Metformin is a treatment used widely for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with few side effects and acts by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Lymphoma is one of the most common hematological malignancies in dogs. Chemotherapy is used mainly on lymphoma, but further research on developing anticancer drugs for lymphoma is needed because of its severe side effects. This study examined the anticancer effects of metformin alone and in combination with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glucose analog, on EL4 cells (mouse T cell lymphoma). Metformin reduced the metabolic activity of EL4 cells and showed an additive effect when combined with 2-DG. In addition, cell death was confirmed using a trypan blue exclusion test, Hochest 33342/propidium iodide (PI) staining, and Annexin V/PI staining. An analysis of the cell cycle and mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) to investigate the mechanism of action showed that metformin stopped the G2/M phase of EL4 cells, and metformin + 2-DG decreased MMP. Metformin exhibited anticancer effects as a G2/M phase arrest mechanism in EL4 cells and showed additive effects when combined with 2-DG via MMP reduction. Unlike cytotoxic chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs, metformin and 2-DG are related to cellular glucose metabolism and have little toxicity. Therefore, metformin and 2-DG can be an alternative to reduce the toxicity caused by chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs. Nevertheless, research is needed to verify the in vivo efficacy of metformin and 2-DG before they can be used in lymphoma treatments.

Peritoneal lymphomatosis (PL) is a rare lymphoid neoplasm in dogs. A nine-yearold spayed female Labrador retriever presented with pleural and peritoneal effusions. Diagnostic imaging revealed diffuse nodular to massive lesions in the mesentery, particularly in the caudal abdomen. While the superficial lymph nodes did not show significant changes, enlargement was observed in the intra-abdominal and intra-thoracic lymph nodes. Cytological and flow cytometric analyses of the effusion indicated the presence of large B-cell lymphocytes expressing CD3⁻/CD5⁻/ CD14⁻/CD21⁻/CD34⁺/CD45⁺/CD79a⁺. PL was diagnosed using diagnostic imaging and fluid analysis. This case report highlights the clinical and diagnostic features of canine PL.

Non-human primate (NHP) research faces challenges due to zoonosis risk and complex veterinary management yet lacks standardized guidelines for animal care. Therefore, we developed an advanced veterinary management protocol for NHP quarantine, anesthesia, and postoperative care. Three female 4 to 5-year-old cynomolgus monkeys were anesthetized and underwent various tests, including body weight, temperature, blood tests, urinalysis, microbiological monitoring, and physical and dental examinations. Ivermectin and medicated baths were administered to eradicate ectoparasites and endoparasites, and testing was repeated 30 days later. Following quarantine, we performed computed tomography and anesthesia maintenance for mastoidectomy. To relieve pain and maintain body weight, we administered tramadol intramuscularly 4 times/day for 3 days and meloxicam subcutaneously twice daily for 14 days. Feed replacements were provided. During the 33-day quarantine period, physical examinations revealed no abnormalities indicative of infectious diseases, and no specific clinical symptoms were observed. Through a preliminary test of anesthesia time, we selected ketamine 4 mg/kg + medetomidine 50 µg/kg for short experiments such as computed tomography, and ketamine 8 mg/ kg + medetomidine 50 µg/kg for intubation. Ten days after mastoidectomy, NHPs consumed 100 kcal/kg and recovered their body weight. This study offers advanced veterinary management guideline for NHP research. Such protocols can lead to more standardized and ethical practices in NHP research, thereby enhancing the quality of studies on NHPs and the translation of findings to human health and disease.

From 2008 to 2017, blood samples from 280 and fecal samples from 149 stray cats in Gwangju, South Korea, were examined for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), Dirofilaria immitis, and Giardia infections using commercial diagnostic tests. Overall, the combined prevalence of FeLV, FIV, D. immitis, and Giardia was 8.6%, 1.4%, 0.4%, and 2.0%, respectively. FeLV exhibited the highest prevalence rate among the 4 pathogens surveyed, both in the 2008–2009 (9.6%) and 2015–2017 (6.3%) surveys. The results of the feline Giardia study represent the first prevalence report of Giardia infection among stray cats in Korea.

