Contagious ecthyma virus Large, oval, double-stranded DNA viruses from the family Poxviridae they are distinct from other poxviruses due to their unusual spiral coat.  Orf virus encoded highly conserved F1L gene, B2L gene, which codes for highly immunogenic envelope protein. Orf lesions were observed on the upper and lower lips, upper and/or lower eyelids, and around the mouth and nose of sheep. This study evaluated the histology and genetics of Orf virus in AL-Qadisyah sheep infected with infectious ecthyma. Positive histology is defined by the presence of subcorneal pustules, hydropic degeneration of necrotic keratinocytes, and epidermal hyperplasia with pronounced rete ridges. Samples were fixed in paraffin and sectioned into 5m slices. PCR on DNA-extracted samples was positive for both the B2L and F1L genes. Four positive samples were sequenced and recorded in GeneBank, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Histopathology and clinical symptoms can aid in the diagnosis of infectious ecthyma rapidly and affordably, whereas PCR distinguishes between identical diseases in endemic regions. Analyzing the divergence between the inferred amino acid sequences of the incomplete B2L gene in different strains from Iraq OK336711.1, OK336710.1, and other Indians, we found that two locations contain different amino acid changes, resulting in a nucleotide and amino acid identity of 97.8% and 97.6%, respectively. The F1L envelope protein of the Iraqi strain OK330734.1 was comparable to those of China and India, while the envelope protein of the Italian strain OK330733.1 was identical to that of Italy.  

The current study aimed to observe the morphological, and histological features of the small intestine (duodenum) in adult male and female swan geese. The study was carried out on 10 adult geese, with ages ranging from(one-two) years. These birds were used for morphological and histological study. The birds were weighed, then euthanized by injection of Ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly in the pectoral muscle. The coelomic cavity was dissected and photographed to identify the intestinal morphology and the location of organs. Duodenum were grossly described and measured (weight, relative weight, length, relative length, and diameter, relative diameter, and volume, relative volume). Histologically, the specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological study. The sections were stained using a (Hematoxylin-Eosin) and PAS stain. The morphological study showed that the small intestine is composed of three segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). The duodenum formed from a U-shaped tube occupies the pancreas, and the ileum appeared shorter part of the small intestine, the mucous membrane of the small intestine showed a clear velvet-like appearance by long finger-like shaped villi, different in size and shape. Conclusion: The duodenum formed a U-shaped tube occupying the pancreas, the mucous membrane of the small intestine showed a clear velvet-like appearance by long finger-like shaped villi, different in size and shape to increase the surface area of absorption. The mucosal glands different in size and shape occupied most of the lamina propria. The goblet cells showed high density toward the end of the intestine. The duodenum showed the largest surface area of villi than other organs of the digestive tract.

The foot infection is the most consequence of diabetes mellitus, which greatly increases the risk of lower limb amputation. Effective antibiotic therapy is crucial in the treatment of these illnesses. The gram-negative bacterial samples from individuals with diabetic foot infections are evaluated in this study for their pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. Eighty-foot ulcer patients in total were collected, and 115-gram negative bacteria were taken, identified, and confirmed for antibiotic sensitivity using several drugs from various families. Finally, the phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase, AMPC, and metallo-beta-lactamase MBL was performed. The results found different types of gram-negative bacteria isolated which are E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. Also, the results show the different percentages of resistance of these bacterial isolates to different types of antibiotics and also their different percentage in their sensitivity to different antibiotics. This research revealed that 50% of diabetic foot infections were caused by several microbes. The most often found gram-negative-bacteria were E coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. These bacteria were recovered from the taken cases. on the other hand, our study found a noted percentage of different isolated gram-negative bacteria for producing three types of beta-lactamase enzymes.

The current study was conducted to detect fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis in naturally infected broilers and layers chickens in Basrah province, Iraq, on the basis of clinicopathological findings, and blood alterations. Suspected samples were obtained from several locations in Basrah province (Al-Hartha, Abo Alkaseb, and Al-Qurnah). The result of this study showed some birds presented clinical symptoms like the chicken reduced feed efficiency, weight loss, ruffled feathers, labored rapid breathing, coughing, and reduced consciousness. The blood tests revealed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in WBCs, heterophils, and lymphocytes. The results of biochemical revealed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in (ALT and AST and troponin titer) compared with healthy birds. The macroscopical of the internal organs showed severe accumulation of white typical fibrinous exudate in the pericardial sac. In addition, there is an enlargement of the liver with obvious of white typical fibrinous exudate in the parietal surface of the liver. The histopathological section of the heart showed severe infiltration of inflammatory cells in the pericardial sac with fibrinous exudation. There is an edematous exudate in the myocardial muscle fibers. The histopathological section of the liver showed thick severe fibrinous exudate capsulated on the liver surface. The histochemical section of the heart and the liver showed bluish-positive staining of collagen and fibrin fibers that accumulate in the pericardial sac and in the hepatic capsular. The study concluded that fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis lead to an effect on the health status and performance of different species of chickens as a broiler or layer.

