Presently neither the specification of rumen cannula for small ruminants is reported nor is it commercially available in Egyptian market. Therefore, fabrication of ruminal cannula for sheep and surgical procedure for its implantation are described in this paper. The device was adapted to allow sampling of entire ruminal contents via cannulas with different diameters, which tightly sealed within ruminal fistula to ensure cleaner, achieve easier nursing of operated animals, and maintain more normal ruminal environment. The ruminal cannula was applied into the sheep by one-stage operation. It has been successfully used in 11 ram (3-5 year-old) for 16 months without problems and caused no complications.

A number of 50 Ardeola ibis ibis birds were found harboring six nematodes species; Tetrameres species, Microtteramere species, Synhimantus invaginatus, Synhimantus equispeculatus, Ascaridia species, Paracamallanus species,and five species of trematodes; Euclinostomum heterostomum, Nephrostomum ramosum, Apharyngostrigea ibis, Apatemon gracilis and Centrocestus armatus. The most common infection by nematodes was (46%) in which highest infection rate Synhimantus invaginatus recorded (30 %) while the trematode infection was (24 %) and Apatemon gracilis was the most prevalent (16 %). Experimental infection of buff backed heron by encysted metacercaria (EMC) and exysted metacercaria (ExMC) of Clinostomum complanatum from freshwater fish Tilapia nilotica, resulted in adult worms formed after 6 days. Where the infection by EMC recorded higher worm burden (14-18 worm) and hatching percent (78%) while the infection by ExMC gave lower worm burden (7-10 worm / bird ) and hatching (48 %). In the present study, it is worthy to mention that buff backed heron act as final host model for Clinostomum complanatum and this will be helpful in further biological and immunological studies for this trematode to decrease its economic losses in fish intermediate host.

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of water soluble formulation of diclazuril (1%) in the prevention and control of mixed Eimeria infection in two experimental (semifield) trials and testing efficacy of this medicament in controlling of natural field case of mixed Eimeria infection. The experimental (semifield) trials carried out each on 150-day-old broiler chicks, as they were divided into 3 equal separate subgroups. Infected groups were orally received 1ml of an inoculum containing 50.000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina and E. necatrix/ chick at 14 days of age. Diclazuril (1%) liquid at dose of 1 ml / 4 liter of drinking water for 2 successive days just after appearance of bloody dropping (at the 5th day post infection). Birds were given prophylactic diclazuril dose (1 ml / 8 liter) at the 7th day before the experimental inoculation. In both trials were oocyst count (shedding) in the dropping, dropping score, lesion score, body weight gain % and mortality rate were evaluated. Groups treated with diclazuril either in the prophylactic and curative studies gave significant and satisfactory improvement in the assessment criteria when compared with infected non medicated groups. A field trial was conducted 2 commercial broiler chicken farm consisted of 2 flocks aged 33 days; 6000 birds each. Flock (1) was kept as control positive infected non medicated group, whereas flock (2) was medicated with diclazuril (1%) at dose of 1 ml / 4 liter of the drinking water for 2 successive days. The results revealed more reduction in total oocyst count, lesion score and the mortality rate in the medicated than the infected non-treated group. The results proved that diclazuril (1%) liquid is effective in prevention and control of both experimental and field infection field circulating Eimeria species still sensitive to the drug.

New-born lambs have limited energy reserves and need a rapid access to colostrum to maintain homeothermy and survive. The object of this study was to investigate the importance of neonatal lamb behaviour in the maintenance of its body temperature and survival. The time taken to stand and suck after birth and rectal temperatures were determined in 72 crossbred lambs (progeny of crossing 1/2 Rhamani and 1/2 Finnish). In addition, blood samples were collected at 1, 24 and 72 h after birth. The obtained sera were assayed for thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), known to be involved in heat production and phosphorous element (ph) which is essential for energy metabolism. The obtained results revealed that, low birth weight and triplet lambs were behaviourally less active at birth and had less T3, T4, Ph and body temperatures values over the first 3 days of life than lambs of heavy or medium birth weight and single or twin lambs. Thus, light weight and triplet lambs were highly susceptible to hypothermia and were exposed to high rate of mortality (18.75 and 16.66%) during the neonatal period than other lambs (3.84, 10.00, 4.55, and 9.38 %, respectively). Therefore, the present study concludes that neonatal lamb behaviour, specifically success in standing and obtaining colostrum are extremely important for thermoregulation and survival of the neonate.

Milk and dairy products are an important exposure route for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to humans. For this reason milk, kareish cheese and yoghurt analyzed for the presence of fourteen organochlorine pesticides namely Alpha HCH, Gamma HCH, Delta HCH, Aldrin, Gamma Chlordane, Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Endrin, , p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT and methoxychlor using gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD. A total of 90 random samples of raw cow's milk samples and dairy products (30 of each) were collected from 4 districts in Fayoum Governorate (Fayoum, Etssa, senoris and Tamia) during a period from September 2017 to January 2018. The results indicated that 6.60%(6/90) , 5.50%(5/90), 25.55%(23/90), 13.33%(12/9), 11.11%(10/90), 1.11%(1/90), 18.88%(17/90), 8.88%(8/90), 15.55%(14/90), 17.77%(16/90) and 22.22%(20/90) of the examined samples were contaminated with Alpha HCH, Gamma HCH, Delta HCH, Aldrin, Gamma Chlordane, Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Endrin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD and methoxychlor,respectively. None of the examined samples revealed the presence of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), Heptachlor and Heptachlor epoxide. Generally the concentrations in the examined samples followed the order of Delta HCH > methoxychlor > Gamma HCH > p,p'-DDD > Dieldrin > Aldrin > Gamma Chlordane > Endosulfan > p,p'-DDE > Endrin > Alpha HCH.

