A simple, accurate, and rapid visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of tetracycline hydrochloride in pure, pharmaceutical preparations and environmental water samples. The method is based on the oxidation of tetracycline hydrochloride by sodium hypochlorite in alkaline medium to form a red colored product with an absorption maximum at 400 nm.  Beer’s Law was obeyed in the range of 2-24 µg/ml with molar absorptivity of 1.346×104 L.mol.-1.cm-1.  The relative standard deviation of the method was less than 2% and accuracy (average recovery ) was  100 ± 0.85 %. The optimum conditions for all color development are described and the proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of tetracycline hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations, chicken meat, and wastewater samples.

     In the current study, 16 rabbits was divided into two groups.  Animals of Group I (untreated control) were maintained without any treatment. Group 2 animals (treated group), the gentamicin were injected in thigh muscle /I.M. at 25 mg/kg body weight twice a day (morning and evening) for two months. During the experimental period anorexia, emaciation, and death some animals were seen. Histopathological examination showed that there was proliferated of cortical renal tubules cells and degeneration with necrosis of some them as well as congestion of sinusoid in liver and proliferation of bile duct. There was also vacuolated and congestion of myocardial tissue.  In conclusion, the administration of gentamycin for a long time could serve as a source of harm to animal organs such as kidney, liver, bile duct, and heart

A study using 300 one-day-old Ross-308 broilers was conducted to assess the effects of dried ginger root powder (Zingiber officinale) addition at percentages (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) % in the treatments T1, T2 and T3 respectively on growth performance, immune status and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens at different ages. Compare with the control group (T0) without adding ginger powder.     The broiler body weight, body weight gain, viability, production index, and economic profit impacted with addition of ginger powder significantly (P≤0.05) increase in T3 at ages (1-21 d) and (36-42). As well as feed conversion ratio (FCR) particularly improved. In addition the morphological of small intestine goblet cells number in (duodenum , jejunum, and ileum), immunological delayed type of hypersensitivity DTH and ELISA titer against Newcastle(ND), Gumboro (IBD) and Infectious bronchitis (IB) diseases of broiler chickens were significantly higher (P≤0.05) at the ages 21, 35 and 42 d. While mortality and H/L ratio were significantly lower in the treatments of ginger supplementation especially in T3 compare with the control group without ginger addition.

           This study was carried out to investigate the effects of  Hexane extracts of Ricinus (Seed & leaves ) and Black Pepper on Chrysomya albiceps larvae . The result showed that the Ricinus leaves Hexane extract had 100% mortality in all stage Larvae at 0.1&0.5mg\ml and 96.666 mortality in larvae at 1.0mg\ml of the same extract (Table 2). Black pepper Hexane extracts Result showed that 1.0mg\ml had mean mortality 86.666 in larvae (Table 3). Ricinus seed Hexane extract showed 83.333 mean mortality rate at 1.0 mg\ml (Table 1 ).Many concentration were prepared (0.1,0.5,1.0 )mg\ml for each plants extracts in our investigation .Chemicals plants compounds were mage red (Alkaloids, Phenols, Tannins, Resins, and  Oils ). The result showed that’s used of natural plants production had better than the chemicals insecticides which it studied in another time before this our investigation.       

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of red laser irradiation on testicular and epididymis tissue. Twenty rabbits, male mature were used in the present study. The animals were divided into four groups. First group as control and second, third and fourth groups exposed to red laser irradiation 5 min, 15 min, 30 min respectively. The histological sample was taken after necropsy method of all experimental animals for preparation slide processes to examine under a light microscope. The result of the experiment showed histological changes induced by exposure the animals to red laser (650nm-10w) which present as versus changes and these pathological changes are directly fit with period of exposure which appears as degeneration, oedematous, hyperemia and necrosis into testicular and epididymis.         

         Taldalafil is a long acting phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor  widely used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The abuse of tadalafil, which is a worldwide problem, is associated with many side effects. Sylimarin considered as a herbal drug, its active constituents  are silybin, isosilybin, silydianin and silychristin. A controversy exist with regard to the effects of tadalafil and silymarin on gonadal function in animal species. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of tadalafil and/or sylimarin on gonadal function adult male rates. Twenty four male rats are  used in the study, they divided into 4 groups (n=6) and gavaged daily for 1 month as follows; 1-control(0.5ml distilled water), 2-tadalafil (10mg tadalafil/kg ), 3-silymarin (100 mg silymarin/ kg) and 4-tadalafil + silymarin ( 10 mg tadalafil and 100 silymarin mg/ kg). Tadalafil significantly increases serum testosterone and decreases LH and FSH, it adversely affect the process of spermatogenesis (sperm count and percentage of motile, dead, and abnormal sperms). While, silymarin significantly increases serum testosterone, LH and FSH and improve spermatogenesis. Serum testosterone remains significantly higher in tadalafil+silymarin group compared with control group, while FSH and LH and parameters of spermatogenesis became insignificantly different from those in control group.     

