Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne disease of ruminants caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). Twenty-nine different serotypes of BTV are currently reported throughout the world. The main objective of this study is the development of a subunit vaccine model that could potentially be adapted to provide broad spectrum protection against multiple BTV serotypes, which the conventional vaccines fail to address. To this end, three different BTV proteins (conserved region of viral protein [VP]2, VP5 and NS1) were expressed and purified in an Escherichia coli expression system. The immunogenicity of these proteins was tested in murine models using the MontanideTM ISA 201 VG adjuvant. BALB/c mice were immunised thrice (with individual proteins and a mixture of three proteins) at two-week intervals and were monitored until Day 40 post-infection/vaccination. Protein-specific antibodies directed against the recombinant proteins were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutralising antibody (Nab) titres and cross-neutralisation against a range of BTV serotypes (BTV-1, -2, -4, -5, -9, -10, -12, -16, -21, -23 and -24) were determined by serum neutralisation test. The recombinant proteins elicited higher Nab titres compared with the inactivated vaccine group, except for BTV-1, where the inactivated vaccine group elicited higher Nab titres. Additive effect of the three proteins was not observed as the Nab titres generated with a combination of conserved VP2, VP5 and NS1 was similar to those of the individual protein groups. Whilst BTV-12 could only be neutralised by serum raised against the inactivated vaccine group, BTV-5 and -24 could not be neutralised by any of the groups tested. Our cumulative data suggest that the conserved regions of VP2 (cVP2), VP5 and NS1 could play an important part in the novel vaccine design against multiple BTV serotypes. Importantly, given that VP2 was already known to elicit a serotype-specific immune response against BT, we report, for the first time, that the conserved region of VP2 has the ability to induce cross-protective immune response.

The corona virus SARS-CoV-2 caused pandemic Covid-19 disease. At present there is novaccine or drug approved by FDA to treat Covid-19 disease. The high fatality rate and extremefast spreading of disease in the community make researchers to invent possible therapeuticinventions a global priority. Recent studies suggested that Chloroquine (ChQ) andHydroxychloroquine (HChQ) can be used for the treatment of Covid-19 patients. In-vitro testssuggest ChQ and HChQ have good efficiency towards SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this report, wehave reviewed latest literature information about ChQ and HChQ drugs to use for the treatmentof this pandemic.

Microbial resistance to antibiotics increase the risk of infection, so new approach wasinvestigated such as new plant extracts and nano technology, so this study designed to comparethe effects of Zinc oxide nanoparticles and Aloe Vera extraction in treatment of experimentalskin infection with MRSA. In vitro, both were effective against MRSA in well diffusions assay,while in vivo, both were showed antibacterial effects and enhance tissue healing compared withMRSA infective group with priority to Aloe Vera extraction

The aim of the study to evaluate the enhanced effect of aqueous extract ofrosemary on testis tissue in male rats after inducing hyperthyroidism by L–thyroxin andcompare with propylthiouracil effect. The animals (32 male rats) were divided into twogroups. The first group was a control group consists of 8 male rats that were treated withdistilled water for 12 days and the rest of the animals induced with hyperthyroidism bylevothyroxine 0.5 mg / kg subcutaneously for 12 days. After the induction, the animalswere divided into four groups each consists of eight male rats. The first group was thecontrol group and they were treated with distilled water for another 12 days, the secondgroup included male rats induced hyperthyroidism were treated with distilled water for 12days orally, while the third group included male rats induced hyperthyroidism that weretreated with propylthiouracil at a dose of 10 mg / kg for 12 days orally, and the fourthgroup included male rats induced hyperthyroidism that were treated with rosemary extractat a dose of 12 mg / kg for 10 days, orally. The results showed that rosemary extract led tocomplete healing of testicular tissue, unlike propylthiouracil.

The design and production of innovative and safer drugs attracted to organicchemists is urgently required in order to synthesize new compounds with the potentialof biological and chemotherapeutic activities. We're reporting here, the condensationof 4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonamide (sulphanilamide drug) with 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde(vanillin), yielded derivative of Schiff base in good yield. Elementalanalysis (CHN), IR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize thesynthesized compound. Using the Balb/c mouse model, the toxicity of thesynthesized compound was determined. The up and down method of Dixon wasfound to have a body weight of 1677.2 mg / kg LD50 and mild toxicity. The resultsshowed the ability of the prepared compound to improve the TWBC and DWBCvalues approach to control, giving HSV a less harmful effect than the sulfanilamidedrug.

Defects in insulin secretion by the pancreas and due to the cells may not respond properlyto insulin, hyperglycemia or diabetes will be occurred and cause to the failure in the eyes, heart,kidneys and liver function. Nowadays, researchers looking for natural adjunct treatments tocontrol diabetes. Camel milk is having anti-diabetic activity possibly because of insulin likeprotein (about 52 units/liter), that covered by fat micelles and can be an effective alternative forinsulin to treat type 1 and 2 and gestational diabetes. It is proved that camel milk is safe andeffective in improving long-term glycemic in the human patients and animal’s models. In onestudy, daily consumption of 500 mL raw camel milk for 16 week in type 1 diabetic patients(average age 20 years) decreased daily insulin dose and blood sugar. Also raw camel milk intype 1 diabetic cases for 52 week and 3 months caused to significant reduction in HbA1c, meanblood glucose and 30% reduction in required insulin dose. Type 2 diabetics cases consumed 500mL pasteurized camel milk for two months, that mean insulin concentration was significantlyincreased by the camel milk, but fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, blood pressure and insulinresistance did not influence. Therefore, according to the studies, raw camel milk in type 1diabetes patients caused to increase insulin secretion, reduce required insulin and insulinresistance. Camel milk has immune-modulatory effects on the pancreas β-cells. Camel milkinfluences insulin secretion via the proper activity of the pancreatic cells and insulin receptors.Also this special milk improves diabetes complications such as dysfunction in the kidney andliver function and diabetic wounds. In general, although according to the clinical trials, the rawcamel milk by 500 mL/day improved risk factors in diabetic patients. But it appears that morescientific studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of processing’s methods of camel milkon diabetes cases.