Contagious ecthyma virus Large, oval, double-stranded DNA viruses from the family Poxviridae they are distinct from other poxviruses due to their unusual spiral coat.  Orf virus encoded highly conserved F1L gene, B2L gene, which codes for highly immunogenic envelope protein. Orf lesions were observed on the upper and lower lips, upper and/or lower eyelids, and around the mouth and nose of sheep. This study evaluated the histology and genetics of Orf virus in AL-Qadisyah sheep infected with infectious ecthyma. Positive histology is defined by the presence of subcorneal pustules, hydropic degeneration of necrotic keratinocytes, and epidermal hyperplasia with pronounced rete ridges. Samples were fixed in paraffin and sectioned into 5m slices. PCR on DNA-extracted samples was positive for both the B2L and F1L genes. Four positive samples were sequenced and recorded in GeneBank, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Histopathology and clinical symptoms can aid in the diagnosis of infectious ecthyma rapidly and affordably, whereas PCR distinguishes between identical diseases in endemic regions. Analyzing the divergence between the inferred amino acid sequences of the incomplete B2L gene in different strains from Iraq OK336711.1, OK336710.1, and other Indians, we found that two locations contain different amino acid changes, resulting in a nucleotide and amino acid identity of 97.8% and 97.6%, respectively. The F1L envelope protein of the Iraqi strain OK330734.1 was comparable to those of China and India, while the envelope protein of the Italian strain OK330733.1 was identical to that of Italy.  

The current study aimed to observe the morphological, and histological features of the small intestine (duodenum) in adult male and female swan geese. The study was carried out on 10 adult geese, with ages ranging from(one-two) years. These birds were used for morphological and histological study. The birds were weighed, then euthanized by injection of Ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly in the pectoral muscle. The coelomic cavity was dissected and photographed to identify the intestinal morphology and the location of organs. Duodenum were grossly described and measured (weight, relative weight, length, relative length, and diameter, relative diameter, and volume, relative volume). Histologically, the specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological study. The sections were stained using a (Hematoxylin-Eosin) and PAS stain. The morphological study showed that the small intestine is composed of three segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). The duodenum formed from a U-shaped tube occupies the pancreas, and the ileum appeared shorter part of the small intestine, the mucous membrane of the small intestine showed a clear velvet-like appearance by long finger-like shaped villi, different in size and shape. Conclusion: The duodenum formed a U-shaped tube occupying the pancreas, the mucous membrane of the small intestine showed a clear velvet-like appearance by long finger-like shaped villi, different in size and shape to increase the surface area of absorption. The mucosal glands different in size and shape occupied most of the lamina propria. The goblet cells showed high density toward the end of the intestine. The duodenum showed the largest surface area of villi than other organs of the digestive tract.

The foot infection is the most consequence of diabetes mellitus, which greatly increases the risk of lower limb amputation. Effective antibiotic therapy is crucial in the treatment of these illnesses. The gram-negative bacterial samples from individuals with diabetic foot infections are evaluated in this study for their pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. Eighty-foot ulcer patients in total were collected, and 115-gram negative bacteria were taken, identified, and confirmed for antibiotic sensitivity using several drugs from various families. Finally, the phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase, AMPC, and metallo-beta-lactamase MBL was performed. The results found different types of gram-negative bacteria isolated which are E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. Also, the results show the different percentages of resistance of these bacterial isolates to different types of antibiotics and also their different percentage in their sensitivity to different antibiotics. This research revealed that 50% of diabetic foot infections were caused by several microbes. The most often found gram-negative-bacteria were E coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. These bacteria were recovered from the taken cases. on the other hand, our study found a noted percentage of different isolated gram-negative bacteria for producing three types of beta-lactamase enzymes.

