Dairying as an occupation supports and sustains the livelihood of a large number of rural people in India, especially small farmers, marginal farmers and landless labourers. To study the socio-economic profile of the dairy farmers, Viluppuram district of Tamil Nadu state was purposively selected on the basis of high cattle population. Out of the nine taluks in Viluppuram district, two taluks, namely Viluppuram and Tindivanam taluks were randomly selected from which five villages each were selected. From each of the selected villages, 10 respondents were selected randomly leading to a total of 100 respondents. The findings of the study revealed that half of the respondents were old aged, had secondary to graduate level of education and had agriculture + livestock and wages + livestock + agriculture as their occupation. Majority of the respondents also had large herd size of more than four animals with 11-20 years of dairy farming experience and no participation in training programme. Majority of the respondents had medium level of annual income, economic motivation, mass media exposure, contact with extension agency, risk orientation, proximity to marketing channels, knowledge about improved dairy husbandry practices and decision making behaviour.

Integrated Farming System (IFS) is an efficient way of recycling farm waste or farm by-products. In present study the fishes (Catla, Common carp, Grass carp, Rohu and Silver carp) were cultivated through ostrich feed wastages and cattle manure in six month period. The average fish survival of 86% was observed and it was varied from 84% to 88%. The total weight of fishes harvested was 50.95 kg, 43.71 kg, 42.58 kg, 54.95 kg and 53.76 kg for individual varieties such as Catla, Common crap, Grass crap, Rohu and Silver carp respectively. The average weight of fish at harvesting was 386.0 g, 502.5 g, 507.0 g, 426.0 g and 632.5 g with 64.33 g, 83.75 g, 84.50 g, 71.00 g, 105.42 g average weight gain of fish per month in Catla, Common carp, Grass carp, Rohu and Silver carp respectively. The benefit cost ratio was observed as 2.35 with the net profit of Rs.21,247.50 for 6 months culture period in 0.06 Ha pond area. It was concluded that ostrich and cattle cum fish integration was a suitable and economically viable integrated system in Tamil Nadu.

Bacterial normal flora were identified in handfed psittacine birds (lory, amazons, lorikeet, cockatoo, conure, grey parrot, macaw, eclectus and African love birds) at Cavin estate exotic bird farm, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. A total of 54 cloacal swabs were collected fromdifferent species of psittasine birds for bacteriological screening to identify the microorganisms by morphological and biochemical characteristics. In the present study, four Gram positive organisms such as Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Bacillus and Corynebacterium and ten Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterobactersp., Klebsiellasp., Yersiniasp., Providenciasp., Erwiniasp., Citrobactersp., Serratiasp., Acinitobactersp.and Buttiauxellasp.,were identified as the normal flora in apparently healthyhandfed psittacine birds. The frequency of occurrence of Staphylococcus sp., and E.coli was higher when compared to others. 

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as the presence of structural or functional abnormalities in one or both kidneys that have been present for an extended period usually from three months or more. Nephron damage associated with CKD is usually irreversible and progressive and characterized by a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from a minor structural lesion in a single kidney to extensive loss of nephrons affecting both kidneys (Polzin, 2011).CKD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in older dogs and cats, which were recorded with an overall incidence of 1- 3 per cent in cats and 0.5 – 1.5 per cent in dogs (Brown, 2007).  Azotemia is defined as an abnormal concentration of urea, creatinine, and other nonprotein nitrogenous substances in blood, plasma, or serum. Azotemia is a laboratory finding with several fundamentally different causes. Since non-protein nitrogenous compounds (including urea and creatinine) are endogenous substances, abnormally elevated concentrations in serum may be caused by an  increased rate of production (by the liver for urea; by muscles for creatinine), or by a decreased rate of loss (primarily by the kidneys).  When the structural and functional integrity of both kidneys has been compromised to such a degree that polysystemic signs of kidney failure are clinically manifested, the relatively predictable symptom complex called uremia appears, regardless of underlying cause. In some instances, uremic crises may suddenly be precipitated by prerenal disorders or, less commonly, postrenal disorders in patients with previously compensated primary kidney failure. Uremia is characterized by multiple physiologic and metabolic alterations that result from impaired kidney function.    

Injectable anesthesia in farm animals been used on a routine basis in academia and in clinical practice in the United Statesof America. As an ambulatory clinician, the author has used various pharmaceuticals and combinations for sedation and short termgeneralized anesthesia, on farm animals in performing various techniques, clinical procedures,major and minor surgeries in the clinic and on the farm. There are many physical and mental challenges in dealing with farm animals when safely restraining or immobilizing them for any surgical or non-surgical procedures performed. The main goal is to effectively control the animal without injuring the /tosubject/animal or the personnel involved. In most cases, for performing physical examination or minor surgery a chute, crush, ropes, or local anesthesia is sufficient to accomplish the task. However, on certain situations, sedatives, dissociative, and systemic analgesics can provide the mental distraction needed to reduce reflex reactions and override learned behaviors. This article will review some of the common uses of sedation and anesthesia in performing both minor and major surgeries using injectable anesthetic drugs in farm animals. 

