The main objective of the current study was to apply chitosan as a stabilizing material to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of camel meat emulsion. Chitosan may achieve these roles through the adsorption of the protective layer at oil-water interfaces and viscosity enhancement. The addition of chitosan at a concentration of 0.8% resulted in overcoming the detrimental impact of the heat-stable camel connective tissue and improve emulsion stability. The obtained results revealed that the addition of chitosan significantly decreased the total expressible fluid, released water, released fat and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) of raw camel meat batter with a significant increase in the batter's viscosity and water Holding Capacity (WHC) compared to the control. After cooking, the addition of chitosan led to significant reduction of TBARS value and extended the shelf life of camel sausage to 5 months at 5 °C when compared to the control that accepted only for 3 months. Moreover, the chitosan formulated sausage showed lower lightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and shear force values than the control throughout chilled storage at 5 °C for 5 months. Improvement of redness (a*), the sensory parameters and ultrastructure of camel luncheon sausage was also observed by the chitosan addition. Therefore, chitosan can be applied as a thickener and stabilizer for camel meat emulsion and produce more stable products through 5 months of refrigerated storage. Furthermore, the addition of chitosan may be safely used by meat processors as a novel technique for improving the quality and extending the shelf life of camel luncheon.

Medicinal herbs are modern feed additives for poultry that have antioxidant, anti-microbial, and immune-modulatory impacts. In this study, the protective effects of medicinal natural herbs (Herb-AllTM LIVER) on performance, litter, immunity, biochemical changes, and histopathological changes in broilers fed Mycotoxins-contaminated diets were assessed. One-day-old chicks were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=120). Group A was fed a standard commercial diet; Group B was fed a standard diet + (Herb-AllTM LIVER); Group C (positive control) was fed a Mycotoxins-contaminated diet, and Group D received a Mycotoxins-contaminated diet + Herb-AllTM LIVER. Performance, litter hygiene, immunity, and histopathological changes were determined. Results indicated that herbal supplements (B and D) significantly improved the body weight gain and FCR of birds. Also, litter hygiene, blood indices, antibody titers, and organ functions were enhanced. In group D, liver and kidney histological architectures were mostly restored, as well as Caspase-3 and TNF expressions were moderately enhanced. It can be concluded that using Herb-AllTM LIVER as a feed additive reduces the adverse effects of Mycotoxins on broilers.

Anisakid nematodes have been found in a variety of marine fishes worldwide and they are known to cause anisakiasis and allergic symptoms in human. One-hundred and five fish specimens of different sizes of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) were collected randomly from Sharkia fish markets originating from the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt and examined for the presence of ascaridoid nematodes. The overall prevalence of ascaridoids was 36.19% (38/105). Four morphotypes belonging to two genera of anisakid nematodes (Anisakis type I and Terranova type II larvae) as well as one genus of raphidascarid; Hysterothylacium (larvae and adult) were reported during this study. Hysterothylacium larvae were the most predominant species (23.81%) and abundance value =1.68. Interestingly, Pagrus pagrus was found as new host and locality records for larvae of Terranova type II. The results revealed a significant statistical correlation between fish length and number of the recovered ascaridoid nematodes (rs= 0.244, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the host length and presence of Anisakis type I L3 (rs=0.276, P < 0.001). Significant differences were observed between the occurrence of Terranova type II L3 and Hysterothylacium L3 occurrence (rs= 0.388, P < 0.001) and adult (rs= 0.442, P < 0.001). In addition, a highly significant relationship was observed between the presence of Hysterothylacium L3 and adult (rs= 0.428, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the obtained results were lower than the recommended Egyptian standards (˂100 parasites/fish), demonstrating that human health risk through consumption of fish flesh is not possible.

In an effort to increase profitability, sows have been systematically selected for higher litter sizes. That may have led to an increase in pre-weaning mortality. To improve new-born survival, sows should be taken cared of stringently, especially the housing system and the sows’ nutritional management in both the gestation and the farrowing houses. Additionally, the sows’ reluctance to drink water after giving birth and the sow induction at the farrowing house can negatively affect both the new-born piglets and farrowed sows. Also inevitable is the extended farrowing duration associated with exceptionally large litters. Therefore, assistance during farrowing time is essential. The importance of colostrum intake should also be emphasized and that piglets should be fostered, if needed, to ensure that they have teats to suckle on. Moreover, milk replacer and creep feeding are also helpful options to aid in piglet’s nutrition requirement. Last but not least, farm caretakers who look after the piglets should be well-trained. This study looked into some strategies to improve piglet survivability by pointing out details in the routine activities at the farm.

