Objective: This study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing potentials of spirulina utilizing a rat model. Materials and Methods: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used to induce hepatotoxicity, while carrageenan was employed to induce hind paw inflammation. The wound healing capability was assessed by making a 6 mm round wound with a biopsy punch on the dorsal interscapular area of each rat. The animals were fed a diet mixed with spirulina at dosages of 250 and 500 mg.kg−1bwt. Paw thickness measurements were taken at 1, 3, and 6 h after carrageenan injection. Results: Intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 leads to hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by significantly elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Treatment with spirulina markedly reduced these biochemical markers. CCl4 -induced hepatic cellular necrosis, central vein congestion, and steatosis were notably improved following spirulina administration. Additionally, spirulina treatment diminished paw edema and shortened wound closure time in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological analysis of the inflamed paw revealed massive infiltration of inflammatory cells and thickening of the epidermis, both of which showed significant improvement with spirulina treatment. The anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects of spirulina were comparable to those of indomethacin, an established anti-inflammatory drug. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that Spirulina platensis possesses beneficial properties in counteracting hepatotoxicity and inflammation. Additionally, it exhibited significant wound-healing effects in rat models. These results reinforce the potential health advantages of spirulina as an effective functional food. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 303–311, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l897

Objective: The common coot (Fulica atra) is a medium-sized migratory bird wintering at different wetlands in Pakistan. It belongs to the order Gruiformes and family Rallidae. This study aimed to investigate the morphometry, hematology, and blood chemistry of common coots during the winter visit of 2022–2023. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two adult common coots were captured with the help of hunters holding valid licenses from six wetlands in Punjab, Pakistan. Each individual was sexed and subjected to different morphological measurements. Eighteen blood samples (3–5 ml) were collected from the basilic veins of adults for hematology and blood chemistry. Results: Results revealed that body weight ranged from 378 to 680 gm, with males significantly heavier than females. Length was not significantly different. Males showed dominance in most of the morphometric characteristics compared to females. Regarding hematological parameters and plasma chemistry, there was a sufficient difference between the genders in most of the studied parameters. Conclusion: The male coot was significantly larger compared to the female, except for total length. Hematology and plasma chemistry showed significant differences between genders. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 312–320, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l898

Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters, breeding value, and ranking of Holstein Friesian × Local (HF × L) crossbred sires based on multi-trait selection index information. Methods: A total of 51 HF × L crossbred breeding bulls of three different genetic groups (50%HF × 50%L, 62.5%HF × 37.5%L, and 75%HF × 25%L) managed at Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm (CCBDF) were evaluated based on 4,319 half-sib progeny performance data. The descriptive statistical analysis was performed using the R package. Genetic parameters were estimated using BLUPF90 by a single-trait animal model. A selection index was constructed using adjusted breeding values multiplied by variable economic weightage for each trait. Results: Genotype had significant effects on the investigated semen quality attributes (p < 0.05), where 75%HF × 25%L and 62.5%HF × 37.5%L crossbred genotypes both differed significantly from 50%HF × 50%L crossbreds (p < 0.05). In general, better productive and reproductive performances were found with the progression of HF inheritance. Daughters of 75%HF × 25%L crossbred bulls showed the highest average performance in birth weight (27.20 ± 0.09 kg), daily milk yield (8.55 ± 0.06 l), peak milk yield (10.44 ± 0.07 l), and lactation length (233.53 ± 0.85 days). The study investigated variance components of eight productive and reproductive traits such as the birth weight of calf, age at first conception, service per conception, daily milk yield, peak milk yield, lactation length, and calving interval where estimated heritability ranged from 0.09 to 0.32. Genetic correlations among the considered traits were found to be mostly weak. Among the top 20%, breeding bulls belonged to 75%HF × 25%L and 62.5%HF × 37.5%L crossbred groups. Conclusion: This study provides insightful information on the genetic evaluation of different graded bulls that could be the basis for the proven crossbred breeding bulls’ selection process at CCBDF.  J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 334–343, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l901

