The present study aims to compare gross anatomical, histological andhistochemical structures of the larynx, trachea and syrinx between mature(Drake) andimmature (Duckling) male duck(Anas platyrinchous ) . Twelve healthy local malesducks were divided into two groups. Six Drake at one year old and six Duckling atthree months .For anatomical study the larynx, trachea and syrinx were measured byusing vernia . For histological study specimens from larynx, trachea and syrinx werefixed in 10% formaldehyde after that the specimens embedded in paraffin. The next steptissues were sectioned using microtome and stained with routine stain and special stains.The anatomical results revealed that larynx, syrinx and trachea are identical in positionin both Drake and Duckling , but differ in size . The histological results revealed thatlarynx of both Drake and Duckling lined by keratinized pseudostratified squamousepithelial tissue that appears thicker in Drake than Duckling . Trachea of Drake andDuckling lined with ciliated pseudostratifed columnar epithelial with mucous glands ,supported by ossified cartilages in Drake and hyaline cartilage in Duckling . Syrinx ofboth Drake and Duckling lining by the ciliated pseudostratifed columnar epithelial withfew goblet cells. Beneath it the lamina properia and sub mucosa that contained in looseconnective tissue with blood vessels and amount of elastic and collagen fibers beneathit in Drake spongy bone trabeculae that contains bone lacuna fills with osteocytes ,while in Duckling hyaline cartilage . The hyaline cartilage consists of lacuna whichcontains chondrocytes.

The study aimed to determine the effects of higher levels of methioninesupplementation than the recommended NRC level in the diets on the weight andhistomorphology of the bursa of Fabricius as indicators for the immune status of broilerchickens. A total of 60, one-day-old, broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups (Control, T1,T2, and T3 groups) and accommodated in separate pens at the College of AgriculturalEngineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani. The chicks were fed on a starter diet for thefirst 11, a grower diet on days 12-25 and a finisher diet on days 26-42. The methioninesupplement MethioGrow was added daily to the drinking water of the treatment groups T1, T2, and T3 by the levels 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 ml per liter respectively for 42 days, whereas thoseof the control group were provided with additives-free drinking water. On day 42, the chickswere euthanized and the bursa of Fabricius was excised, weighed by a sensitive balance and5μm thick tissue sections were obtained, stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin stains andexamined by a light microscope to examine the histological findings. The weights’ mean ofthe bursa of Fabricius on day 42 was significantly higher in groups T2 and T3 than in thecontrol group and the microscopic examination of the bursa of Fabricius revealed slightincrease in numbers of lymphocytes in the medullary region of the lymphoid follicles inchicks of the treatment groups 1 and 2 (T1 and T2) and slight increase in lymphocytes inboth the cortical and medullary regions of the lymphoid follicles in chicks of the treatmentgroup 3 (T3) in comparison with chicks of the control group. In conclusion, the obtainedresults revealed that supplementation of higher levels of methionine in the broiler diet thanthe level recommended by the NRC has positive effects on the immune status of the broilersand they support the suggestions of previous reports that referred to the insufficiency ofmethionine requirements of broiler based on recommendations of NRC to meet the realrequirements of the commercial poultry farms.

The present study is conduct to evaluated the deleterious effects ofadministration of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) on the some oxidative stress and lipidprofile parameters of laboratory male rats (Rattus rattus), we used eighteen adult malerats randomly divided into three equal groups ( six in each). Group 1 (control) theanimals treated by given oral normal saline (0.2 ml), group 2 was treated by oraldimethylnitrosamine 30 mg/kg/day, group 3 the animals were treated by oral Nacetylcysteine 300 mg/kg/day followed by dimethylnitrosamine 30 mg/kg/day. At theend of experimental period, rats were sacrificed. Blood was collected by cardiacpuncture to investigate lipid profile and oxidative parameters including serum MDA,glutathione, catalase, and SOD. Results showed a significant reduction in SOD,Catalase, glutathione, and HDL, and a significant increase in MDA, LDL, totalcholesterol, triglyceride, after DMN treatment, while these changes were returned tonearly normal level when they combined NAC with DMN treatment for the 30 daystreatment when compared with the control group.

