Most dairy cows suffered negative energy balance in early lactation that can affect their fertility .Adding fat to the cattle diet are used to increase the diet energy content . In this study level of ketone bodies (acetone and acetoacetate ) , nonestratefied fatty acids( NEFAs) and some individual fatty acids in serum and milk used as biomarkers for negative energy balance and fertility in dairy cows supplemented with two fat types. A comparison of calcium salts of palm oil fatty acid versus MixPromega-3 diet on the level of fatty acids in serum and milk of early lactating Holstein cows was valued and their relation to fertility. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric .The two diets given from day 0 to 30 days postpartum. Samples of blood and milk were collected at 1st,2nd and3rd weeks after calving. Results revealed that the increased serum and milk linoleic and linolineic acid with decreased saturated (palmitic and stearic ) fatty acids and oleic acid are related to improved energy status with decreasing the ketone bodies and nonestratefied fatty acids and enhance the fertility of dairy cattle fed Promixomega-3 when compared with calcium soap fed group . .Level of ketone bodies and nonestratefied fatty acids increased in milk than in serum in the same group. The fertility was enhanced by giving Promix omega -3 diet compared with calcium soap diet.

Cancer has an increasing incidence worldwide in humans and animals. In addition to traditional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, there is a search for new treatment strategies for cancer treatment. Oncolytic virotherapy arouses great interest in human medicine with the development of biotechnology and increasing knowledge about virus-cell interactions in recent years. Many in-vivo and in-vitro studies have led to the development of a United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, genetically modified oncolytic viral therapy. Based on the studies in human medicine, some clinical trials have also been carried out with oncolytic virotherapy in veterinary medicine. But the studies in cats and dogs are very limited. This review aims to compare the development of oncolytic virotherapy in human and veterinary medicine with current studies and to draw attention to the fact that virotherapy can be used as a treatment option for various tumoral diseases in veterinary medicine in the future.

Background: Bovine brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease in Albania. Both, Brucella abortus and B. melitensis have been isolated from ruminants. National control and eradication programs for brucellosis are applied in sheep and goat farms as well as on larger dairy cattle farms. A study was performed in beef cattle farms, to assess herds and within herd prevalence. The prevalence of bovine brucellosis in small dairy herds was unknown and its importance has been largely neglected. The current study aimed to assess the herd and within herd prevalence of bovine brucellosis in small bovine herds and to provide scientific evidence for establishing an evidence-based approach to control the disease in this subset of the population not previously included in the national eradication program. To achieve this objective, a statistical survey was designed and implemented in small dairy herds in the Lushnja district where samples from statistically selected herds were serologically tested in parallel with Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Methodology: In total, 120 dairy herds were randomly selected from a list of 1,955 registered herds: from these selected herds 368 blood samples were collected from all animals older than 12 months, and their sera were tested using RBT, FPA, and c-ELISA. Results: The test results revealed no positive or suspect cases. Based on these results, we are confident (P ≤ 0.05) that currently in the Lushja district, Brucella spp is not circulating in this subpopulation of cattle. This deduction is supported by analyses of the main risk factors, other epidemiological data and the perceptions of official and private veterinarians. Conclusion: This is the first structured survey of bovine brucellosis in small dairy herds in Albania. In conclusion, our study results and our findings show that the epidemiological status of bovine brucellosis in the Lushnja district is encouraging. A test and slaughter control program appears to be appropriate in smaller herds. The approach used in this pilot study could be extended to establish the prevalence of brucellosis in other districts, the result of which would establish the basis for rational control measures in the smaller herds of cattle.