Objective: Animal migration can spread different diseases from farm to farm without being noticed. Despite bovine brucellosis being endemic in Myanmar, seroprevalence and risk related to farmers’ behaviors and cattle migration remain unclear. Thus, understanding brucellosis in seasonal cattle migration is essential to avoid negative economic and public health outcomes. As seasonal cattle movement is done to satisfy local environmental limits, Brucellosis is predisposed in cattle herds of the Central Dry Zone of the country. Materials and Methods: In this study, farmer characteristics and seasonal cattle movement practices were investigated for bovine brucellosis prevalence in three Central Myanmar regions from July to August 2022. Blood samples were taken for the Rose Bengal Plate Test to detect brucellosis prevalence. Results: Seasonal migratory farmers had a lower education level, more family members, more cattle heads, and higher income from cattle raising. Influences on disease knowledge included frequent veterinary access (7.02%) and limited disease control training (17.39%). Young farmers with low educational level (p < 0.01), more family members (p < 0.01), less farming experience (p < 0.01), fewer cattle (p < 0.01), cow abortion cases (p < 0.01), farming practices from veterinary access (p < 0.01), and longer migratory distances to grazing pastures (p < 0.01) have higher possibilities to get prevalence of bovine brucellosis at farm level. Conclusion: This study found that farmers’ characteristics, migratory practices, migration distance, and abortion history influence Brucellosis prevalence at the farm level. Migratory farmers need farmer collaboration and veterinary training to learn effective farming practices. Access to veterinary services and farmer awareness campaigns about livestock migration risks are essential. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 350–360, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l903

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of moisture and fermentation length on the chemical compositions, fermentation characteristics, feed-out phase, and ruminal digestibility of fermented concentrate using tamanu kernel cake (TKC) as the main protein source. Materials and Methods: The concentrate was formulated to contain 16.5% crude protein (CP) and 35% neutral detergent fiber consisting of 40% TKC, 7.60% soybean meal, 25.0% wheat pollard, 26.4% dried cassava, and 1% molasses. Those ingredients were mixed and fermented anaerobically at 5 kg into a vacuumed plastic bag with different additional sterile distilled water to reach moisture levels at 25% (MO25), 35% (MO35), and 45% (MO45). Each moisture level was incubated with different fermentation lengths consisting of 2, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days in quadruplicate. After fermentation, each silo was sub-sampled for laboratory analyses. Results: MO25 and MO35 led to higher CP with lower acid detergent fiber than MO45. In the fermentation, MO35 and MO45 generated higher (p < 0.05) lactate than MO25. An extended fermentation length linearly dropped (p < 0.05) dry matter, CP, and ether extract, but gradually increased (p < 0.05) ammonia-N, lactate, acetate, and the counts of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and bacilli. After 42 days, MO25 and MO35 initiated higher (p < 0.05) aerobic stability. The digestibility and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) in the rumen increased (p < 0.05) over 2 days. However, prolonged fermentation length linearly decreased (p < 0.05) total VFA and methane emission without affecting rumen pH, ammonia-N, and each VFA profile. Conclusion: The application of MO35 was found to reduce nutrient loss and improve aerobic stability comparable to MO25 while achieving fermentation quality similar to MO45, and short-term fermentation, such as 2 days, could improve ruminal digestibility. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 433–444, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l910

Objective: This study aims to present Chromobacterium violaceum isolated from a pleural effusion in an indoor-outdoor cat. Materials and Methods: A 3-year-old male domestic shorthair cat was brought to the hospital with dyspnea. The thoracic radiographs and ultrasound showed the presence of a pleural effusion. The thoracic fluid was sent for cytological analysis, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), and bacterial culture. Results: Cytological findings illustrated the protein-rich modified transudate. Albumin: globulin ratio was 0.4. RT-PCR testing for FIP was negative. The bacterial culture presented a pure growth of violet-pigmented colonies on both sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar. The isolation was identified and further confirmed as C. violaceum. The isolation was susceptible to drugs in aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamide groups. Conclusion: Chromobacterium violaceum, a saprophytic Gram-negative bacterium, commonly inhabits stagnant water and soil in tropical and subtropical areas. It is considered an opportunistic bacterium in both veterinary and human medicine. Although C. violaceum infection is rare, the disease is extremely fatal. In Thailand, a few cases of humans infected with C. violaceum were reported; however, the bacterial infection has never been discovered in animals. This case report highlighted a rare opportunistic infection of C. violaceumin a cat in Thailand and suggested drugs of choice for clinical treatments.  J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 297–302, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l896

Ectoparasites can severely impact wildlife species, both through their feeding behaviour and by facilitating secondary infestations or bacterial infections. Here, we report on two cases of periorbital damage caused by ixodid tick infestations in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), including a rare record of traumatic myiasis in wildlife. Both cheetahs were recently reintroduced to the Marromeu-Coutada Complex in Central Mozambique and had sustained relatively severe injuries. This ostensibly yielded them immunocompromised and thus more vulnerable to tick infestations, particularly when exposed to novel species. These incidents occurred during the peak hot-wet season in which adult tick abundance is likely highest. These cases provide novel insights into the risks of tick infestations for reintroduced cheetahs and the importance of intensive post-release monitoring to allow for timeous veterinary intervention.Contribution: This study falls within the scope of the journal. Ixodid ticks are of veterinary importance for wildlife and domestic animals across Africa because of the associated direct damage and potential spread of tick-borne pathogens. This study investigates two cases of tick infestations in cheetahs recently reintroduced into a tropical environment. The identified risk factors appear to be exposure to novel ectoparasites, injuries, and the hot-wet season. This highlights the need to consider ectoparasite risk when planning wildlife translocations.

