The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in milk and milk products as well as the determination of isolated Campylobacter in Egypt's New Valley Governorate. 150 random samples of marketable milk (dairy farm and dairy shop) and some milk products: soft cheeses (Kareish, Domiati) and Ice cream (30 for each) were obtained from various locations in the New Valley Governorate. Campylobacter spp. were found in 6.6% of marketable milk from dairy farms. In addition, Campylobacter spp. were found in 3.3% of soft cheese samples (Kareish cheese). while they couldn't be detected in Domiati cheese samples. Moreover, Campylobacter spp. were found in 10% of ice cream samples. Campylobacter organisms were identified as C. coli (2%) and C. jejuni (2%) in marketable milk (dairy farm and dairy shop) and some milk products. In conclusion, Campylobacter species is detected in some milk and some milk products in New Valley governorate. So, restricted milk hygiene must be applied during milking, manufacturing, and marketing milk and its products.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of L-carnitine (LC) against possible deleterious effects of cefquinome sulfate (CS) on hematological, hepatorenal parameters and histopathological changes of some internal organs in male rat's model. Therefore, sixty mature male rats were equally assigned into four groups as following: The control group of rats was administered with two subcutaneous (SC) injections of physiological saline (vehicle of other drugs) (2ml/kg. b.wt once daily for 5 successive days and 2ml/kg. b.wt once daily for 56 successive days), the second group was injected subcutaneously with LC (200 mg/kg b.wt. once daily for 56 successive days), the third group was administered with SC injection with CS (50 mg/kg. b.wt once daily for 5 successive days) and the fourth group was injected subcutaneously with CS concomitantly with LC by the same doses at the same treatment periods as mentioned in 2nd and 3rd groups. The obtained results showed that administration of CS induced a significant (P≤ 0.05) increase in WBCs count and serum levels of alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase and creatinine with significant (P≤ 0.05) decrease in PCV value and serum levels of albumin. Moreover, CS induced histopathological changes on liver and kidney tissues. Conversely, administration of LC concomitantly with CS ameliorates all previous hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations induced by CS. It could be concluded that CS induces mild to moderate troubles on blood picture, hepato-renal indices and histopathological findings which could be ameliorated by L-carnitine in male albino rats.

Poultry, mainly chickens, and their white meat represent one of the main, nutritionally valuable, and affordable red meat replacer sources of protein throughout the whole world with special reference to developing countries. A long list of microbial agents especially bacterial pathogens threatens chickens’ production cycles.  They constitute one of the major problems facing the rapidly expanding poultry industry and are responsible for considerable economic losses. Fowl cholera, infectious coryza, and ornithobacteriosis (ORT) were among the serious bacterial infections that affect the respiratory tract of chickens with a global adverse effect on poultry production. A formalinized whole culture vaccine composed of Pasteurella multocida serotypes A5, A8, A9, and D2, Avibacterium paragallinarum serotypes A and C, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale serotype A was prepared. This polyvalent vaccine proved to be safe producing no adverse side effects when injected in chickens. The immunizing efficacy of this vaccine was evaluated in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, which were immunized at 6 weeks of age. The protective efficacy of the vaccine was determined using a challenge test. The developed vaccine was effective in protecting chickens against fowl cholera, infectious coryza, and ornithobacteriosis in chickens against challenge with these pathogens. Vaccinated chickens challenged with virulent Pasteurella multocida serotypes A5, A8, A9, and D2 showed protection rates of 86.6%, 93.3%, 93.3%, and 93.3%, respectively, as compared with 100% mortality in the non-vaccinated control. Vaccinated chickens challenged with Avibacterium paragallinarum serotypes A and C showed 86.6% and 93.3% protection rates, respectively. Also, the protection rate against challenges with virulent Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale serotype A reached 96.6%.

The response to dietary fortification of both phytase and β-xylanase enzymes was investigated in broilers (Ross 308, No.=300) that were allocated into 3 different treatments; control (G1) was fed the basal diet only, the second group (G2) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 100 g/ton feed phytase 5000 FTU in combination with 250 g /ton feed β-xylanase, while the third group (G3) was fed the basal diet fortified with 50 g/ton feed phytase 10000 FTU plus 250 g /ton feed β-xylanase. When compared to the control diet, our results exhibited that co-feeding either Phytase 5000 or 10000 FTU with xylanase improved both growth performance and feed utilization. Moreover, tibia Ca and P% were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) when diets were supplemented with phytase 5000 and phytase 10000 FTU in comparison to control group indicating that each product could improve bioavailability of these minerals. Serum phosphorus (P) was greater with phytase inclusions in both doses, when compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Microscopical examination revealed a significant increase in the villus height of duodenum and jejunum of phytase and xylanase combination treated groups in a concentration dependent manner, when compared with the control group. Chemical examination of litter disclosed an improvement in litter moisture, reduced total nitrogen (N), and phosphorus percent in groups supplemented with phytase and xylanase enzymes. In conclusion, the use of combined supplementation of xylanase and phytase (5000 or 10000 FTU) could improve growth performance, P metabolism, bone mineralization and the intestinal nutrient absorption of broiler chicken.

