Cell cultures in particular the clonally selected Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell lines are widely used to cultivate influenza viruses because of their high susceptibility to infection and their ability to produce high number of viruses. However, these cells have been in culture for decades and are well adapted to the two-dimensional culture environment, and as a result, often differ genetically, physiologically, and phenotypically from their tissue origin. The aim of this study was to extract turkey embryonic fibroblast cells directly from tissue as a new primary cell type and then infect them with H2N3 influenza A virus to determine their susceptibility to infection. This cell type will have normal cell characters and maintain many of the important markers and functions seen in vivo. Results showed that the level of susceptibility to infection was comparable between turkey embryonic fibroblasts and MDCK cell line based on incubating with peroxidase labelled monoclonal IgG antibody to viral nucleoprotein. In addition, progeny virions were clearly visualized on the surface of turkey embryonic fibroblasts by using transmission electron microscope. For further confirmation, progeny virions were also detected in the infected cells following treatment with a fluorescently labelled IgG antibody specific to viral H2 protein by performing immunofluorescent technique. This study confirms that turkey embryonic fibroblast cells are susceptible to infection with influenza viruses and can be considered as a primary cell model to cultivate influenza viruses and to study their effects on cells.

This study was conducted to investigate whether different types of Infectious Bronchitis Virus vaccines can affect the cilia of tracheal epithelium of broiler birds, in comparison with Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Vaccines. as positive control. Sixty one-day-old broiler birds of both sexes were used in this experiment. The bird were randomly divided in to six groups of ten birds each. Each group was placed in a separated pin.One of these groups,Group 6 was acted as negative control,whereas the other 5groups were vaccinated with ND, AI and 3 type of IB vaccines. Age, dose and route of administration of different type of vaccines were conducted according to the manufactures directions. Group 1 was vaccinated with ND vaccine at seventh & seventeenth day of age , group 2 was vaccinated with AIV vaccine at first & twenty one day of age , these 2 groups were acted as positive control .Group 3,4,5, were vaccinated at first&tenth day of age with different types of IB vaccines . BIVAC1 was used for group 3, IBMA5 was used for vaccination of group 4, whereas IB-H120 vaccine was administrated to group 5 . Four days post vaccination; all groups were observed for clinical signs. All experimental birds were killed and tracheal rings were examined for ciliostasis and Carboniferous Pigment Granules test. The result indicated that group ND vaccineswas 95%, while that of group AI vaccines was 93% whereas the results of these 3 types of vaccines were 21%, 33%, 20% for BIVAC1, IBMA5 &IBH120 respectively, while the control was 100% .

A pesticide diazinon is a widely used and easily available in the world so, the general health risks of this compound for environment, human and animals were investigated with emphasis on histopathological effects by oral gavage Sixteen adults laboratory rats from tow sex with diazinon solution for about six weeks. The animals were divided into two groups with (8)animal in each group. The control group was given orally distill water, while the experimental group was given high dose of diazinon 10mg/ml for the first three weeks and up to 20mg/ml for the last three weeks. The most important histopathological changes observed in the internal organs(liver,kidney,heart muscle, lung, stomach and nervous tissue) of the experimental rat include congestion,degeneration, fibrosis, necrosis, vaculation and edema in compared with the control animals .

One of an ecological hazardous agent Chromium; Cr (VI), The present experiment in vitro design to examine the mechanism of Leydig cell functions of Cr (VI) in ram testis, Cr (VI) treated groups demising cell growth behavior of exponential phase was upset of feeding time to Leydig cell in a dose-dependent manner, and induced mitochondria-dependent ATP depletion and subsequently apoptosis. Cr (VI) effect may be attributed, at least in part to DNA fragmentation increase DNA tail number and tail length of COMET as compared with control group. Furthermore, the properties of cell-specific regulation of cell membrane integrity had reduced and determinant cell concentration drop an.d reflected on the testosterone concentration were decreased as concentration-dependent manner, In conclusion, our results display the Cr (VI) is cytotoxic and impairs both viability and steroidogenic functions of Leydig cells in ram testis via actually different pathway direct affecting of viability and indirect on steroidogenic activity, succeeding in testicular performance. However, the definite modes of action of harmfulness are not evidently unknown and must be rechecked and studied in a different aspect

Lieshmania metacyclic promastigotes are transmitted during blood meals after development inside the gut of the sandfly vector. The isolation from axenic cultures of procyclic and metacyclic promastigotes by peanut lectin agglutination followed by differential centrifugation is controversial in Leishmania major . The purpose of this study was to isolate both fractions simultaneously from the same population in stationary phase of axenic culture. We have confirmed the increased infection rate of PNA− promastigotes by inoculation in BALB/c mice infection experiments. These data support that metacyclic promastigotes are related with infectivity and the lack of agglutination with PNA is a phenotypic marker for this subpopulation.

Camel milk has proved as the closer to human milk than other livestock milk. This study intended to examine the physicochemical properties of dromedary camel’s milk. Thirty milk samples collected from 2 dromedary camel herds in Badiat Alsamawah/ Al Muthanna governorate/ Iraq. The physical and chemical analysis was done on each milk sample and data were reported and analyzed. The variations were seen in the physical and chemical properties of fresh camel milk. The pH, specific gravity and freezing point were ranged between 6.1 and 6.5 (6.3133± 0.154), 1.0123 - 1.0615 (1.0282±0.0098), and (-) 0.439 – (-)1.361 (-0.6132±0.1928) respectively. The percentages of total fat, SNF (Solid Not Fat), Protein and lactose were ranged between 1.59 - 13.9 (4.1343±2.88), 1.59 - 20.36 (9.428±2.8833), 7.15 – 2.74 (3.576±1.1087) and 11.74 - 4.15 (5.3406±1.6513) respectively. In conclusion, some physical and biochemical values of fresh dromedary milk were determined in this study. Moreover, the effect of food and environment on the milk quality was also approved. The authors recommend another future study that correlates between the nature of food and the quality of camel milk during the different lactation period.