The anatomy and histology of the oviduct among different birds’ species is vitally ascribed to its functional role in eggs production, eggs quality, and fertilization. Therefore, understanding the morphological parameters of the adult female oviduct facilitates the accurate diagnosis of many diseases and prevents mortalities and production losses, the current article aims to review the morphological differences of the oviduct in four local domesticated birds: (Chickens) Gallus gallus domesticus, (Ducks) Ansa ansa domesticus, (Geese) Anser anser and (Turkey) Meleagris gallopavo. The results showed that the shape, length, width and weight of the oviduct varied among different bird species. Moreover, there were significant differences in the anatomical and histological measurements of the oviduct, such as the length of mucosal folds, the thickness of oviduct wall tunics and the distribution of glands. These differences were attributed to the relationship between the oviduct and egg weight, egg shape, fertility, and the size of pelvic bones. This review has effectively summarized the similarities and differences in oviduct morphological and histological parameters. providing valuable information on species reproductive traits and potential reproductive challenges.

The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of laser irradiation on the antifungal activity of the crude chloroform extract which was produced from leaves of Conocarpus species by which DMSO concentration (50 mg / ml) of this extract was exposed to laser radiation and other concentration was not exposed. Both concentrations were tested against the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Results showed that C. neoformans was sensitive only laser- exposed chloroform extract. While, the growth of other fungal species was unaffected either from non-laser - exposed chloroform extract or laser-exposed one. GC-MS analysis resulted in a content of the laser exposed crude chloroform extract form ⁅pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile,2-methylthio-7-(2-pyridyl), ⁅benzaldehyde,2,4-bis(trimethylsil oxy),⁅3-hydroxymandelic acid, ethyl ester, di-TMS, and ⁅ pyrimidine-4,6(3H,5H)-dione, 2-butylthio-⁆ while non-laser exposed extract had ⁅ carbamic acid, methyl-, phenyl ester ⁆, ⁅ acetic acid, phenyl ester ⁆, ⁅ phenol ⁆, ⁅ pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester ⁆, ⁅ hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester ⁆, ⁅ methyl 8-methyl-nonanoate ⁆, ⁅ phytol, acetate ⁆, ⁅3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol ⁆, ⁅ citronellyl isobutyrate ⁆, ⁅ 5H-2a,4a,7a-triaza-7b-phosphacyclopent[cd]indene-7b-thione, 1,2,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-⁆, ⁅ olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-oxo-, methyl ester ⁆, ⁅4-amino-5,7-dichlorobenzofurazan ⁆, ⁅ phenol, 2,4-dichloro-6-nitro ⁆, ⁅ ⁆, ⁅ cyclobarbital ⁆, ⁅ benzo[h]quinoline, 2,4-dimethyl- ⁆, ⁅ pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, 4-phenyl-⁆, ⁅ 1H-indole, 5-methyl-2-phenyl-⁆, and ⁅ carbonic acid, butyl octadecyl ester ⁆.

Mycotoxicosis is a significant concern in the poultry industry worldwide, as it is caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi that commonly contaminate animal feed. This review aims to explore various aspects of mycotoxicosis and its influences on domestic birds. It discusses the major mycotoxins affecting poultry, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins, and their sources of contamination, such as pre-harvest, post-harvest, and storage factors. In addition, the review highlights the impact of mycotoxicosis on avian health, including immune system suppression, gastrointestinal disturbances, reduced growth and development, and reproductive disorders, as well as its effects on egg quality and hatchability. Furthermore, it presents potential preventive and management strategies, such as implementing good agricultural practices, feed management and quality control, the use of mycotoxin binders and adsorbents, feed additives and supplementation, and veterinary interventions. The review emphasizes the importance of regulatory guidelines and monitoring programs to ensure food safety and mitigate mycotoxin-related issues. Overall, understanding the influences of mycotoxicosis in domestic birds is vital for implementing effective measures to prevent mycotoxin contamination and promote the health and productivity of poultry.

Paratyphoid infection is a serious-infectious disease of poultry with economic and public health consequences. We investigated paratyphoid Salmonella infections and their associated histopathological changes in broiler chicks in Sulaymaniyah province using molecular, histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques. A total of 130 broiler farms, aged between 1 to 20 days were investigated. The results showed that the prevalence of paratyphoid Salmonella in the region was 28.5%, including Salmonella Enteritidis (70.3%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (29.7%). The rate of infection was higher (76%) among 1-10 days-old chicks in comparison to 11-20 days-old chicks (24%). The distribution of the pathogen was varied among the tested organs, including the caecum (97.3%), liver (91.9%) and yolk-sac (86.5%). The rate of infection by S. enteritidis in 1–10-day-old chicks in the organs was higher (67.9%) than the rate of infection by S. typhimurium in the liver (25%), yolk-sac (25%) and caecum (28.6%). There was a highly significant positive correlation between S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium infections in the liver (r=0.818, P=0.000, n=37). At the same time, a highly significant strong negative correlation between S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium infections was found between the inspected organs. The most obvious pathological changes were degeneration and necrosis of the hepatocytes and sloughing of the caeca epithelium. Claudin-1 expression and distribution among cellular compartments were mostly affected by Salmonella enteritidis-positive cases. The findings of this study showed that there was a widespread paratyphoid Salmonella infection in the region, and associated with severe histopathological and immunohistochemical changes, especially among 1-10 days-old chicks.