Contagious ecthyma is an important viral disease infect animals' skin mostly small ruminants, it could infect other ruminants with a zoonotic pattern. In dromedary camels of Basrah province, Contagious ecthyma was detected and diagnosed. Seventy-eight local dromedary breeds, 2-6 years old show clinical manifestations of Anorexia and difficulty grazing, lesions of Contagious ecthyma appear as papules, vesicles, and scabs located at the upper and lower parts of the lips, commeasure and /or around the mouth, Furthermore, Lesions in the form of Fissures with lips edema was also detected on diseased camels.   Twenty, clinically healthy dromedaries served as controls. The infection was confirmed using the PCR technique.  Blood parameters with acute phase response have been also evaluated. Results indicated that diseased camels show different clinical manifestations belonging to contagious ecthyma with a significant increase in body temperature, heart and respiratory rate, Moreover, Leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis was detected in infected dromedaries. a significant increase in ESR was detected in infected dromedaries compared with controls. Results referred to an increase in haptoglobin and Fibrinogen in diseased dromedaries with contagious ecthyma compared to controls. The contagious ecthyma of camels was still circulating in Iraqi areas, where appropriate preventive measures must be taken to prevent the spread of disease among camel herds and reduce the resulting economic losses.

Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria species, with great economic importance infecting numerous species including small ruminants. The current study aimed to determine the occurrence of Eimeria subclinical infection in Sulaymaniyah provinces, during March 2021 to February 2022. A total of 260 fecal samples (152 sheep and 108 goats) were collected from small ruminants’ farms belong to four regions. Fecal floatation technique was applied for examination of fecal samples. Coprological examination revealed that Eimeria spp. parasitized the intestine of 133 animals with infection rate of 51.15%. Both sheep and goats represented subclinical coccidiosis with infection rates of 52.63% and 49.07% respectively. Mixed infection with more than one Eimeria spp. was dominant and found in sheep 60.00% and goats 40.00%. However, infection by single species was revealed in sheep 58.62% and goats 39.66% goats. The frequency of subclinical coccidiosis was higher among animals in Bakrajo 53.85%, and lower in Qaradagh 46.67%. The impacts of age on prevalence rate revealed that small aged animals harbored the higher infection rates of 65.45% and 62.86% in lambs and kids respectively. The represented data find out higher incidence of coccidiosis during the wet seasons of the year 56.8%. In the present study different Eimeria species was recognized, 9 species from sheep and 5 species from goats. It has been conducted that coccidiosis was a moderately common intestinal pathogen among sheep and goats in the study area.

The aim of this study was to look into the toxicity of captopril and enalapril in high doses in the liver. The animals in this experiment were divided into five groups of ten each, with the first group serving as a control group, receiving only distilled water, the second and thrird groups receiving doses of captopril 10 and 20%, and the fourth and fifth groups receiving doses of enalapril 10 and 20%. The dose is taken orally once every three days for four weeks. After one week, samples were collected, and then again four weeks later. After one week of treatment with Enalapril 20%, biochemical testing revealed significant elevations in ALT and AST. After 1 and 4 weeks of treatment with Enalapril 20%, there was a decrease in glutathione and an increase in malondialdehyde, whereas captopril 20% and Enalapril 10 and 20% significantly raised malondialdehyde levels. Rats given captopril 20% revealed diffuse vacuolar degeneration. The 10% Enalapril group experienced similar symptoms, however the 20% Enalapril group experienced vacuolar degeneration, coagulative necrosis, significant inflammatory cell infiltration, portal vein congestion, and sinusoidal dilatation. The researchers looked at the expression of TNF-a in the livers of rats after four weeks of therapy with Captopril 10% and 20% and Enalapril 20% (20%). The results revealed three levels of expression: low, medium, and high. According to the findings of this study, Enalapril has higher adverse impacts on the liver than captopril at the same dose ratio.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterium of humans and other mammals that is becoming more clinically and veterinary important due to its fast development of antibiotic resistance. Some of these S. aureus varieties are methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which is common in healthcare organizations, community settings, and livestock farms across the world. Beyond humans, MRSA has the potential to live in other animal species, which could result in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial agent resistance in various animal species. Vancomycin is a type of antibiotic classified as a final resort option, employed to address severe infections instigated by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin remains among the primary choices for the initial treatment of MRSA infections. During the past few years, there has been an emergence of Staphylococcus aureus strains exhibiting strong resistance to vancomycin. The vanA gene cluster, obtained from vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, eases the transfer of vancomycin resistance in S. aureus. In terms of likely transfer routes, underlying mechanisms, and consequences of methicillin and vancomycin resistance from animals to humans and vice versa, this review aims to highlight the Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)and vancomycin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) issues.

Obesity is a metabolic condition that causes people to develop a variety of diseases and has emerged as a serious global public-health problem. Tocotrienol, a member of the vitamin E family that comes from the annatto bean (Bixa orellana), is special in that it doesn't contain alpha-tocopherol and instead mostly consists of delta-tocotrienol (approximately 90%) and gamma-tocotrienol (about 10%). This investigation aimed to ascertain whether annatto tocotrienol could improve certain biochemical indicators and metabolic hormones in male rats fed a high-fat diet. Eighteen adult male rats in total were split into three groups randomly (6 for each). Control group was given a diet low in fat (LF 10 % kcal from fat), High fat diet (HFD) group was fed with high fat diet (HF 60 % kcal from fat), And high fat diet with tocotrienol (HFDT) group was fed with high fat diet additive tocotrienol (60 mg/kg) dissolved in olive oil (1ml/kg) for 12 weeks. Tocotrienol treatment led to a significant decrease in total protein and globulin compared with the high-fat diet group and it significantly increased HDL-C compared with rats fed on a high-fat diet and control groups. While, tocotrienols significantly reduced the level of LDL and insulin hormone in the High fat diet plus tocotrienols group compared to the other groups.

The efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) in pigs is low and requires enhancement. We identified the most efficient method for zona pellucida (ZP) removal and blastomere aggregation in pigs and investigated whether the aggregation of NT and parthenogenetic activation (PA) of blastomeres could reduce embryonic apoptosis and improve the quality of NT-derived embryos by investigating. Embryonic developmental competence after ZP removal using acid Tyrode’s solution or protease (pronase E). The embryonic developmental potential of NT-derived blastomeres was also investigated using well-of-the-well or phytohemagglutinin-L. We analyzed apoptosis in aggregate-derived blastocysts. The aggregation rate of protease-treated embryos was lower than that of Tyrode’s solution-treated embryos (69.2% vs. 88.3%). No significant difference was observed between phytohemagglutinin-L and well-of-the-well (35.7%–38.5%). However, 2P1N showed a higher number of blastocysts compared to 3N (73.8% vs. 24.3%) and an increased blastocyst diameter compared to the control and 1P2N (274 μm vs. 230–234 μm). In blastomeres aggregated using phytohemagglutinin-L, the apoptotic cell ratio was significantly higher in 1P2N and 3N than in 3P (5.91%–6.46% vs. 2.94%, respectively). Our results indicate that aggregation of one NT embryo with two PA embryos improved the rate of blastocysts with increased blastocyst diameter.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an RNA virus belonging to Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae. BVDV has economic significance for the livestock industry because of its association with acute disease, fetal loss, and birth of persistently infected (PI) animals. This study aimed to investigate the BVDV infection rates in Korean native cattle farms in Jeju for further planning of a BVDV control program in the Jeju Province. BVDV antibodies and antigens were tested in 15,842 sera collected from 302 Korean native cattle herds between January 2014 and June 2017 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Viral antigen was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from 60 sera that were antigen ELISA-positive. BVDV antibodies were found in 90.7% (274/302) herds and 61.1% (9,678/15,842) cows. BVDV antigens were found in 13.2% (40/302) herds and 0.4% (61/15,842) cows. The oldest animal group (> 8 years) exhibited the highest sero-positive rates (91%), while the youngest animal group (< 1 years) had the highest antigen positivity rates (0.52%). Of the 60 antigen-positive sera, BVDV types 1 and 2 were found in 36 and 12 sera, respectively. Additionally, six animals were considered to be PI as BVDV was continually detected in annual examination.

A 10-year-old, spayed female, Maltese dog presented with a 2-day history of severe left eye squint. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy showed a deep corneal defect stained into a doughnut shape together with hypopyon in the anterior chamber. Based on these results, a diagnosis of descemetocele and uveitis in the left eye was made. Deep keratotomy combined with a nictitating membrane flap effectively resolved the descemetocele without complications. The surgical procedures performed on this patient were easy and effective, and could be used as an alternative to graft surgery for descemetocele treatment.

This study compared the biomechanical properties of bone-stapling techniques with those of other fixation methods used for stabilizing tibial tuberosity fractures using 3-dimensionally (3D)-printed canine bone models. Twenty-eight 3D-printed bone models made from computed tomography scan files were used. Tibial tuberosity fractures were simulated using osteotomy. All samples were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was stabilized with a pin and tension-band wire; group 2, with a pin and an 8 mm-wide bone staple; group 3, with 2 horizontally aligned pins and an 8 mm-wide bone staple; and group 4 with a 10 mm-wide bone staple. Tensile force was applied with vertical distraction until failure occurred. The load and displacement were recorded during the tests. The groups were compared based on the load required to cause displacements of 1, 2, and 3 mm. The maximum failure loads and modes were recorded. The loads at all displacements in group 4 were greater than those in groups 1, 2, and 3. The loads at 1, 2, and 3 mm displacements were similar in groups 1 and 3. There was no significant difference between groups 1 and 3. Groups 1 and 4 provided greater maximum failure loads than groups 2 and 3. Failure occurred because of tearing of the nylon rope, tibial fracture, wire breakage, pin bending, and fracture around the bone staple insertion. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the bone-stapling technique is an acceptable alternative to tension-band wire fixation for the stabilization of tibial tuberosity fractures in canine bone models.

Syringobulbia is a rare neurological disorder characterized by a fluid-filled cavity in the brainstem. In this study, clinical signs, features on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the diseases present concurrently with syringobulbia were investigated in 33 small breed dogs. Most dogs (97%) had concurrent syringomyelia, and some dogs (24%) presented with vestibular or cranial nerve symptoms associated with the medulla oblongata. MRIs revealed slit-like, bulbous, and vertical linear shapes of the cavities on T2-weighted hyperintense and T1-weighted hypointense signals similar to the cerebrospinal fluid. Chiari-like malformations were identified in all dogs. This study highlights the association of syringobulbia with syringomyelia and Chiari-like malformations in small breed dogs with or without brainstem-associated clinical signs.