Chediack-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is inherited autosomal recessive disorderaffected cattle and other species of animals and caused by LYST gene mutation, andcharacterized by oculocutaneous albinism, variations of total and differentialleukocyte count , different severe infections, dysfunction of platelets and a bleedingtendency.The study included 65 Iraqi water buffaloes of different ages and of bothsexes which was divided as 25 black buffaloes served as controls, 25 buffaloes withpatches or spotted animals and 15 white water buffaloes. The most important clinicalsigned showed by the animals are, white, irregular coat, unpigmented skin, hairs,eyes, with loss of appetite, emaciation, weakness, long hair than normal with tufts,anemia, photophobia with oculocutaneous depigmentation, and dullness. Animals ofboth sexes are affected specially those under one year of age. The results indicated asignificant increases (p<0.05) of body temperatures, pulse and respiratory rate ofdiseased buffalo than in controls, However a significant decrease (P<0.05) has beenregistered in erythrocytes (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume(PCV) and main corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), with no statisticaldifferences was detected in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), whereas the meancorpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly increase (P<0.05). The results were also show lymphocytosis, eosinophelia and basophelia with Nutropenia andthrombocytopenia with prolonged bleeding time.Conclusion: It has been to ourknowledge that the current study is the first one in this area and the syndrome affectedthe Iraqi buffaloes and caused a clear clinical and hematological signs.

Ticks are harmful ectoparasite that feed on human and animal blood and causing manydiseases through the world. They infested many hosts including: mammals, reptiles and birds.Ticks are important vector and they have the ability to transmit a variety of pathogenic agent tohumans and animals. Ticks are divided into two major groups which are hard tick (Ixodidae) andsoft tick (Argasidae). Because there was no such study done on identification of tick species byPCR technique in Kurdistan and particularly in Duhok Governorate, therefore present study wasdone to identify tick species by using molecular study by using of 16S rRNA and DNAsequencing. About 1000 ticks were collected from both sheep and goat respectively (500 and500), form Duhok Governorate including: Barwaria, Zakho, Sumeil, Mangeshik, Sersin, Shekhanand Akre, Iraqi Kurdistan, between May and June 2016, between April and June 2017. Theresults of present study three genera of tick were detected in small ruminants by microscopicidentification including: Rhipicephalus spp., Hyalomma spp. and Boophilus spp. Distribution oftick among sheep and goat according to the gender, the rate of infection in female was higherthan in male in both species Ewe and Doe was 32.6% and 31.11% respectively as compared tomale in both species (Ram and Buck) was 21.15% and 15.11% respectively. The distribution of gender of tick in was higher in male ticks than female tick with ratio 2:1. Distribution ofidentified ticks in present study including (Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma and Boophilus)respectively, in Barwaria were (82.6%, 13.3%, and 4.1) respectively, in Zaxo were (48.3%,42.5% and 10.3%), in Sumel were (47%, 42.7% and 10.3%), in Mangeshik were (73,2%, 26.8%,and 0%), in Sersink were (61.5%, 38.5% and 0%), in Shekhan were (78.8%, 11.8% and 9.4%)and in Akre were (60%, 34% and 6%). On molecular study, 60 samples from 150 were positivewith size 460 bp after 16S rRNA amplification and have got clear bands on agarose gel 1% andelectrophoresis and 20 PCR positive products were sent to Humanizing Genomics, MacrogenCompany (Korea) using primer 16S_rRNA gene for sequencing both forward and Reverse. Sixspecies of tick under two genera were founded including: Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma wereidentified which including: Hyalomma anatolicum, H. marginatum, R. annulatus, R. sanguineusand R. turanicus. H. asiaticum asiaticum for the first time was recorded in Kurdistan, andespecially in Duhok city. Moreover, all sequences were submitted to NCBI using BankItsoftware and we obtained accession number. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 16SrRNA for both samples: 16S rRNA (MN594483) and (MN594490) were identical 100% toreference sequences respectively: (KU664367.1 and HM176656.1) and other sequences wereidentical 99% to the references sequence. In conclusion the present study is the first study foridentification of tick species among sheep and goats in Duhok Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan bysequencing analysis

This study aimed to detect Staphylococcus aureus in local fresh whole chicken andfrozen imported chicken using conventional and PCR assay by targeting specific S. aureusthermonuclease gene (nuc). A total of 200 whole chicken carcasses were examined andsamples include 100 of local chickens from the Duhok chicken abattoir and 100 of importedchicken from supermarkets in Duhok city. The samples were cultured on mannitol salt agarand the confirmation is done by colony morphology, Gram stain, biochemical test includingcatalase test and coagulase test. The results showed that 28 (28%) of 100 local chicken and80 (80%) of 100 imported frozen chicken carcasses were found to be positive with S. aureususing conventional methods. Amplification of nuc gene specific for S. aureus is used toconfirm the isolates of S. aureus. The results showed that only 18 of 22 coagulase positiveisolates from local chicken and 57 of 68 coagulase positive isolates from imported chickenwere confirmed as S. aureus. The results indicate that PCR assay seem to be more specific fordetection of S. aureus in food sample and appear to be more reliable than conventionalmethods for assessing bacteriological safety of food. These results showed high prevalence ofS. aureus in imported chicken than in local chicken meat and thus may happen as a result ofprocessing and storage conditions.