Locally isolated EHV-1 (2002) was successfully adapted to different available cell lines (BHK, VERO, MDBK and MDCK). Characteristic cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed from the first passage and the virus growth became regular with constant incubation periods at 2nd day in BHK and VERO cells 4th day in both MDBK and MDCK cells post inoculation with maximum titers of 7, 8.5, 7.75, 6.2 log10 TCID50/ml in BHK6, VERO10, MDBK5 and MDCK5 cell lines; respectively. Growth kinetics of EHV-1 in VERO cells, showed initial increase in cell associated viruses (CAV) and cell free viruses (CFV) were at 8 and 48 hours post inoculation then reaching their peak at 72 and 96 hours post inoculation in CAV and CFV; respectively. Detection of viral protein in infected cells was done using IFT. It revealed that high fluorescence was shown at 4 till 72 hours post inoculation in CAV and 72 hours in CFV. In conclusion, EHV-1 is more cell associated and IFT is considered as a rapid and sensitive test for detection of viral protein

Diabetes is characterized by hyperphagia, and polydypsia. However, the mechanisms by which diabetes produces these effects are not clear. This study was conducted to examine changes in serum insulin and leptin levels in induced-type 1 diabetes mellitus in relation to concomitant changes in body weight, glycemic state and lipid profiles in rats. Moreover, we aimed to clarify that the treatment with lipoic acid (LA) is capable of reversing these effects or not. Ninety-six male rats were divided into 3 groups, control group (32 rats) was considered as normal non-diabetic, 64 rats were subcutaneously injected with alloxan (120 mg/kg.b.wt) for induction of diabetes. Then the diabetic rats were divided into two equal subgroups, the first is diabetic group that was not treated with LA, and the other is LA-treated diabetic group that was treated with LA at a dose 100 mg/kg b.wt / day for four weeks. Body weight, serum lipid profile, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment– insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and leptin were measured. The data showed significant increase in serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol and glucose levels as well as HOMA-IR while significant decrease in the mean body weight gain, serum insulin and leptin levels in diabetic group in comparison with control group. The treatment with lipoic acid led to significant decrease in serum fasting and postprandial glucose, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol levels as well as slight decreased HOMA-IR with significant increased levels of serum insulin and leptin in comparison with diabetic group. It could be concluded that alloxan-induced diabetes led to hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipideamia and hypoleptinamia. Moreover, treatment with lipoic acid ameliorates these changes and improves insulin sensitivity.

In the present study, a total number of 1576 livers of ruminants, including cattle (924), sheep (487) and camels (165) were examined for detection of different pathogenic agents. Among those, a number of 58 cases (3.68 %) were infected with both parasites and bacteria. Out of this number, 3 cases only (0.19 %) were infected with bacterial species (Lactobacillus lactis lactis), 31 cases (1.97 %) were infected with parasitic stages only and a number of 24 cases (1.52 %) were co-infected with both bacteria and parasites. Among the bacterial isolates, 11 genera of bacterial species were found in 27 cases. The obtained results revealed that, all infected cases were cattle. The most prevalent isolate was Enterococcus species which present in 7 cases (25.92 %) among the totally bacterial infected cases, followed by 5 cases showed Staphylococci (18.52 %), then both genus Escherichia and genus Lactobacillus, each was found in 4 cases (14.81 %) and finally 7 genera including;Enterobacter,Micrococcus,Citrobacter,Aerococcus,Pseudomonas,Chrysomonas and Streptococcus; each was found in a single case with a percentage of 3.70 %. Concerning the parasitic affections, it has been found that Fasciola species was the most prevalent type of helminthes present in the infected livers. Among all infected livers, 40 cases (2.54 %) were infected with adult Fasciola gigantica (including 33 cattle and 7 sheep), followed by 8 cases of camels (0.51 %) infected with Hydatid cysts, then 4 cases of sheep (0.25 %) infected with Cysticercus tenuicollis and finally 3 cases of sheep (0.19 %) infected with both Fasciola gigantica and Cysticercus tenuicollis. The results revealed that, a considerable high number of co-infected animals {24 cases (41.38 %) among the totally infected animals} was existed and this reveals that the parasite facilitates the way to the secondary bacterial infection with the end results of hepatic tissue degeneration and necrosis. So, in abattoirs, great attention must be taken for appropriate evaluation of these pathogenic sources.

Fifty five milk samples were collected from dairy Friesian cows suffering from clinical mastitis in a farm at Quena Governorate. The samples were subjected to microbiological examination .The main isolated pathogenic bacteria were identified biochemically as Escherichia coli (36.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (23.6%) Streptococcus agalactiae (18.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.7%) and bacterial free samples (9.1%) . Sensitivity tests for the bacterial isolates revealed that the tested strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, nortril, gentamicin and lincospectin

50 specimens of the Mullets Mugil cephalus were collected from the Libian coastal waters near Misurata city in Libya. 7 different species of trematodes isolated from the intestine of the mullets were briefly described. Haploporus benedenii, Haploporus lateralis, Lecithobotryes putrescens, Saccocoelium tensum, Saccocoelium gohari, Haplosplanchnus caudatus and Haplosplanchnus pachysomus. It is worthy to mention that, the present work is reported for the first time in Libya