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) has devastating outcomes on ruminant health and impacts on national and international trade. The current work assessed the diagnostic value of the VersaTREK automated liquid culture system in isolating Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) from faecal and intestinal tissue samples from ovine under South African conditions and compared it with the current method of choice, histopathological examination. Intestinal tissue and faecal samples from 111 sheep (including complete set from 104 slaughter sheep from flocks with a history of MAP infection as well as incomplete sample sets from 7 sheep) were analysed using the liquid culture method. One set of tissues was subjected to histopathological examination. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from culture isolates was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using primers that target the IS900 regions of the MAP for species verification. Overall, the VersaTREK automated liquid culture in combination with IS900 PCR showed a comparable level of detection in tissues (12.6%) as histopathology (13.5%), but the detection rate for faecal samples was lower than for tissues (10.8%). A combination of histopathology and faecal culture increased the detection rate from 13.5% (n = 14/104) and 9.6% (n = 10/104), respectively, to 15.4% (n = 16/104).Contribution: Our findings highlight the diagnostic utility of the VersaTREK automated liquid culture system in detecting MAP in ovine samples collected both ante and postmortem. However, an inhibitory effect on the MAP isolation rate observed when the antibiotic cocktail was added to the culture medium warrants further investigation. The outcome of the study is beneficial in guiding the strategic planning of the nationwide control programme.

Objective: This study aims to analyze and map existing research literature on peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) to identify research hotspots, knowledge gaps, and future directions. PPRV causes peste des petits ruminants (PPRs) disease, leading to significant impacts on small ruminants through high mortality rates and trade limitations. Eradication programs are led by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the Scopus database using keywords related to PPRV and PPR, covering the period from 1990 to 2023. Validation methods were employed to verify the search strategy’s accuracy. Data analysis focused on identifying temporal evolution, geographical distribution, key contributors, sources, research hotspots, and gaps, which were visualized using maps. Results: The study identified 478 research documents from 1,834 authors, with most being research articles (91.0%). A significant increase in publications was observed from 1990 to 2023, peaking in 2019 and 2021. India led with 112 articles, followed by the UK (79) and China (71). Top research institutions included the Indian Veterinary Research Institute and the Pirbright Institute in the UK. Major contributors like S. Parida and V. Balamurugan formed dense international collaboration networks. Key journals included “Transboundary and Emerging Diseases” and “Journal of Virological Methods.” Conclusion: This study reveals an increased global scientific production on PPRV, driven by international collaboration. However, research gaps remain, particularly from North African and Middle Eastern countries. Priorities include vaccine development, vaccination campaigns, veterinary capacity building, and enhanced reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction implementation. Insights from this study can guide policymakers, funders, and researchers in prioritizing resources and strategies to eradicate PPRV, ensuring sustainable livestock health and economic stability. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 90–98, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l875

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of varying glucose and trehalose concentrations on tris-citric acid-egg yolk-fructose (TCEF) diluents for the short-term cold storage of goat semen. Materials and Methods: The semen sample was collected, unwashed, and divided into the following groups: control (TCEF without glucose and trehalose), TCEF + glucose (75, 150 mm), and TCEF + trehalose (75, 150 mm). Each experimental sperm group (sperm concentration: 9 × ×107 / ml) was kept at 4°C in a refrigerator. The impact of varying glucose and trehalose levels on the quality of the spermatozoa was assessed at different time points: after dilution and at 5, 24, 48, and 72 h of refrigeration. Results: After dilution, progressive motility (PM), total motility (TM), sperm viability (SV), functional integrity (FI), and acrosome integrity of G-75, G-150, T-75, and T-150 did not differ significantly from the control. The PM, TM, SV, FI, and acrosome integrity of sperm of T-150 were considerably lower than the control, G-75, G-150, and T-75 after 5 and 24 h of cool storage. The T-75 group showed superior PM, TM, and FI after 48 h of cool storage, with noticeably greater values than the other groups. Conclusion: This study indicates that trehalose is a more favorable sugar than glucose for 48 h cool storage of buck semen, providing greater advantages in PM, TM, and PMI. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 287–296, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l895