Application of synthetic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitors, such as doxycycline is one of the possible therapeutic options for osteoarthritis. However, little is known about the protective mechanism of doxycycline in equine models on MMPs inhibitors as well as on serum amyloid A (SAA) gene expression. This study investigated the effects of doxycycline on mRNA expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13, and SAA of equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). The FLSs were established from synovial fluids of clinically normal metacarpophalangeal joints of 6 skeletally mature horses. The cells were treated with either 10 or 100 μg/mL of doxycycline for 48 h. The mRNA expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13, and SAA were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Treatment with doxycycline resulted in significantly decreased mRNA expression of MMP-1 in FLSs at both concentrations (P = 0.001). No significant differences were detected among groups for MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13 (P > 0.05). Only a tendency towards a decrease in mRNA expression level of SAA in the presence of doxycycline could be detected. Doxycycline inhibits MMP-1 gene expression at the transcript level. These findings indicate that doxycycline can protect the articular environment through inhibition of MMP-1 at transcript level.

OBJECTIVE To quantify fatigue-induced electromyographic changes in hind limb muscles in horses. ANIMALS 8 Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURES The left and right hind limb longissimus dorsi, tensor fasciae latae, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris muscles were instrumented for surface electromyography. Hoof strain gauges were attached to confirm stride cycle. Each horse was galloped on a treadmill (grade, 3%) at a constant speed (12.6 to 14.7 m/s) to achieve fatigue after approximately 360 seconds. Before and after this exercise, the horses were trotted at 3.5 m/s. At 30-second intervals during galloping an integrated electromyography (iEMG) value for a stride and the median frequency of muscle discharge (MF) in each limb were measured. The mean of stride frequency (SF), iEMG value, and MF of 5 consecutive strides at the start and end of galloping for the lead and trailing limbs were compared. For trotting, these variables were compared at 60 seconds before and after galloping. RESULTS The mean ± SD value for SF decreased over time (2.14 ± 0.06 to 2.05 ± 0.07 stride/s). In both the lead and trailing limbs, fatigue decreased the iEMG values of the gluteus medius and biceps femoris muscles but not those of the longissimus dorsi and tensor fasciae latae muscles. The MF did not change for any muscle during galloping with fatigue. The SF, iEMG value, and MF did not change during trotting with fatigue. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fatigue induced by high-speed galloping decreased the gluteus medius and biceps femoris muscles' iEMG values in Thoroughbreds. Fatigue of these less fatigue-resistant hind limb muscles would affect a horse's speed.

OBJECTIVE To compare bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) accomplished by use of a bronchoscopic (B-BAL) and a nonbronchoscopic (NB-BAL) technique in healthy cats. ANIMALS 12 healthy cats. PROCEDURES Two BALs were performed in a randomized order 2 weeks apart in each cat. Cats were anesthetized, and a 2.9-mm fiberoptic bronchoscope (B-BAL) or 8F red rubber catheter (NB-BAL) was wedged in a bronchus. Two 5-mL aliquots of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution were infused into the left and right caudal lung fields and aspirated manually with a 20-mL syringe. Proportion of BAL fluid (BALF) retrieved, depth of wedging, and anesthetic complications were recorded. Total nucleated cell count, differential cell count, and semiquantitative scores of cytologic slide quality were determined for all BALF samples. Results were compared with ANOVAs and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. RESULTS Proportion of retrieved BALF and depth of wedging were significantly greater for B-BAL than NB-BAL. Differential cell counts and cytologic slide quality did not differ significantly between techniques. Complications included transient hemoglobin desaturation (24/24 [100%] BALs) and prolonged anesthetic recovery time (4/24 [17%] BALs). Anesthetic recovery scores did not differ significantly between techniques. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that NB-BAL was noninferior to B-BAL with regard to ease of performance, anesthetic variables, and cytologic slide quality for cats without clinical respiratory tract disease.

OBJECTIVE To compare sedation in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) after intranasal administration of midazolam and midazolam-butorphanol. ANIMALS 9 healthy adult cockatiels. PROCEDURES A randomized, controlled, blinded, complete crossover study was conducted. Birds were assigned to 3 treatment groups. Midazolam (3 mg/kg), midazolam-butorphanol (3 mg/kg for each drug), or sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment) was administered intranasally. Sedation quality was assessed at 3 time points by use of eye and body position; response to visual, auditory, and tactile stimulation; and response during manual restraint on the basis of eye position and struggling intensity. To evaluate attenuation of the manual restraint–induced stress response, heart rate, respiratory rate, and cloacal temperature were measured over a 15-minute period. Treatments were repeated after a minimum washout period of 7 days. RESULTS Median onset of first sedation effects was 85 seconds (range, 60 to 120 seconds) for midazolam and 90 seconds (range, 45 to 180 seconds) for midazolam-butorphanol. Midazolam-butorphanol resulted in significantly less vigorous struggling during restraint than did midazolam or the control treatment. Heart rate did not differ significantly among treatments. The stress-induced increase in respiratory rate was significantly attenuated by midazolam and midazolam-butorphanol, whereas the increase in cloacal temperature was not attenuated by midazolam or midazolam-butorphanol. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intranasal administration of midazolam and midazolam-butorphanol resulted in a rapid onset of sedation in cockatiels. Midazolam-butorphanol resulted in deeper sedation in both restrained and unrestrained birds than did midazolam alone. Midazolam and midazolam-butorphanol both provided safe and effective sedation in cockatiels.