Sixty Barki semen ejaculates were collected using the artificial vagina. Semen samples were evaluated, pooled then subjected for processing using different concentrations of nano zinc (10, 50, 100 and 150µg/ml). Short-term chilled storage duration, absolute survivability index, post-thaw recovery, reduction rate, live percent, membrane integrity, acrosomal reaction, DNA integrity, head & tail’s diameter and DNA % were assessed. 150µg/ml of nano zinc can stabilize high motility % (80±0.54%) for about 11 days post dilution and chilling, then drastically dropped on day 18 (47±0.57%). Moreover, 150µg/ml recorded the best of absolute survivability index (33096±374), motility after dilution (86.67±1.05%), after cooling (87.50 ± 1.11%), after freezing- thawing process (56.67±1.66 %). Furthermore, 150µg/ml treated group keeping the highest records along the first three hours post-thawing (54.17 ± 1.53, 50.00 ± 1.29, and 47.50 ± 1.11%, respectively). Additionally, 150 µg/ml treated samples presented the highest viability index (180±3.47%), post-thaw recovery rate (65.47±2.26%), post-thawing live % (54.17±2.58%). While 150 µg/ml treated group showed the lowest reduction % (15.81 ± 3.12 %), acrosomal reaction (9.83±0.7%). Moreover, 150µg/ml treated samples recorded the largest head diameter and highest DNA % (52.87±1.74 and 97.51±0.30%, respectively), but showed the lowest tail diameter and tail DNA % (6.22±0.33 and 2.48±0.30%%, respectively). Furthermore, 150µg/ml treated group displayed the lowest comet %, tail moment and olive tail moment (8.950±0.02 %, 0.15±0.02 and 0.40±0.10, respectively) if compared with the other nano zinc treated groups. In conclusion: 150µg/ml of ZnO-NPs improves Barki ram semen processing, particularly, chilled semen viability, motility, longevity, membrane, and DNA integrity.

The current experiment intended to investigate the impact of various dietary omega- 6/ omega -3 fatty acids ratios (FAs) on the reproductive performance and  serum lipid profile  in male Barki sheep over two months' experimental period. Twelve males were randomly allotted into 4 equal groups receiving 4 different ratios of omega-6/ omega- 3 FAs including 5.40 (higher ratio, HR), 4.56 (medium ratio, MR), 3.13 (lower ratio, LR) and 1.76 (very low ratio, VLR):1.  Feeding rams on diets with HR or VLR did not exhibit substantial impact on the sperm motility, sperm viability and testosterone hormone, however these parameters were non-significantly improved in the MR and LR- fed rams. The semen volume was significantly increased (P < 0.05) with the MR in comparison with the remaining groups.  Serum biochemical parameters, including total lipids, HDL concentrations did not exhibit significant differences (P> 0.05) among the different ratios. VLR- fed rams showed the higher serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL (P< 0.05), while the MR fed rams showed the highest CHO/HDL ratio (P< 0.05) in comparison with the other ratios. In summary, Barki rams fed different omega-6/ omega- 3 PUFA ratios (5.4, 4.56, 3.13 and 1.76:1) containing diets exhibited no significant difference in their reproductive performance parameters, however the medium (4.56:1) and low (3.13:1) ratios showed potential improving effect.

The male reproductive tissues including the testis, epididymis, and prostate gland undergo dramatic changes in seasonal breeders from the breeding to non-breeding seasons. Classically, sex steroid hormones play important roles in the epididymis, and prostate gland morphology and functions. To clarify the relationship between androgen receptor (AR) expression and seasonal changes in the male dromedary camel, the immunolocalizations of AR and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were investigated in the testis, epididymis, ductus deference and prostate gland of the dromedary male camel in the breeding season (October to April) using immunohistochemistry, morphometrical measurements, and blood analysis. The testis showed a positive immunostaining of AR and PCNA. The reactions were observed in spermatogonia of the seminiferous epithelium. In the interstitial compartment, weak reaction was found in Leydig cells. Moreover, the epididymal epithelial cells displayed positive AR and PCNA reaction that was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of principal, basal, and dark cells. The most extensive immunostaining of AR was also present in the body segment. However, the staining signals of AR decreased in the in the head and tail. Furthermore, the ampullary glands epithelium and its duct epithelium were positive for AR and PCNA.  Comparatively, the epithelial cells lining the ductus deferens in (DI) and (DM) displayed negative staining than those of other cell types. Finally, the immunostaining for AR and PCNA was detected in tubuloalveolar glands epithelium of both proximal part and distal part. However, in the fibromuscular layer, showed negative staining of both proximal and distal part. Strong immunostaining was detected in in the urothelial cells of prostatic urethra.

