This study tends to survey of common problems and diseases of fish aquaculture projects atRaparin administration area which have 76 projects, three species of Cyprinidae, common carp, grasscarp, silver carp, in earthen and concrete ponds. By achieve the history of the disease outbreaks andunderstanding management strategies which applied by farmers, on this bases the collection of samplesfrom different cases at different regions of Raparin area, clinical examinations done. The results of thisstudy indicate the blow diseases and problems of fish aquaculture projects. Bacterial infections,hemorrhagic septicemia, Bacterial enteritis, Infectious dropsy, skin ulceration. Fungal infections,Saprolegniosis, epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Parasitic infections, Gyrodyctylus infection,Ductylogyrus infection, Argulosis. Bad management represented by poor nutrition, low applyingoxygen, and bad water quality.

The objectives of current research were evaluate the efficacy of commercially availableNewcastle disease vaccine and determine the best vaccination program. A total number of 150one-day-old unvaccinated chicks were divided equally into 5 groups. One vaccination programwere used for each group which differ from each other while group 5 was unvaccinated controlgroup. Serum were collected from all groups and five chickens from each group were sacrificed.Afterward immunization HI geometric mean titer (GMT) rates were observed that bothseroconverted birds in Group 1 to Group 4 have risen statistically significantly, with statisticalsignificant changes. (p < 0.05). However, the birds in group 4 which had the best HI titers(147). The levels of ChIFN-γ was measured by ELISA, there were also higher in the vaccinatedgroups (group 1, 2, 3 and 4) than in the non-vaccinated group. Group 4 also had the best ChIFN-γ level. The higher values of lymphoid organs (spleen, Bursa of Fabricius and thymus) indiceswere in vaccinated groups are compared to non-vaccinated groups, while between vaccinatedgroups there was no significant different (P < 0.05). Commercial ND vaccines are effective andvaccination scheme of group 4 (live ND vaccine at 7th day of age by eye drop as primaryvaccine followed by live ND vaccine at 21st day of age by drinking water as booster dose) hasmore protective effects in broiler chicken.

The current study was carried out to demonstrate the ability of chicken liceMenacanthus stramineus to transmit Toxoplasma gondii by using PCR technique. Theblood was collected from the jugular vein of 85 chickens infested with ectoparasitesto investigate the existence of Toxoplasma gondii by latex agglutination test. Theresults showed that 42 (49.41%) of chicken were infected with lice, lice samples ofMenacanthus stramineus were collected from chickens infected with T.gondii forPCR investigation to confirm the presence of T.gondii in lice tissues and the resultswere revealed the presence of T. gondii B1 genein 18(42.85 %) samples.

Although sheep shearing is considered an important and a widely used process to cut offthe sheep’s wool, false wool shearing can cause serious problems by giving a chance to growbacteria. This study is aims to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the inflamedwounds after false wool shearing process and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Laurusnobilus extract against this bacteria. The results of bacterial growth showed that P. aeruginosaproduced characteristic colonies on nutrient agar with pigment pyocin and β- hemolysis on bloodagar and grew on MacConkey agar but did not ferment lactose sugar. In addition, the isolateswere positive for biofilm formation using polystyrene 96 well plate. Among 6 antibiotic agents,the highest resistance was found with novobiocin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline,respectively. Laurus nobilis extract had an antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. Theresults of this study revealed that hot and cold alcoholic extracts of Laurus nobilis with MICs6.5 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml and 50mg/ml, respectively, were more effective than hot water extract.

The objective of the study was to examine the normal liver using ultrasound technique formeasuring liver thickness, portal and hepatic veins diameter in clinically normal cattle, furthermore todetermine some liver lesions. Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the liver in 20 local cattle breeds ofdifferent ages 10 of them have exhibited clinical signs of chronic emaciation, icteric mucousmembranes and decrease in milk production moreover, the other 10 cows were clinically normal. Liverposition, diameter and texture were explored from the right side of the abdominal wall in standingposition, without anesthesia by using 3.5 MHz transducer, after hair moistening by alcohol. The largestliver thickness was measured at the 10 and 12 intercostal space and it was decreased gradually forward.Normal liver has an echogenic appearance of equally distributed white dots and had a uniform mildechogenicity, there were an anechoic round and tubular vascular structures, representing hepatic andportal veins while abnormal liver has multi-hypoechoic circles. It has been concluded that, Sonographyof normal liver can be utilized as a good diagnostic references in animals with liver diseases.

