In a trial for comparison between the efficiency of single fowl pox (FP) vaccination and the efficiency of each combined FP and Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) vaccination and simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo and with FP and Chicken anemia virus (CAV) vaccines our conclusion was that there is no antagonistic reaction between FP virus strain and each AE, Reo and CA viruses strains. In addition, humoral immune response against AE virus strain in case of combined AE+FP vaccination is markedly potent than that in case of single AE vaccination, more over the value of average EID50 of AE virus strain in several batches of combined AE+FP vaccines is significantly higher at P > 0.05 than that in several batches of single AE vaccines. On the other hand, immune response against FP virus strain and Reo virus strain in case of simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo vaccines is higher than that in case of single FP vaccination and single Reo vaccination. Consequently, it is advisable to use combined live attenuated AE+FP vaccine instead of vaccination with single FP and AE separately. Also, application of simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo vaccines is advisable as it is proved to be more beneficial than vaccination with each vaccine separately specially in case of that FP vaccine of low potency.

The present study concerned with Listeria monocytogenes which were isolated from apparently healthy buffaloes, buffaloes suffered from abortion, bedding and silage, which were collected from different localities. From the total examined samples (375), (300 samples from apparently healthy buffaloes, bedding and silage, also 75 samples from buffaloes suffered from abortion , bedding and silage) the prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 11(14.7%), isolates from buffaloes suffered from abortion, bedding and silage. All isolates were motile at room temperature, also exhibited positive CAMP test and exhibited narrow zone of β-hemolysis. Serological identification of isolates revealed 6(54.5%) were serotype 4 while 5(45.5%) were untyped. There were differences in isolates susceptibilities to different anti-microbial agents. L. monocytogenes had 100% sensitivity to Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline and ceftiofur sodium. Virulence of isolates was assayed by I/P inoculation of 109 CFU in mice, all inoculated mice died within 1-5 days. PCR assay for L. monocytogenes isolates revealed positive amplification of 827 bp fragment of act A gene.

Twenty five isolates of IBV were isolated from 36 broiler and layer chicken farms collected from 13 governorates during 2 years started from January 2003. All the examined farms were vaccinated using the commercial live IB-H120 vaccine in addition to the IB-inactivated vaccine in the layer farm. The viruses were isolated and identified previously by chicken embryo, CEK cell culture inoculation. Isolates subjected to RT-PCR. Four isolates; three broiler farms and one from layer farm were genotyped using S1 partial gene sequencing. Typing of the four isolates using S1 partial gene sequencing, revealed that the isolated IBV strains showed homology to Asia, Europe, USA and Middle East strains.

In an attempt to evaluate the possible role of Eimeria stiedae infection on rabbit vaccinated with haemorrhagic septicaemia oil adjuvant vaccine, a total of 60 New-Zealand rabbits were divided into 6 groups (A- F). The first four groups subdivided into two subgroups. The subgroups (A1, A2) vaccinated and infected at time of 1st dose of vaccine, subgroup (B1, B2) vaccinated and infected at 2 weeks post 1st vaccination, subgroup (C1, C2) which vaccinated and infected at the time of 2nd dose of vaccination, finally subgroup (D1, D2) vaccinated and infected at 2 weeks post 2nd dose of vaccine. Group E vaccinated only but the group F left as non vaccinated non infected (control). The results revealed that E. stiedae infection at the time or after 2 weeks from first or second dose of vaccination (A1, B1, C1 and D1) and treated with semduramycine 150 showed slight decrease of the antibody titer in contrast the untreated group (A2, B2, C2 and D2) showed sudden decrease of P. multocida antibody titer measured by indirect haemagglutination and ELISA test. Vaccinated group (E) was the superior one showing the highest antibody titer. The challenge test of all rabbit groups with virulent P. multocida revealed a protective percent of 83.4%, 50%, 100% and 0 % in treated, untreated, vaccinated and control group respectively, but subgroups C2, D2 the protective value was 33.4% this due to challenge concurrency post or at the time of infection. These findings reflect the important to avoid coccidial infection following vaccination programs to obtain better immune response to haemorrhagic septicaemia oil adjuvant pasteurellosis vaccine and high level of protection.

P. multocida contains one or more antigenic determinant of different proportions responsible for partial protection offered by the heterologous serovars. SDS-PAGE analysis of the whole protein profile prepared from sheep local isolates of P. multocida types (A, D), Mannheimia haemolytica type (A), P. trehalosi type (T) as well as standard strain of P. multocida (B6) revealed that the protein profile exhibited some differences with variable molecular masses ranged between 14 to 116 kDa. There are sharing protein subunits of molecular masses of 66, 37 and 28 kDa as the unique cross-reactive antigens in all isolates. The protection percentage for the vaccinated mice with inactivated M. haemolytica against the challenge with virulent strain of P. multocida type A, D and B6 are 30%, 30% and 20% respectively and 25%, 25% and 20% respectively in the groups of mice vaccinated with inactivated P. trehalosi so, there is cross reaction but limited cross protection between pasteurella isolates. The suggested vaccine must contain local isolates of P. multocida serotypes A, D and B6 as well as M. haemolytica and P. trehalosi.