The current study was conducted to detect fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis in naturally infected broilers and layers chickens in Basrah province, Iraq, on the basis of clinicopathological findings, and blood alterations. Suspected samples were obtained from several locations in Basrah province (Al-Hartha, Abo Alkaseb, and Al-Qurnah). The result of this study showed some birds presented clinical symptoms like the chicken reduced feed efficiency, weight loss, ruffled feathers, labored rapid breathing, coughing, and reduced consciousness. The blood tests revealed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in WBCs, heterophils, and lymphocytes. The results of biochemical revealed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in (ALT and AST and troponin titer) compared with healthy birds. The macroscopical of the internal organs showed severe accumulation of white typical fibrinous exudate in the pericardial sac. In addition, there is an enlargement of the liver with obvious of white typical fibrinous exudate in the parietal surface of the liver. The histopathological section of the heart showed severe infiltration of inflammatory cells in the pericardial sac with fibrinous exudation. There is an edematous exudate in the myocardial muscle fibers. The histopathological section of the liver showed thick severe fibrinous exudate capsulated on the liver surface. The histochemical section of the heart and the liver showed bluish-positive staining of collagen and fibrin fibers that accumulate in the pericardial sac and in the hepatic capsular. The study concluded that fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis lead to an effect on the health status and performance of different species of chickens as a broiler or layer.

NF-B (Nuclear Factor Kappa B) is a crucial transcription factor that is essential for host survival during pathogen infection in animal and human. Therefore, it has been a main goal for numerous pathogens to modify cellular NF-κB activity to create an environment conducive to their survival within the host.  In the present study, the cell line type (SW480) was used as a model of colon cancer cells.  Subsequently and through using western blotting, the effect of ORF3 protein on TNF- induced NF-B activation was observed by detecting the NF-B p65 subunit in the nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. The results appeared that p65 translocated into the nucleus when stimulated by TNF-α in the control groups (GFP and mock cells). However, weak nuclear translocation was seen in ORF3-expressing cells. Moreover, the experiment revealed the ORF3 protein in SW480 inhibited the nuclear translocation of the p65 protein. After TNF-α stimulation, the difference in the band intensity of NF-κB protein in the nuclear fraction of control groups cells from each GFP group (A3) and mock cells (B3) was significantly higher compared with nuclear extract from Orf3expressed cells (C3 , P = 0.0001). In conclusion, the current study was confirmed that HEV ORF3 protein inhibits the activity of cellular NF-κB in human colon cancer cells.

The present study was conducted to molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in infected cows and it is infested ticks in Mosul, Iraq using nested polymerase chain reaction technique (N-PCR) and to investigate the phylogenetic analysis of A. phagocytophilum diagnosed in this study. A total of 50 blood samples (3 ml) were collected from cows in various areas of Mosul city. Additionally, 169 hard ticks were collected from different parts of infected cows. Results revealed that the infection rate of A. phagocytophilum in cows at Mosul city was 72% and in engorged female ticks was 81.2% using N-PCR technique. The infestation rate hard ticks on cows were 46% and four species of hard ticks were microscopically identified and classified includes Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (39.64%), Rhipicephalus turanicus (21.89%), Rh. sanguineus (23.07%) and Boophillus annulatus (15.38%) with significantly predominant Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. The individual sequencing analysis for five sequences of 16S rRNA gene includes: one extracted from cow blood and four extracted from engorgement female ticks. The sequences of A. phagocytophilum were recorded in the NCBI Genbank under the accession numbers (OR002120.1, OR002121.1, OR002122.1, OR002123.1 and OR002124.1). These sequences were highly identity (100%) to those sequences recorded in the NCBI Genbank such as (MT221233.1, MT221234.1) in Norway, (MK239930.1, MK239931.1) in Southern Korea, (MN170722.1, MN170722.1) in Spain, (MK814411.1, MK814412.1) in South Africa, (LC435049.1, LC435050.1) in Japan and (MH122889.1, OQ727069.1) in Poland, and Malawi respectively. This finding might be advantageous for the future studies and strategically control of this bacterium in the study area.