The effect of 2% lignocaine CRI during ketofol anaesthesia was studied in twelve adults dogs divided into two groups consisting of 6 animals each viz. Group-I (ketofol), Group-II (ketofol and 2% Lignocaine CRI) presented for hysterectomy procedure. Haematological and biochemical parameters were found to be within the physiological range. Ketofol along with 2% lignocaine as CRI showed no majoradvantage over ketofol alone.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common occurring malignancies in the world and has been reported in various species ofanimals including dogs, cats, sheep and pigs. The aim of this study was to assess the ameliorative effects of nanoforms of silibinin and resveratrol on the body weights, feed intake, and water intake of hepatocarcinogenesis induced rats. One hundred and eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups and feed intake, water consumption, body weight gains were recorded. The study revealed a significant difference in the feed intake, water intake, body weights in carcinogen group with control and treatment groups.Nano resveratrol and nano silibinin groups effectively ameliorated compared to raw resveratrol and raw silibinin groups there by suggesting their usage in therapy for liver cancer. 

The present study was conducted on one month age twenty four weaned broiler rabbits having similar body weights, which were divided into four groups with 6 rabbits in each group for a period of 42 days to study the effect of inclusion of Mannan oli gosaccharides (MOS), Oxytetracycline and Ocimum sanctum supplements in the basal diet on growth performance, feed intake and FCR in New Zealand white rabbits. The study revealed that initial and final body weights, daily and weekly feed intakes and FCR did not differ significantly. However, higher body weights and lower FCR values were recorded in treatment groups supplemented with MOS and Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum). 

The present study was undertaken to identify various constraints faced by urban consumers and to assess the interrelationships between constraint score in consumption of dairy products and the socio-demographic factors. For this research work, Chennai metro city was purposively selected due to its massive urbanization. A total of 195 household dairy products consumers were selected by a simple random sampling procedure from North, Central and South regions of Chennai city (65 from each) and primary data was collected with the help of well-structured and pre tested interview schedule. The results indicated that the major constraints faced byconsumers in consumption of dairy products was in the order of poor accessibility, insufficient supply, poor shopping environment, outlet not open on all the days, non-availability in preferred quantity and poor packaging. The results indicated that the variable, monthly family income was found to be positively influencing the constraint score whereas, family size, hindu religion, educational status of the head of the household and presence of children in the family were found to be negatively influencing constraint score in consumption of fluid milk whereas in case of ghee, khoa and ice cream, the variable, food habit of the family was found to be positivelyinfluencing the constraint score whereas, family size, monthly family income, educational status of the head of the household and presence of children in the family was found to be negatively influencing constraint score in consumption of ghee, khoa and ice cream.

A trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of accelerated feeding method in the growth and carcass studies of native goat kids. Thirty male country goat (non – descriptive) kids at the age of 30 - 45 days were selected for this study. The kids were divided into two groups, control and treatment groups, each consist of 15 kids. The control group kids were fed with concentrate feed consisting of 15% crude Protein (CP), 75% Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN), CO4 grass as a sole green fodder and sorghum stover, bengal gram and groundnut tops as a dry fodder. The treatment group kids were fed with concentrate feed containing 21% crude Protein (CP), 75% Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN), CO4 grass and COFS 29 grass as a green fodder and sorghum stover, bengal gram and groundnut tops as a dry fodder. In addition the treatment group kids were fed with supplements such as TANUVAS mineral mixture, probiotics, baking soda and Groviplex®, Ostovet®, Brotone®. The study was conducted for a period of 6 months. The body weight of kids was recorded at fortnight intervals. Parameters such as average feed intake per goat, average total body weight gain, average daily body weight gain and cost of production per kg live weight gain were studied.  The kids were slaughtered at the end of study period and carcass parameters like pre slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressed weight and weights of blood, head, feet, stomach with contents, lungs, heart, kidney, spleen, liver and skin were studied. After analysis of data, significant (P< 0.01) difference was noticed between control group and treatment group in terms of final body weight (C -13.28±0.10 kg, T - 17.00±0.06 kg), average total body weight gain (C -6.74 ±0.09 kg, T - 9.98±0.10 kg), average daily body weight gain (P< 0.05) (C - 0.04±0.08 kg, T - 0.06±0.09 kg) and cost of production per kg live weight gain (C– Rs.98.15±0.15, T – Rs.72.48±0.12) . There was also highly significant difference (P < 0.01) was noticed in carcass quality in terms of pre slaughter weight (C -13.28±0.10 kg, T - 17.00±0.06 kg), carcass weight (C - 6.25±0.10kg, T - 8.00±0.02 kg), dressed weight (C -5.70±0.15 kg, T - 7.55±0.14 kg), dressing percentage (C - 42.22±0.13%, T - 47.06±0.12%), head (C - 1.13±0.22 kg, T - 1.25±0.02 kg) and stomach (C - 5.10±0.26 kg, T - 6.35±0.2kg). Thus it is concluded that, accelerated feeding significantly improves the body weight gain and carcass yield in native goat kids with low production cost per kg live weight gain.