs, non-descript dogs were highest followed by Labrador, Pomeranian, German Shepherd, crossbred dogs, Rottweiler, Doberman and Spitz. The male dogs contributed about 69.5% of positive cases. Highest number of cases of rabies in animals were found during the winter season (January to March) comprising 33.76% of all the rabies cases.