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O artigo não apresenta resumo.

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

The population growth, urbanization, and income growth that fuelled the increase in meat and milk consumption during the last two decades are expected to continue in the future, creating a veritable "Livestock Revolution". This revolution presents new and expanding market opportunities for smallholder livestock producers. Inappropriate policies and misallocation of investment resources could, however, skew the distribution of the benefits and opportunities away from those smallholders who would potentially gain the most from this revolution. In this context, a search for policies designed to enhance the benefits to smallholders seems appropriate. This study provides an empirical basis for identifying options to increase the participation of smallholders in livestock markets in the Philippines. We present a model of household entry into markets where smallholders make decisions about participation (whether to sell quantities of products) and supply (how much of the various quantities to sell). The theory is implemented using probit and Tobit techniques that exploit Gibbs-sampling and data-augmentation. Application to a sample of Philippine smallholders reveals important insights about the competing influences of transactions costs, labour mobility, capital formation and credit use on the market participation and supply decisions. The offsetting impacts of conflicting factors complicate the roles for policy in the context of expanding the density of participation in the study site.

This study has been done in order to determine the avian encephalomyelitis in chicken having low egg yield in the Konya region. For this purpose virus isolation and histopathological cheeking have done with internal organs (liver, hearth, brain, pancreas, spleen, proventriculus collected from 27 floks having low egg production in 6-7 days eggs with SPF embrio

In the present study, effects of different doses of dietary Cu and Zn suplementation on plasma biochemical parameters in broilers were investigated. In this study, a total of 430 avian broiler chicks were used and divided into 12 groups as control and treatment groups in which different doses of Cu, Zn and Cu+Zn supplemented

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Two studies were performed in order to test the relative ability of different strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to replicate and cross the placental barrier in pregnant gilts. Study 1 comprised 6 nonvaccinated gilts. Study 2 comprised 8 nonvaccinated gilts and 12 gilts that were vaccinated twice before conception. On, or about, gestation day 90 all gilts were simultaneously exposed to 20 field strains of PRRSV (all strains were distinguishable by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns). Gilts of study 1 were euthanized on day 7 postpartum. Gilts of study 2 were euthanized on, or about, gestation day 111. All gilts, pigs, and fetuses were tested for the presence and type of strain of PRRSV. Of 128 samples shown to contain PRRSV, 118 contained a single strain, 4 contained 2 strains, and 2 contained a strain or strains for which the RFLP pattern was undecipherable. Only 8 of the 20 strains were isolated from nonvaccinated gilts and their litters. And only 2 of the 20 strains (notably 2 of the same strains isolated from nonvaccinated gilts and their litters), were isolated from vaccinated gilts and their litters. Moreover, 1 of the 2 strains accounted for most (31 of 37; 84%) of the isolates from the vaccinated group. Collectively these results indicate that strains differ in their ability to replicate in pregnant gilts and cross the placental barrier. And they suggest that maternal immunity, although sometimes insufficient to prevent transplacental infection, can exert additional selective pressure.