This experiment has been performed to assess the effect of partial substitution of fishmealwith lentil seeds in common carp growth performance, feed utilization and certain biologicalparameters (Fulton condition, Hepatic somatic index, Gills somatic index, Kidney somatic index,Spleen somatic index, Intestine Length index, Intestine weight index). Fish from a private fishfarm were acquired in province of Sulaimaniyah, Iraq. Average fish weight ranged from 95-99gm. Fish were divided into 5 treatment groups. The treatments were: T1: In fish diet 0% lentilseed was replaced with fishmeal, T2: In fish diet 5% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal, T3:10% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal, T4: 15% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal, T5:20% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal. There had been significant differences in weightgain, daily, relative, and specific growth rate as lentil seed replaced with fishmeal in fish diet.Feed Efficiency Ratio, Protein Efficiency Ratio and Fat Efficiency Ratio was significantly higherin T5 group than that of the other treated groups. No significant differences in the mean values ofHepatosomatic index, Spleensomatic index and Kidneysomatic index were detected. Significantdifference in the mean value of Condition Factor was found among treatment groups. Intestinelengthindex was significant among treatment groups according to fish weight while mean value showed non-significant cording to fish length. The performance and general health of thecommon carp were significantly improved by raw lentil seed. Due to their low price incomparison to fishmeal and commercially available in all markets, it is suggested to substitutethe fishmeal with raw lentil seed in commercial fish diet.

This study was carried out to investigate the harmful effect of water fluoridation on both(thyroid and adrenal gland) in adult male rats its weight about (400-300gm) exposed to sodiumfluoride(NaF) in the drinking water. We are used in this study (٣٠) adult male rats (albino) weredistributed randomly and divided into two equal groups (15 animals per group) . The first groupwas given normal water and considered as a control group (control group), while the second groupwere given drinking water with 100 ppm of sodium fluoride(NaF) (treated group). this study carriedout in the animal house in the college of Vet. Med.\ Tikrit University. blood was drawn through theeye pupil for periods (0,30,60 days) in order to measure the following parameters: Measurement ofGlutathione(GSH) concentration, total cholesterol and blood glucose concentration . In additiontaking tissue sections of the thyroid and adrenal glands.The results of this study showed thatexposure of animals to sodium fluoride at a concentration of 100 ppm in drinking water for (60)days cause adrenal and thyroid gland dysfunction, represented by a significant decrease in the levelof glutathione in blood serum on days 30 and 60 of the experiment and a significant increase in totalcholesterol and blood glucose concentrations.The results of the histological examination of thethyroid gland of the treated group showed hyperplasia of the epithelial cell layer lining the acini vesicles, and severe lipid changes were seen in the function of Reticularis in the histological sections of the thyroids gland of the same group animals. The results of this study confirmed theharmful effect of sodium fluoride(NaF) on thyroid and adrenal functions in addition to its effect onsome biochemical parameters that are indicative of the occurrence of harmful effects of somechemical compounds

This study tends to survey of common problems and diseases of fish aquaculture projects atRaparin administration area which have 76 projects, three species of Cyprinidae, common carp, grasscarp, silver carp, in earthen and concrete ponds. By achieve the history of the disease outbreaks andunderstanding management strategies which applied by farmers, on this bases the collection of samplesfrom different cases at different regions of Raparin area, clinical examinations done. The results of thisstudy indicate the blow diseases and problems of fish aquaculture projects. Bacterial infections,hemorrhagic septicemia, Bacterial enteritis, Infectious dropsy, skin ulceration. Fungal infections,Saprolegniosis, epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Parasitic infections, Gyrodyctylus infection,Ductylogyrus infection, Argulosis. Bad management represented by poor nutrition, low applyingoxygen, and bad water quality.

The objectives of current research were evaluate the efficacy of commercially availableNewcastle disease vaccine and determine the best vaccination program. A total number of 150one-day-old unvaccinated chicks were divided equally into 5 groups. One vaccination programwere used for each group which differ from each other while group 5 was unvaccinated controlgroup. Serum were collected from all groups and five chickens from each group were sacrificed.Afterward immunization HI geometric mean titer (GMT) rates were observed that bothseroconverted birds in Group 1 to Group 4 have risen statistically significantly, with statisticalsignificant changes. (p < 0.05). However, the birds in group 4 which had the best HI titers(147). The levels of ChIFN-γ was measured by ELISA, there were also higher in the vaccinatedgroups (group 1, 2, 3 and 4) than in the non-vaccinated group. Group 4 also had the best ChIFN-γ level. The higher values of lymphoid organs (spleen, Bursa of Fabricius and thymus) indiceswere in vaccinated groups are compared to non-vaccinated groups, while between vaccinatedgroups there was no significant different (P < 0.05). Commercial ND vaccines are effective andvaccination scheme of group 4 (live ND vaccine at 7th day of age by eye drop as primaryvaccine followed by live ND vaccine at 21st day of age by drinking water as booster dose) hasmore protective effects in broiler chicken.