Adenoviruses cause different types of human infections including, respiratory,conjunctivitis and gastrointestinal tract infection. Despite it causes infections in bothimmunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, it represents a real threat forthe latter group which makes it necessary to detect the infection, reasons underlyingreactivation and hence the appropriate treatment. The antineoplastic therapies such asetoposide could be a compromising agent that facilitates the spread of opportunisticinfections such as adenovirus. The study aimed to assess adenovirus copy number/cellbefore and after etoposide treatment. The results showed that the etoposide treatmentupregulated the replication of the virus to more than 2 fold as compared to theuntreated samples. The results revealed that the etoposide has the ability to reactivatethe virus when it starts to be latent.

Staphylococcus aureus is considered as one of the major foodborne pathogens in humanand animals which can lead to a wide range of diseases, including food poisoning. The toxins ofS. aureus play an important role in disease pathogenesis, contributing to both injury of the hosttissues and the immune response. One of these toxins is phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptideswhich has the ability of immune invasion and considered as a cytolytic toxin. Commonly, mobilegenetic elements (MGE) of S. aureus that carrying antibiotic resistance gene do not carry thevirulence genes, however, PSMmec has been identified within the methicillin resistancestaphylococcus-encoding MGE SCCmec. This study was conducted for six months, over-all 200whole chicken carcasses were collected including (100) local chicken and (100) imported onefrom supermarkets in Duhok province. The samples for S. aureus were cultured on mannitol saltagar and then were confirmed using colony morphology, biochemical test like, catalase test andcoagulase test, in addition to the species specific primer (nuc gene) for PCR. The PCR positivesamples were selected and used in this study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the virulencepotential of S. aureus isolated from imported and local chickens depending on PSMmec-complexPCR (spanning PSM, xylR and mecR genes) and mecA. The results of this study shows that 46isolates out of 57 from imported chickens were carried mecA (methicillin resistant isolates) from these 28 isolates harbored PSMmec gene. Regarding to the local chicken, only 2 isolates out of18 carries together both PSMmec and mecA. According to the PSM-complex tested in this study,S. aureus isolates from imported chickens have SCCmec elements (SCCmec, II (2A) and IID,while the local chicken isolates have just SCCmec IID. Isolates resistance to methicillin withPSM may contribute to staphylococcal virulence. The outcomes of present study suggest thatisolates from imported chicken were more virulent comparing with local isolates. This studyneeds further confirmation by amplification of SCC elements and sequencing them to determinethe proper genetic structures of these regions.

Babesia bigemina is considered as one of the most remarkable blood protozoa in cattleand mainly transmitted via arthropod. This study was conducted on a random group of cows,they numbered 180 local cows who ranged in age from 3-7 years old, from different localities inMosul city north Iraq, comprising both clinically healthy (n=162) and clinically suspectedinfected animals (n= 18). In this study, indirect-enzyme immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) wasused to detect of babesia antibodies known as B. bigemina in the blood serum. Then, the bloodand biochemical information that existed from both groups was analyzed, so that the two of themare compared with the control group (n=15). The result showed that the overall seroprevalence ofB. bigemina in cows was 74/180 (41.1%) for clinical and subclinical cows were 10% and 31.1%respectively. The subclinical infected cows was statistically higher than that of clinically infected(P<0.05). Clinically infected cows were suffering from acute onset of the disease includes fever,anorexia, emaciation, drooping in milk yield, jaundice and hemoglobinuria,, with significanthematological and biochemical parameters alterations. While, subclinically infection cowsappeared healthy with absence of changes in blood and biochemistry tests as compared to controlgroups. It has been concluded that significant cases were diagnosed suffering from acuteinfection with the B. bigemina with higher prevalence of subclinical cases in Mosul city, Iraq.