Staphylococci are the most typical bacteria found in cattle with mastitis, either Staphylococcus aureus or coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS). The study’s goal was to determine the prevalence of Staphylococci in bovine mastitis, the antimicrobial profile, and evaluate the concentration of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) related to the inflammatory response in clinical mastitis by ELISA. S. aureus (54%) and CNS (19%) were detected in 400 samples of milk from both clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. The S. aureus isolates revealed higher resistance to ampicillin (100%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (98.1%), cefotaxime (88.9%), erythromycin (63.2%), cefuroxime (63%), and tetracycline (61.1%). Furthermore, the CNS isolates showed high resistance against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), followed by ampicillin (94.7%), cefotaxime (89.5%), erythromycin (79.6%), cefuroxime (89.5%), and tetracycline (73.7%). However, the high susceptibility of S. aureus and CNS was observed to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, Cows with clinical mastitis reported high levels of IL-6 in both their serum and their milk. While they have much lower levels of IL-4 and IL-10 than normal ones (P < 0.001). In conclusion, it is recommended that laboratory results be carefully interpreted to avoid antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococci that is not clinically relevant and to ensure the advisable use of antimicrobials. Also, further study on the application of interleukins as therapeutic agents against bovine mastitis should be considered.

This study aimed to introduce some natural alternatives that can be used in the treatment and control of coccidiosis in weaned rabbits. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) was used for its immune enhancer effect and its content of antioxidant bioactive compounds. In the current investigation, sixty domestic male rabbits were divided into six groups with 10 rabbits in each. Group 1 (G1): noninfected and non-treated group; G2 was noninfected and supplemented with M. oleifera extract in drinking water at 1.5 g/L; G3 was infected and non-treated (control positive); G4 was supplemented with M. oleifera extract in drinking water (1.5 g/L) one week before the experimental infection till the end of the experiment; G5 was infected and treated by M. oleifera extract in drinking water (1.5 g/L) at the 5th-day post-inoculation till the end of the experiment; G6 was infected and treated with amprolium 20% (1.2 g/L) at the 5th-day post-inoculation for five successive days. Rabbits were infected by a suspension containing 104 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria magna, E. media, and E. perforans. G3 exhibited the typical symptoms of coccidiosis with a mortality rate of 30%, while clinical signs in G4, G5, and G6 were lesser than in G3 with a mortality rate of 0%. There was a significant increase in body weight and a significant decrease in oocyst count in G4, G5, and G6 compared with G3. In Addition, a significant decrease (p>0.05) in the liver enzyme (ALT), A/G ratio, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides, with a significant increase (p>0.05) in serum total protein activities in the treated groups (G4, G5, and G6) compared to the control positive group. Serum AST, creatinine, and urea did not report any changes among treatments, and they were within the normal range. While antioxidant activities in tissue showed a significant reduction in the malondialdehyde (MDA), a significant increase in SOD (superoxide dismutase), and GSH (glutathione reduced) activities in the treated groups compared to the control positive group. Histopathological changes of the intestine showed better profiles in the supplemented groups. Besides, histopathological changes in the intestine and the microscopical lesion score were significantly reduced in the challenged groups supplemented and treated with M. oleifera and amprolium. In conclusion, M. oleifera could be effective in controlling rabbit coccidiosis.

The hydatid cyst is considered a hazardous obstacle for public health and the livestock industry. The present investigation sought to ascertain the prevalence of hydatid cysts, histopathology, and economic losses in slaughtered food animals in Egypt's Minoufyia governorate. Furthermore, the molecular characterization of the cysts was performed using an analysis of the NADH dehydrogenase 1 sequence. Visual meat inspection of 6417 slaughtered animal carcasses in Minoufyia Governorate abattoirs was conducted over two years, from March 2019 to February 2021. The prevalence of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals was 1.48%. The prevalence in different animal carcasses was 1.5% in sheep, 1.33% in cattle, 0.71% in buffaloes, and 9.5% in camels while cyst was not detected in goats. Females had a higher prevalence than males. Autumn had the highest prevalence of hydatid cysts at 0.44%, followed by winter at 0.40%, spring at 0.39%, and summer at 0.25%. The liver and lungs were the most infected organs, with infection rates of 57.9% and 42.1%, respectively. In addition, the histopathology of recovered hydatid cysts was recorded. The sequence analysis of NADH dehydrogenase revealed that the sequence of camel and cattle is E. canadensis and the buffalo sequence is E. ortleppi. The phylogenetic tree revealed that Echinococcus canadensis from Egyptian camels and cattle belonged to the same taxon as genotypes 6-10 of the E. granulosus complex. The E. ortleppi sequence from Egyptian buffalo was found in the same clade as genotype 5 of the E. granulosus complex. The economic costs of organ condemnation amounted to 47320 EGP. The results of this survey present the prevalence, economic impact, and molecular characterization of hydatid cysts from animals in Minoufyia governorate, Egypt.  Strict hygienic measures are needed to control this infection in food animals and humans.