Bovine viral diarrhea BVD has been detected and diagnosed in local buffalocalve breeds of Basrah, Iraq. The study was conducted to examine (980) suspectedbuffalo calves under one year old and of both sexes. One hundred sixty-eight(168)calves give positive results with PCR test. Twenty-five (25) clinical healthylocal buffalo calves are considered as controls. Diseased calves show different clinicalmanifestations belong to the disease with a significant increase indicated in the bodytemperature, respiratory and heart rate, as well as the capillary refill time of diseasedbuffalo calve compared with controls. Results of hematological changes indicated asignificant increase in packed cell volume in diseased buffalo calve than in controls,Moreover, A significant leukocytopenia due to a significant lymphocytopenia wasalso indicated in diseased animals compared with the control group. Results of theclotting factor indices of diseased calves and controls show a significant decrease intotal platelet counts, However, the platelet volume and the platelet distribution width,the clotting time, the prothrombin time, the activated partial thromboplastin time wassignificantly increased in infected animals than in controls. A significant high valuewas indicated in Aspartate and Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatize aswell as the blood urea nitrogen, In BVD buffalo animals than in the control animals,On the contrary, a significant decrease was encountered in total protein in diseasedcalves than in the control group. Results of the acute phase response of the currentstudy revealed a significant increase in haptoglobin in BVD buffalo calves than thecontrol group, Whereas, a significant decrease in Fibrinogen time has been indicatedin BVD calves. The macroscopic examinations of the BVD carcasses revealed severecongestion of the intestinal vessels accompanied by Ecchymotic hemorrhagic enteritiswith multiple enlargements of mesenteric lymph nodes along with most parts of thesmall and large intestine with pasty fecal materials. Furthermore, atrophy of theintestinal villi with sloughing of the epithelial lining of villi of the small intestine, aswell to hyperplasia of goblet cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the intestinalmucosa, to congestion of blood vessels was also indicated via histopathologicalexaminations. It has been concluded that BVD has very harmful effects on domesticruminants, which mostly terminated by death, Therefore, applying the controlmeasures is the final and suitable choice to control and eliminate the disease.

Food packaging has a great importance to increase the shelf life and safety of food,as well as packaging works as a buffer against the conditions that cause damage, such aslight, dust, oxygen, moisture and microbes, Native (NS)and modified (MS) potato starchesusing stearic acid ,and different concentrations of whey protein (WP)0-50% were used asedible coatings for the chicken pieces then kept at refrigerator (4±1°C) and deep freezingconditions (-18°C) for periods of (2,5,7) days.The effect of coating was studied todetermine the moisture loss, oil uptake ,peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid in addition tothe sensory evaluation. The results showed that all the composite edible coats improved thechemical characteristic and the best edible coat was MS50% +WP% which provided betterresults in terms of reduction the moisture loss , oil uptake and the oxidation values andimproved the score of colour ,flavor ,texture and general appearance which reflect thesensory evolution.

The blood is a connective tissue that composes of suspended cells in liquidmatrix. In this study ,we discuss the effect of three factors on blood sampling duringthe collection of blood samples (anti-coagulants, temperature and duration of storage). The delay of storage processing led to hemolysis of blood sample , increase ofhemoglobin, decrease of red cells ,triglycerides, hematocrite, mean corpuscularvolume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and its concentration and increase number ofwhite blood cells. The histological analysis of blood sample during long-term storageshowed a slight difference in the shape and size of RBC,WBC and platelets as well ascondensed nucleus bluish cytoplasm and basophilic segmented nucleus in neutrophilsin addition to decrease in sodium ,calcium and chloride. The effect of temperature onblood sampling showed slight variation in shape and size of RBC , basophilicneutrophils and platelets aggregation and decrease of leukocyte number and K levels .

This study was conducted to investigate the potential effect of white, red andgreen color light and two light intensity 5 and 10 lux to each color treatment light onJapanese quail bird’s production performance and some physiological traits. Onehundred and eighty, one day old Japanese quail birds were randomly assigned intothree color light with 5 and 10 lux light intensity per treatment each treatment contain3 replicate (10 birds /cage). Result showed that the birds reared under the influence ofgreen color were significantly (p<0.05) improve body weight, weight gain, feedconversion ratio, relative weight of testes, ovaries, oviduct, male L.H, F.S.H andtestosterone hormones also female L.H, F.S.H and estrogen. Sexual maturity formales and females significantly (p<0.05) increased by white colortreatment.Treatments of birds raised under the influence of 10 lux light intensitysignificantly (p<0.05) increased body weight, weight gain and the average levels ofhormones L.H, F.S.H, testosterone for males and L.H, F.S.H, estrogen for females.Green color light with 5 and 10 lux intensity color significantly (p<0.05) increased therelative weight of ovary and oviduct.