This study was conducted in the veterinary medical college, university of Basra.The objective of this study was to know the histopathological effect of propofol asanesthetic agent on dogs organs (central nervous system, heart, liver) and effect ofpropofol on liver enzymes, Propofol administration for 90 days by intravenous (intocephalic vein) into 8 adult dogs which divided into two equal groups. The controlgroup was injected with 0.9% normal saline (1ml/kg), while the propofol group wasinjected with (10mg /kg) body weight of dog per day. The measured parameters AST,ALT showed a significant difference in groups between zero time and after 90 days.Also the histopathological result of brain, heart and liver showed significant changesas atrophic neurons, nerve fibers vacuolation and gliosis and histopathological resultof heart section showed white areas of degenerate myocardial muscle cells withpresence of adipose tissue and congested blood vessels, white areas of degeneratemyocyte as infiltration of adipose tissue at pericardial region (periphery) and areas ofdestruction of myocardial muscle cells while the histopathological changes ofhepatocyte showed septal fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, fine defuse vacuolation ofhepatocyte and hypertrophic of bile duct. The uses of propofol for the long term maycause serious Histopathological injuries in many organs particularly the brain andliver that may due to its direct interaction in these structural units.

IBD is a highly contagious viral disease which inhibit the immune system ofchickens, which is responsible for major economic losses within the poultry industriesworldwide. A total of 80 samples were collected from 8 different broiler farms fromQurna, Midyanah, Qarmat Ali, Zubair. Upon the clinical finding and postmortemlesions of the necropsied birds; bursa of fabricius, kidney, Junction between gizzardand proventriculus and thigh muscles were processed for histopathological andmolecular detection with PCR. The clinical signs were depression, pasty vent andwhite dropping. Various overall changes are observed in the bursa, such as swelling,hemorrhages to atrophy in size; In addition, hemorrhages were seen in the thighmuscles. The histopathological changes of Bursa of fabricius showed follicularvacuolation and vascular congestion ;multiples degrees of hemosiderin deposition,and the edema accumulate between follicles and basement membrane ; also, showedmoderate infiltration of inflammatory cells and accumulation of inflammatory cellslymphocytes macrophage , plasma cells as well to showed a congestion of the bursalcapsule, kidney microscopic findings renal vascular congestion in the cortex and alsothe medullary area along with the vacuolar degeneration. The suspected tissuesamples were assayed using RT-PCR for IBDV targeting VP2 gene. Out of the testedsamples 15 were Positives. In spite of using IBD vaccines in different farms of thestudied areas; the present study was detected IBD in different areas of Basrahprovince by PCR and mentioned clinical and histopathological finding, therefore it'snecessary to study the sequence analyses of such disease in future.

Throughout the period from October 2018 to February 2019, 278 test samples werecollected from animals and human, (55%) animal samples which are distributed to (52.3%)swab samples were from the environment of slaughters and (47.7%) milk samples were fromcow and buffalo which collected in sterile containers. The result showed that Pseudomonaswas found in (44%) samples on pseudomonas agar distributed in (24%) samples fromslaughters, (20%) samples from milk. (45%) human samples that are distributed to (48%)swab samples were from diabetic foot patients and (52%) swab samples were from patientssuffering from burns in hospitals of Basrah province. The results showed that Pseudomonaswas found in (56%) samples on pseudomonas agar, (18%) samples from diabetic foot and(38%) samples from patients suffering from burns. 46 isolates were identified using VITEK 2Kit. 25 samples identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa which presented (54%).Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 31 P. aeruginosa isolates compared to 13 differentantibiotics was done by the disk diffusion method. Completely isolates were resistant to as aminimum of 8 antibiotics; they exhibited the form of the multiple resistance to theantibiotics. Thirty-eight samples were tested for 16S rRNA by conventional PCR assay, 19from animal sources and 19 from patients' sources. 18 animals and 19 patient samples weredemonstrated distinct bands with approximately 618bp corresponding for P. aeruginosa.

Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne disease of ruminants caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). Twenty-nine different serotypes of BTV are currently reported throughout the world. The main objective of this study is the development of a subunit vaccine model that could potentially be adapted to provide broad spectrum protection against multiple BTV serotypes, which the conventional vaccines fail to address. To this end, three different BTV proteins (conserved region of viral protein [VP]2, VP5 and NS1) were expressed and purified in an Escherichia coli expression system. The immunogenicity of these proteins was tested in murine models using the MontanideTM ISA 201 VG adjuvant. BALB/c mice were immunised thrice (with individual proteins and a mixture of three proteins) at two-week intervals and were monitored until Day 40 post-infection/vaccination. Protein-specific antibodies directed against the recombinant proteins were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutralising antibody (Nab) titres and cross-neutralisation against a range of BTV serotypes (BTV-1, -2, -4, -5, -9, -10, -12, -16, -21, -23 and -24) were determined by serum neutralisation test. The recombinant proteins elicited higher Nab titres compared with the inactivated vaccine group, except for BTV-1, where the inactivated vaccine group elicited higher Nab titres. Additive effect of the three proteins was not observed as the Nab titres generated with a combination of conserved VP2, VP5 and NS1 was similar to those of the individual protein groups. Whilst BTV-12 could only be neutralised by serum raised against the inactivated vaccine group, BTV-5 and -24 could not be neutralised by any of the groups tested. Our cumulative data suggest that the conserved regions of VP2 (cVP2), VP5 and NS1 could play an important part in the novel vaccine design against multiple BTV serotypes. Importantly, given that VP2 was already known to elicit a serotype-specific immune response against BT, we report, for the first time, that the conserved region of VP2 has the ability to induce cross-protective immune response.

In this study, positive blood and organ samples were obtained from different mixed herds of sheep and cattle against ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) infection. Target-positive DNA was sequenced and compared with worldwide distributed OvHV-2 sequences. Tegument gene (422 base pairs) and glycoprotein B (gB) gene (2800 base pairs) amplicons of OvHV-2 genome were used for understanding of epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) infection in Turkey. The results of nucleotide sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products indicated presence of sheep-associated form for MCF infection in Turkey. Although the obtained sequences were genetically different from each other, it was found that genetic variations were limited.

Trichinella zimbabwensis naturally infects a variety of reptilian and wild mammalian hosts in South Africa. Attempts have been made to experimentally infect piranha fish with T. zimbabwensis and T. papuae without success. Tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) and African sharp tooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) are accomplished predators cohabiting with Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) and Nile monitor lizards (Varanus niloticus) in southern Africa and are natural hosts of T. zimbabwensis. To assess the infectivity of T. zimbabwensis to these two hosts, 24 African sharp tooth catfish (mean live weight 581.75 ± 249.71 g) randomly divided into 5 groups were experimentally infected with 1.0 ± 0.34 T. zimbabwensis larvae per gram (lpg) of fish. Forty-one tigerfish (mean live weight 298.6 ± 99.3 g) were randomly divided for three separate trials. An additional 7 tigerfish were assessed for the presence of natural infection as controls. Results showed no adult worms or larvae of T. zimbabwensis in the gastrointestinal tract and body cavities of catfish sacrificed at day 1, 2 and 7 post-infection (p.i.). Two tigerfish from one experimental group yielded 0.1 lpg and 0.02 lpg of muscle tissue at day 26 p.i. and 28 p.i., respectively. No adult worms or larvae were detected in the fish from the remaining groups sacrificed at day 7, 21, 28, 33 and 35 p.i. and from the control group. Results from this study suggest that tigerfish could sustain T. zimbabwensis under specific yet unknown circumstances.

Examination of 528 (450 males and 78 females) dromedary camels slaughtered at Cairo abattoir revealed that a total of (93) 17.6 % were infected with hydatidosis. Post mortem examination revealed that infection was restricted only in the lungs and the liver of infected camels. Among the 93 hydatidosis infected camels, lungs were the most frequently infected 88 (94.623%) compared with liver 5 (5.376%). ELISA test using partially crude antigen and purified antigen is important for the early diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis as most cases in the early stages of infection are asymptomatic. Sensitivity of ELISA using the crude antigen was 82.758% while sensitivity of the partially purified antigen was 79.310 %. On the other hand specificity of the crude antigen was estimated as 62.5 % and specificity of partially purified antigen as 75.0 %.