A total of two hundreds of slaughtered animals; 50 each of cattle buffaloes, sheep and buffalo calves were collected from slaughterhouse Giza. Each animal was represented by muscular part, prenephric fat, liver, and kidneys. The Four Plate Technique (FPT) is intended to detect antimicrobial residues in collected samples. The liver samples showed high detection incidences (30, 16, 16 and 8%) in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and buffaloe calves respectively as compared to kidney samples (16, 12, 10 and 6% respectively). The lowest incidence was detected in fat samples (0%) followed by muscle samples (4%). High incidence was detected in medium I followed by medium II and III, finally medium IV as well as medium V which failed to be showed any incidence of detection. The tetracycline residues in tissues of slaughtered animals depend on husbandry as well as on withdrawal time after use. The liver (67 + 15, 50 + 14, 54 + 10 and 3 +0.8) and kidney (63 + 16, 46 + 12, 56 + 12 and 8 + 2) samples in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and buffaloe calves respectively showed high residual levels as compared with muscles and fat. The detection of sulfonamide residues in tissues of slaughtered animals may be attributed to misuse of these compounds for long term in animal feed as well as result in accumulation in animal tissues.

The antiviral activity of Curcuma longa against NDV on vero cell culture and in infected chicken was observed. The obtained results showed that low concentration of Curcuma longa 0.25% did not produce cytotoxicity on the vero cell. The effect of Curcuma longa on NDV titre was studied and the results revealed clearly that chickens treated with 1% Curcuma longa as Prophylactic also showed higher protection rate (90%), the chickens that treated with 0.5 % Curcuma longa showed protection rate (80%).Chicks that infected with NDV without treatment with Curcuma longa showed lower protection rate (8%). The chickens infected then treated with 1% Curcuma longa showed protection (65%) and the chickens infected then treated with 0.5% Curcuma longa showed protection (40%).

Tetanus toxoid for equines has been prepared by cultivation of C. tetani into new synthetic medium for production of high potent tetanus toxin which gave high flocculation units [90 Lf (Limit of flocculation)], and high minimum lethal dose (MLD) (600,000). Tetanus toxin was inactivated by formalin, and adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel as an adjuvant. It was inoculated into rabbits as a preliminary evaluation for its potency, showing the permissible units allowed to be used for vaccination of horse. The vaccine was tested in horses, which exhibited higher titer of specific antibodies persisted for 8 months post vaccination.

Toxocariasis is a disease of unspecific clinical manifestations in human beings and some animals forming a condition known as visceral larva migerans. Effective Toxocara canis (T. canis) control should destroy the dormant hypobiotic larvae in the tissues of the reservoir hosts. Embyonated egg antigen is intended to be evaluated in rabbits where15 New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups; immunized group that injected with three doses of T. canis egg antigen (First dose with complete Freund's and two successive doses with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant); control infected group and adjuvant control group. At 30th day from the beginning of the experiment, all groups were infected with 10,000 T. canis embryonated egg. Blood samples were collected periodically for measuring antibodies titer by ELISA. Postmortem and histopathological investigations were done. The efficacy of egg antigen protective immunity was evaluated by; the positive antibody titer, retention of larvae in the liver, hepatic eosinophilic granuloma formation, number of the milky spots on the liver surface and lung resistance to the infection. These parameters were detected obviously in the immunized group than the non immunized ones. Consequently, production of this product is recommended where its preparation is simple, easy, fast and economic and may be used as role of vaccine program against the parasite infection in the susceptible hosts.

A field study was carried out in a fish farm to study the effect of seasonal variations during the production period on performance and parasitic infestation of cultured fish. Water samples were obtained to determine the Physio-chemical investigation of water in the examined farm to estimate temperature, dissolved oxygen, PH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, salinity, total alkalinity and total hardness. Fish samples were obtained for parasitological examination to detect external parasitic infestation.The results referred that an elevation of water temperature during summer months leading to slight increase of PH of water, while dissolved oxygen values decreased from 6.8±0.15 to 6.0±1.5 throughout the study period. The mean values of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate reach the maximum in July and August months (0.71±0.18, 0.20±0.07 and 3.1±0.07 mg/l respectively). In addition there was a slightly increase of the total alkalinity and total hardness at beginning of the study (37.8±3.0 and 147.0±5.0mg/l respectively) reached the maximum levels in the summer months (44.4±2.8 and 182.8±6.0 mg/l respectively). It can be noticed that the most prevalent ectoparasitic affecting cultured Tilapia are Trichodina,Monogenia and Epistylis. It can be noticed that, the average initial body weight of examined fish was 6.8±2.3 gm and reached 218.0±3.8 gm. at the end of experiment (210 days) with an average of daily weight gain 1.01 ±0.07 gm. From the aforementioned results, it can be concluded that special attention to Physio-chemical parameters of water fish ponds and regular inspection of fish parasitic infestation particularly during summer months obtained a good fish performance as well as high body weight gain and high survival percentage.