Previous research has shown an increased action on helminth biological control by fungal combinations. This study characterized the temperature and pH conditions necessary for better mycelial growth of Monacrosporium sinense (SF53) and Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC4). In addition, electron and optical microscopy showed the fungal structures that benefit from their use in the biological control of nematodes and interactions with infective larvae of helminths. Nematode larvae held by P. chlamydosporia mycelium confirm its ability to prey upon larvae stages, despite being classified in the "ovicidal" group. P. chlamydosporia showed the highest growth rate in water agar medium at 20°C, whereas M. sinense showed numerically better growth at 30°C. Fungi did not grow at 35 or 40°C. Surprisingly, the mycelial growth of both isolates was inhibited by temperatures above 35°C for 6 days and resumed when temperatures were reduced to 25°C. The pH observation was important to show that the pH variations in the gastrointestinal tract of bovines will not be harmful to fungi since offering oral formulations to the animals is the most practical way of dispersing fungi in the fecal pats. In-vitro studies facilitate the exploration of biological control agents. The use of nematophagous fungi is a viable solution in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes and needs to be further improved.

This case report describes the development of severe esophagitis after an anesthesia event for a shaving procedure in a seven years old male cat. The cat was brought to our animal clinic with a complaint of severe vomiting and appetite loss. It was reported that vomiting has started after the administration of xylazine-ketamine anesthesia for the shaving procedure. In the endoscopic examination, severe esophagitis has been detected. Within two weeks, esophagitis was complicated with megaesophagus and then severe weight loss had been observed. Post-treatment endoscopic examination couldn't be performed because the esophagitis had developed after anesthesia. Regardless of whether a surgical procedure has been performed or the anesthesia has been performed repeatedly or once, post-anesthesia reflux esophagitis should also be suspected in cases of persistent appetite loss or dysphagia and vomiting after anesthesia.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with a high prevalence in humans and farm animals in Turkey. However, data on the genetic diversity of Brucella spp. circulating in Turkey and parts of the Mediterranean region are limited. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 50 B. melitensis isolates from seven regions of Turkey was investigated using multi-locus variable number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA-16). The profiles were compared with 163 B. melitensis isolates recovered from the Mediterranean basin. B. melitensis strains from Turkey contain 46 different genotypes and consist of two main clusters. B. melitensis isolates from Turkey were closely related to isolates from Greece and some Portuguese strains. The same genotypes isolated from different sites show the spread between sites. Therefore, uncontrolled animal movements and the trade of imported animals can be important factors for the spread of brucellosis. The endemic occurrence of B. melitensis in the Mediterranean basin is a result of socio-historical links between Mediterranean countries. Turkish strains belong to the Eastern Mediterranean line. Eradicating brucellosis in countries of the Mediterranean basin with high prevalence is a demanding need to reduce trade barriers and, more importantly, prevent human suffering

In this study, it was planned to examine the mineral levels in the milk of different dog breeds during the lactation period. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) concentrations were analyzed in dog milk. In this research 6 Labradors, 6 German Shepherds, 6 Pointers, 5 Turkish Tazis (sighthound), 5 Setters, 7 Malinois, and 5 Golden Retrievers (a total of 40 dogs) of 3 to 4 years of age were used as research materials, all of which were under same management and feeding conditions. All dogs were on diets appropriate for gestation and lactation periods. Adequate milk volume could be collected 23 weeks after parturition, and there were no known medical problems. Each day's samples were kept capped and refrigerated after being collected. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron, were analyzed by using Varian Brand 30/40 model AAS device.The Ca, K, Na, Zn, Mn and Fe levels of milk samples from different dog breeds had no significant difference. The highest Mg level was determined in Pointer breed milk samples, and the lowest was determined in Setter milk samples. The highest Cu levels among the inspected races were in Labrador milk samples, whereas the lowest levels were determined in Setter breeds.This data shows that most of the analyzed milk content of different breeds of dogs did not change significantly during the same lactation period, and any present difference could be taken into account when evaluating breeding studies.

A 19-day-old, male crossbreed kid with complications of difficulty in urination was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Aydin Adnan Menderes University. A purple thin-walled, fluid-filled structure was noticed on the ventral midline and was associated with the prepuce. The cystic structure was sharply incised, and the incision was extended from the most cranial to the most caudal extent of the dilatation. Penile urethral diverticulectomy was performed by the guidance of the urethral catheter. Postoperative attempts at urination resulted in free-flowing streams, and the kid did not have strangury. Sutures and urethral catheter were removed 10 days after surgery.