Clinico-therapeutic studies were made on thirty clinical cases of lantana toxicity in cattle. The affected animals showed anorexia, constipation, icteric mucous membranes, lachrymation, oligurea,cracks on muzzle, dehydration and rumen stasis. Biochemical analysis revealed that 61.53 % of early presented cases and 100 % of late presented cases were having biphasic Vanden Bergh reaction. Hypoglycemia and increased total protein level were present in late presented cases. Markedly elevated values of total bilirubin, BUN, AST and alkaline phosphatase in both the early and late cases of lantana toxicity indicated hepatic and renal dysfunction.

A total of 281 serum samples collected randomly from goats showing the signs of fever, abortion,repeat breeding and still births as well as from apparently healthy ones were subjected to LAT and MAT based on rLipL32 and rLipL41 antigens. A total of 16 (5.69%) samples were found positive to MAT, whereas rLipL32-LAT and rLipL41-LAT detected 35 (12.45%) and 23 (8.18%) samples as positive, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of rLipL32-LAT was 87.50% and 92.83%, respectively,while rLipL41-LAT yielded 75.00% and 97.35% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. LAT based on rLipL32 and rLipL41antigens could further be evaluated on a larger number of samples to ensure its utility as a screening test for the sero-epidemiological studies.

In the study, 348 bacterial isolates comprising of Escherichia coli (100), Klebsiella aerogens (45), Proteus mirablis (35), Peudomonas aerogens (20), Staphylococcus sp. (78), Streptococcus sp. (13), Bacillus sp. (57) were isolated from egg shell and egg contents of 150 egg samples collected from local market in Patna (Bihar). The isolates were subjected to antibiogram. This study demonstrated that egg from organized farm microbial contamination than unorganized poultry farm reflecting the effect of environment, storage and transportation on microbial quality of eggs.

The herd strength of the farm was 480 crossbreds containing 393 females and 87 males, out of which 43 females and 15 males suffered from fluorosis leading to overall prevalence of 12.08 %. It is revealed that overall prevalence in males (17.24 %) was higher as compare to the females (11.05%). The prevalence in males below six months of age group and in six months and above (adults) was recorded to be 16.66 % and 17.46 % respectively. The adults and calves were equally susceptible to fluorosis in both sexes while heifers were least susceptible (3.12 %). Genetic group wise studies concluded that,prevalence in Brown swiss 50 % + Holstein Frisian 25 % + Gir 25% (16.88 %), then comes Holstein Frisian 50 % + Gir 50 % (15.84 %), then (11.94 %) in Holstein Frisian 50 % + Jersey 25 % + Gir 25% and least (5.95 %) was recorded in reciprocal crosses. Clinical examination revealed two forms viz: osteodental fluorosis and osteofluorosis. The level of fluorine in serum samples ranged between 1.0 to 7.0 ìg/ml. Epidemiological investigation could not ascertain the source of fluorine intake. Drop in milk production, adverse effect on reproduction and evidence of hypothyroidism were not recorded in any animal. Aluminium sulphate @ 30 gms to 45 gms / day was given as a curative treatment while in chronic cases of fluorosis @ 20 gms/animal was given for 15 days keeping 7 days gap and again given for 15 days till there is improvement in clinical symptoms. There was no recurrence of clinical symptoms and no addition of new cases. __________________________________________________________________

Conventional methods of detecting Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a bacterium that causes caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheeps and goats focused on several serodiagnostic tests such as ELISA, Western blotting and various inhibition and precipitation techniques. This paper described a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) protocol for the direct detection of polyclonal
antibodies against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis with immobilisation of the antigen on unmodified transducer surface. The lower limit of detection was determined to be 2 μg mL-1 of immobilised antigen (Ag). Sufficient binding interaction was monitored on unmodified transducer; and saturation of the binding interaction was observed at 80 μg mL-1 of interacted antibody.

Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 3 cows from rectal pinch
samples. Direct smear stained with Acid Fast and Kinyoun stain was used to detect the organism. Subsequent samplings also indicated positive for Cryptosporidiosis, whereby one of the animals died due to dehydration and severe clinical signs of diarrhea. The farm had contaminated water supply where two out of the four ponds were
positive for Cryptosporidium spp. whereas the municipal water supply was negative. The management of the farm was poor in terms of nutrition and cleanliness which led to Cryptosporidium spp. infection in the cattle compounded by stress factors. The mortality of the adult dairy cattle and calves was also high reaching up to
40%. The most common cause of death was leg weakness, severe dehydration and pneumonia in calves as a result of severe infections. Cryptosporidiosis is zoonotic and thus needs to be controlled to prevent outbreaks in the human population.

Anthelmintic resistance which is escalating in Malaysia and other
countries is forcing farmers worldwide to look at alternative, green technologies to improve productivity and reduce diseases caused by helminths in livestock. One such method is the use of effective microbes or Useful Microbes (UM) for worm control. Therefore, a preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of UM on nematode parasites of goat in a government farm. Fifteen Boer goats were randomly selected and fed with UM Bokashi mix (effective microbes in the form of granules) with commercial goat
pellets and UM fluid in drinking water. UM used in this study was produced by Department of Veterinary Services Penang by fermenting UM stock culture with a fruit base and molasses. Faecal egg counts
(FEC) using the modified McMaster technique was carried out weekly for 5 weeks. The results show that the UM used for animal feeding (5% Bokashi with commercial goat pellet) and ad lib UM fluid in drinking water, fed over a period of 1 month showed Faecal Egg Count
reduction from 3240 e.p.g. to 677 e.p.g. (79% reduction). The general packed cell volume also increased in a majority of the animals indicating better general health. Further studies are necessary to establish the systematic use of UM in smallholder farms as well as large commercial establishments and to determine its mode
of action in the pathophysiological aspects in the face of common limitations such as poor nutrition and other stress factors.

USGB with biopsy gun using free hand technique was found to be an easy, safe and accurate technique for obtaining sufficient and good quality tissue for histopathological diagnosis in cases of hepatic, renal, prostatic, splenic affections and abdominal masses in dogs. Similarly USG-FNABwith 20-22 G needles attached with 5-10ml disposable syringe using free hand technique was found to be an easy, safe, economical, accurate and reliable technique for obtaining sufficientand good quality samples for cytological diagnosis in cases of splenic and prostatic affections and abdominal masses in dogs.

The serum biochemical profile of Japanese Quails which were supplanted with zinc in the diet was studied. The concentration of serum glucose, total protein, uric acid, AST, chloride and phosphorus changes when the birds were fed with zinc supplemented diet while the concentration of cholesterol, ALT, alkaline phosphatase and magnesium remains unchanged. The levels of serum glucose, AST and phosphorus increases with the increase of zinc in the diet while the level of uric acid and chloride decreased. Total protein level increased initially on zinc supplementation but further increase in the amount of zinc resulted in decrease level of total protein.

The present report was based on analysis of 410 cases (300 buffaloes and 110cattle) of reproductive disorders. Buffaloes (300 cases) constituted the major number of the total cases followed by cows (110 cases). Dystocia cases were the major obstetrical problem in buffaloes and cattle constituted 77 and 40 per cent, respectively.