Anticoagulant rodenticides are biocides that interfere with normal blood clotting, inhibit the vitamin K cycle in the liver, and cause death by hemorrhages. Even though the main target of these compounds is rodents, they may affect non-target species such as nocturnal birds of prey that feed on those rodents. To study secondary exposure to ARs, select species that specialize in rodent prey, such as nocturnal birds of prey. Besides their specialized diet in rodents, nocturnal birds of prey are one of the most widely distributed birds in Europe and live in rural and non-rural habitats, making them excellent sentinel species for several studies’ ecotoxicology studies. There are numerous studies regarding secondary AR exposure in raptor species all around the world, but evidence for population-level effects is still absent. The objective of this review is to show how ARs have influenced wild nocturnal birds of prey in Europe in the last decades, most affected species, and in summary, explain how they act and the main clinical signals/ lesions that can be observed in poisoned birds. Overall, a total of 19 works were included in this review, between the years 1983 to 2021 that satisfied all literature criteria. These 19 papers corresponded to 44 observations of different species, regarding eight types of anticoagulant rodenticide. In the future, more caution is needed in the use of anticoagulants for rodent control where avian predators may be exposed to poisoned prey. Some combinations can be highly lethal to the predator, putting it at risk species that are already treated, therefore new eco-friendly alternatives should be found.

Bovine anaplasmosis is one of the most important diseases that threaten livestock production worldwide especially in developing countries, in cattle mainly caused by obligate intra-erythrocytic Anaplasma marginale. A. marginale is transmitted biologically by ticks (Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus). Bovine anaplasmosis causes mild to severe clinical signs ranging from anorexia, fever, anemia, and respiratory manifestations to icterus and death. Molecular detection is the best method for Anaplasma diagnosis because of its ability to detect sub-clinical and carrier hosts. This study investigated the occurrence of A. marginale infection among cattle in the Qena governorate utilizing a molecular assay based the msp5 gene. A total of 100 whole blood samples were collected randomly from apparently healthy and diseased cattle. Such cattle were examined clinically, and their samples were included for microscopic examination. PCR screening of the tested cattle showed 23% (23/100) as a positive rate. While 6 samples from 100 (6%) showed A. marginale parasite in the microscopic examination. Several risk factors were analyzed in the current study, higher incidence rates were detected in animals less than 2 years than older than 2 years, Holstein-Friesian breeds than crossbreeds and in animals kept in small farms than in the mass farming system. Clinical and hematological variables were also investigated in several infected and non-infected cattle based on PCR reactivity. Fever, anorexia, respiratory manifestations, enlarged lymph nodes, pale or icteric mucous membranes and digestive disorders were reported in infected cattle (n= 23) but not in non-infected animals (n=77). Consistently, hematological variables in infected cattle (n = 10) revealed significantly lower RBCs count and hemoglobin content than those in the non-infected group (n=20) indicating hemolytic anemia. This study shows the high prevalence of A. marginale in cattle in Qena governorate associated with health hazards and multi-risk factors, so frequent usage of acaricides, regular examination of cattle, and successful chemoprophylaxis are recommended.

The content of essential amino acids in feed affects the growth rate of grower-phase poultry. In this study, the influence of valine amino acid supplementation (L-valine) in feed on the growth performance and ileal morphology of grower-phase native chickens in Kefamenanu, East Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia, was observed from July to August 2022. A total of 200 native chickens of 6 weeks of age were divided into 5 treatment groups with 5 replications based on a completely randomized design. The treatment feeds were T0 (control feed), T1 (T0 + 0.60% L-valine), T2 (T0 + 0.85% L-valine), T3 (T0 + 1.10% L-valine), and T4 (T0 + 1.35% L-valine). The highest body weight was observed in the T3 group (1417.00±16.17 g/bird), with a weight gain of 19.34±0.30 g/bird/day. This was significantly different from that of the other treatments (P<0.05). The lowest body weights observed in the T0, T3 and T4 groups were 1372.00±7.42, 1390.40±16.06 and 1386.60±8.73 g/bird, respectively. The lowest weight gain of 18.53±0.16 g/bird/day was observed in the T0 group. The feed consumption for the T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups was 62.54±0.16, 62.79±0.36, 62.93±0.38, 62.69±0.39, and 62.77±0.34 g/bird/day, respectively, but the differences were not significant. A significantly higher feed conversion of 3.25±0.06 (P<0.05) was observed in the T2 group compared to the T0, T3 and T4 groups. Carcass weight and carcass percentage were significantly higher in the T2 group; these values were 883.18±6.74 g/bird and 62.19±0.93%, respectively (P<0.05). This study showed that the villi height, villi width, and crypt depth of the ileum of the T2 group (1036.60±65.67, 274.00±6.32, and 243.80±6.72, respectively) were significantly different from those of the other treatments. It could be concluded that that feed supplementation with 0.60-0.85% L-valine has a positive influence on the growth and ileal morphometry of native grower-phase chickens.