This study was carried out in animal house of Collage of VeterinaryMedicine/ University of Basrah. An attempt has been done to induce diabetic bystreptozotocin in male rabbits and investigation of the diabetes was induced oxidativestress and retina degeneration. Moreover, the purpose of this study was to isolate andevaluate the ameliorating effect of flavonoid extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves andglimephan in the prophylaxes or delay the development of diabetic retinadegeneration and scavenging free radical induced oxidative stress and diabetic retinadegeneration in male rabbits.The study was done on (32) adult male rabbits, theirweight ranged between (2000-2500g) and aged between 7-8 months. The malerabbits were divided randomly into four groups, each group consists of eight rabbitsas the following:Group1:- Male rabbits at (Negative controls(-ve)) administrated normal saline1mlorally for 30 days.Group2:- Male rabbits at(Positive control(+ve)) were given streptozotocin(65mg/kg B.W. dissolve in sodium citrate I.V.) for two days and remain for 30 days Group3:- Male rabbits were given streptozotocin( 65mg/kg B.W. dissolve insodium citrate I.V.) for two days, then treated with flavonoid extract of Ginkgo bilobaleave (500mg/kg B.W. orally administration) for 30days.Group4:- Male rabbits were given streptozotocin (65mg/kg B.W. dissolve insodium citrate I.V.) for two days, then treated with glimphan drug (0.1mg/kg orallyadministration) for 30 days.At the end of the experimental period, the blood samples were collected from heartby cardiac puncture for isolated serum and analysis biochemical parameters such asglucose, insulin, malonaldehyd (MDA),Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathioneperoxidase (GPx) concentrations and lipid profile. The results revealed a significant(P≤0.05) decrease of body weight, body weight gain and HDL concentrations inserum diabetic rabbits control(+ve) compared with control(-ve) while the resultsshowed a significant (P≤0.05) increase the glucose, insulin cholesterolLDL,VLDL,MDA and GPx concentrations in serum diabetic male rabbitscontrol(+ve) compared with control(-ve). The results obtained a significant decrease(P≤0.05) in body weight, body weight gain, SOD and HDL concentrations in serumdiabetic male rabbits control(+ve). While male rabbits treated with flavonoid extractof Ginkgo biloba the results observed a significant (P≤0.05) increase in body weightand body weight gain compared with control(+ve). Whereas the results wererevealed a significant(P≤0.05)decrease of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, LDL,VLDL.MDA and GPx concentration rabbits treated with flavonoid extract of Ginkgo bilobaleave compared with control(+ve) and glimephan also in addition, this extractimproved the retina degeneration.Histological examination observed manypathological changes in pancreas and retina in diabetic group but in treated withflavonoid extract of Ginkgo biloba, the histological changes were near to the normalstatus. It is concluded that good anti-diabetic activity, hypoglycemia effect andregeneration of retina. Based on these results, we suggested the possible utilization ofGinkgo biloba as a therapy to prevent diabetic complication and improved the retinadegeneration compared with another treated such as glimephan drugs.

This study was conducted to clarify the anatomical features of nasal cavity and larynx in Common Moorhen (Gallinula Chloropus)Birds. Five healthy birds were employed for anatomical study. The head of the birds were section sagittaly and transversely in a rostro-caudal succession, the nasal cavity was formed rostrally by the nostrils which were two holes, slit-like in shape located laterally at the upper part of the beak, the nasal cavity possess two conchae (rostal and middle),the rostral nasal conchae located opposite to the nostrils The larynx of birds showed as a triangular shaped - mound in the caudal part of the oropharyngeal cavity. It formed by the single (cricoids and procricoid) cartilages and paired arytenoid cartilages.

The present work aims to study the morpho-histological and histochemical structure ofgall bladder in white – eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) in college of veterinary medicine atuniversity of Basrah. Fifteen samples of adult healthy males were used, which divided in tothree groups. Each group include (5) male used for this study. Tissue sections stained withH&E, Mallory’s, PAS, Verhoeffs and Toluidine- blue. The result indicated that the gallbladder was appear to have blind ovoid- shaped with green color and situated in the middleventral surface of the right lobe of the liver. The histological examination revealed that itconsists of three layers (tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa or adventitia)

The project of research was carrying out to study the effect of N-acetylcysteine on thewounds which developed in the stomach after gastrotomy. Dogs were used in this study asexperimental animals. Dogs were divided into two groups' treatment and control; each groupcontains 5 animals. The surgical incision was closed by two layers of sutures using absorbentsutures then closed the muscle and skin using traditional steps. The treatment group was treatedusing 3% of N-acetylcysteine fluid topically on site of operation, as well as N-acetylcysteine(140 mg/kg/ day) was administrated orally for 7 days. Gross examination and clinical signswere recorded after 7 days of operation. Blood samples were collected before the surgery and 7days after the surgery for complete blood studies on blood samples in both groups.Additionally, tissue samples were taken from operation areas to study the histological change.Results of this study show that the healing of treated groups with N-acetylcysteine wasdisappeared after 3 days while in control groups the healing sings continued until 7 days aftersurgery. The mucous membranes in the group treated with N-acetylcysteine were healthiercomparative to the control group after 7 days of operation. Openings of the surgical area in thecontrol group suffered from adhesions led to hemorrhage during their separation while in thetreated group there were no adhesions. Blood analysis and liver enzymes tests showed anabsence of inflammation and regularity of all liver enzymes in the treated group. Finally, the treated groups showed the normal arrangement of tissue layers and no adhesion or increasing incollagen fibers.

Mycotoxins are fungal metabolic byproducts that can contaminate animal feedand human food. To investigate the incidence of mycotoxins in poultry feed inSulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq, 173 samples of feed (n =150) and feed ingredients(n = 23) were collected from 49 poultry farms and feed mills. The samples wereanalyzed to quantitatively determine the existence of five mycotoxins, namelyaflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, T-2, and zearalenone, using specific kits. All thetested samples contained ochratoxin at concentrations ranging between 1.0 and 6.0μg/kg and averaging 3.4 ± 0.1 μg/kg. About 94.8% of the feed and feed ingredientsamples contained a minimum of four mycotoxins in different concentrations. Thereis a need to understand the cumulative toxic effects better when several mycotoxinsoccur in animal feed, which may result in issuing new regulations about the maximumallowed concentrations of mycotoxins in feedstuff.