A total number of 360, day old male broiler chicks were divided into four groups (90 birds each), then each group was subdivided into three replicated (30 bird each), birds were allocated as follow; G1) served as control which fed on the basal diet only (corn-soya based diet) without any dietary treatments, G2) was fed on basal diet fortified with 0.25% glycine from premix, G3) was fed on basal diet fortified with 0.17 % glycine and G 4) was fed on basal diet fortified with 0.08 % glycine from premix. During the observation period (35 days), mortalities and growth performance parameters were weekly recorded as well as, serum samples were collected for detection of antibody titer against (NDV) vaccine. At the end of the trial, the carcass weights, breast muscle & thigh muscle yield, internal organs weights as well as, immune organs weights (spleen, bursa, and thymus) were recorded. Also, liver samples were collected and subjected for RNA extraction to detect IL6, IL1B as inflammatory response indicators, Myogenin, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) as muscular structure indicators and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) as an antioxidant capacity indicator by using (real-time PCR). The result revealed that, at day 35, the BW, BWG, FI were significantly elevated in G2. G2, G3 and G4 showed better gene expression of Myogenin, IGF1and GSH-Px comparing to G1. Moreover, they appeared the lowest genes expression of IL6 and IL1B. In conclusion, addition of glycine to broiler diet, improves their productivity, increase the muscular structure, enhance antioxidant capacity, and improve immune response.

This study set out to look at the efficacy of using thyme - celery mixture (TCM) supplementation in mitigating stress and improving the performance and behavior of pregnant ewes housed under two different conditions. Forty (40) pregnant ewes were randomly distributed into four groups; two groups were housed in the semi-shaded house (SS), including one group that was provided with TCM supplemented in diet (SST), and the other received no supplementation (SSNT). Similar to the first two groups were housed in a fully shaded house (FS), including one group that was provided with the same TCM supplementation (FST) and the other that received no supplementation (FSNT). Ewe's performance including weekly feed intake was monitored during the late stage of pregnancy, stress indicators were measured in blood. Besides, feeding behavior was recorded. As a result full shaded houses succeed to protect pregnant ewes from environmental changes despite the decreased feed intake. TCM supplementation didn’t achieve success in mitigating the physiological stress of pregnancy in both housing conditions but resulted in a significant increase in the feed intake of semi-shaded housed ewes.

This study was conducted to determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels and health risk of farm raw milk and ultra-heat treated (UHT) sterile market milk collected from different sources at Mansoura Province in Egypt using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC- MS) during different seasons from August 2021 to December 2021. The results showed that the total amount of Σ18 PAHs levels was within the range of 11.778 – 26.331 µg/kg in farm milk samples and 1.151 – 2.946 µg/g in market UHT sterile milk. The results proved that the highest mean level of Σ PAHs in farm milk samples was 17.931 µg/kg followed by that of market sterile milk samples 2.123 µg/kg. European Commission (EC) has established safe level in milk for regulations require the concentrations of Benzo(a) pyrene  (BaP) and the total Σ PAH4 to be less than 1.0 μg/kg. Mean concentration of BaP residues that was detected in farm milk samples was 0.251µg/kg with a range of 0.000 – 1.124 µg/kg and was not-detected in all market milk samples. Mean concentrations of Σ PAH4 levels were 0.561 µg/kg within the range of 0.046 – 2.433 µg/kg in farm milk and 0.047 µg/kg within the range of 0.012 – 0.110 µg/kg in market milk samples. These results were slightly higher than the critical limit set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The assessed dietary exposure was established by comparing the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) with Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). By comparing the obtained results, we found that for the BaP, the EDI for farm raw milk can be exceeded the maximum levels set in Regulation 1881/2006 (EFSA) for PAHs in milk, but UHT market sterile milk not exceeded the maximum levels. Therefore, there should be concerns regarding the effects of the consumption of different kinds of raw milk on the local population.