Nanoparticles have many characteristics that make them suitable for biological and medical applications. Uptake of thesenano particulates into animals and humans bodiesthrough different routes may exhibit potential side effects. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a common additivethat is increasingly used in consumer products, food,pharmaceutical dosage forms and cosmetic articles. In this study, the effects of oral administration of TiO2 nanoparticles (500 mg| kg .bw) for 60 days were investigated on kidney function and histopathological changes. The body weight gain and kidney/body weight ratio showed no significant changes in comparison with control group. There was a significant decrease in total thiol levels in kidney homogenate, the biochemical changes was supported by histopathologicalultration. In conclusion the data shows that the oral administration of TiO2 NPs may lead to renal toxicity in experimental rats.

Cellulitis is a serious problem for the poultry industry because of increased condemnations, carcass downgrading at processing, and higher labor costs to process affected flocks. In the present study, the prevalence of cellulitis was studied in 240 broiler chickens. The correlation between cellulitis and other systemic lesions of the same bird was investigated also. Moreover, identification of the causative bacterial agents was conducted focusing on E. coli and Salmonella isolates. The prevalence rate of cellulitis in examined broiler chickens was 38.3%. Cellulitis without systemic lesion was observed in 14.2% of birds while 24.2% of birds had cellulitis associated with other systemic lesions in the internal organs while hepatitis was the most frequent. The bacteriological examination revealed that of 253 samples collected, a total of 157 bacterial isolates were recovered (62.1%). Among the recovered isolates, E. coli was the most prevalent (126 isolates; 80.3%) as well as 4 Salmonella species (2.5%), 9 Proteus species (5.7%), 7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.5%), 3 Enterobacter species (1.9%) and 8 Staphylococcus aureus (5.1%). Serogrouping of E. coli isolates revealed that O125 was the most prevalent; 32%, followed by serogroups O158, O55, O78 as 24%, 12%, 10%, respectively, then both O1 and O8; 6% for each, and finally O15; 4%. Antibiogram of E. coli isolates showed a high sensitivity against enrofloxacin only (81%) while they were moderately sensitive to apramycin (65.9%) and colistin sulphate (61.9%) as well as ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime sodium (56.3% and 55.6%, respectively). On the other hand, high moderate degrees of resistances were observed against the other antimicrobials. Salmonella isolates showed complete sensitivities to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin while they were completely resistant to most of antimicrbials.

This study contains evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of hospital acquired infections. Hospital acquired infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity and provide challenge to clinicians. Measures of infection control included identifying patients at risk of nosocomial infections. Antiseptics and disinfectants are used extensively in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications. In particular, they are an essential part of infection control practices and aid in the prevention of nosocomial infection. This study investigated the nosocomial infection via isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens, the effect of detergents against isolated bacteria, and describes the histopathological tissue changes induced by the isolated bacteria in vivo study. Some bacteria resistant to disinfectants were prevalent and these bacteria had different effects on the human, Different pathological changes were seen experimentally by inoculation of these bacteria in mice.

This study was carried out on serum samples collected from broiler breeder chicken flocks vaccinated with avian influenza (AI) H5N1 inactivated vaccine. These flocks included 23 flocks aged 13 to 47 weeks reared in close houses in 7 sites; two vaccinated breeder flocks for HI antibody monitoring by 5 weeks interval samples and 8 flocks aged 41 weeks reared in different sites with identified females and males samples. The vaccine was used in a dose of 0.2 ml at 1 day in hatchery and revaccinated with 0.5 ml at age of 18 days, 19- 20 weeks and 40 weeks. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was carried out against homologous antigen. The study pointed out that AI H5N1 inactivated vaccine under field application induced irregular and low HI titres following the 1st two doses ranged from log 2 0.0 to 4.15 with great variation between flocks, where samples with titre 0-2 ranged from 20 to 100%. The 3rd dose at 19-20 weeks was essential to elevate HI titres 3.25 to 7.44 with more homogenizes flock immunity and lower percentage of titres 0-2 ( 0-20 %) and as measured by HI test. Revaccination of layer flocks at 40 weeks (fourth dose) improves flock immunity facing stress of egg production as evaluated by HI (5.52 - 6.33) and lower negative percentage (5.5-11.7%). Monitoring of breeder flock every 5 weeks is essential to detect proper time of revaccination as each flock has its HI antibody curve. There was a difference in HI tit re rang log 2 0.33 to 1.2 between male and female chicks reared in the same house, but this variation not affecting flock mean. Birds at aged 41 weeks having titres < log2 3 (Seronegative) were protected when exposed to contact with infected flock as showed no clinical signs or change in HI titres after 12 days. In conclusion the usage of homologous inactivated H5N1 vaccine in 4 doses in layer flocks was of value in improving chicken immunity to AI H5N1 wild strain circulate in our field

The prevalence rate of bacterial isolates of public health importance in pigeons was (28.16%). The incidence of bacterial pathogens differed according to health status of examined pigeons and ages either squabs or adults, as it gave the higher incidence in freshly dead squabs (33.33%) and in adults (28.57%) followed by diseased squabs (31.03%) and adults (26.67%) then finally slaughtered pigeons (25.56%). There was a wide range of bacterial pathogens isolated from nasal and cloacal swabs of diseased pigeons including C. jejuni, Citrobacter freundii, D. pneumoniae, E. coli, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, Mannheimia haemolytica, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, S. aureus and Y. enterocolitica. There were variations between the incidence and the species of pathogens isolated from cloacal and nasal swabs either in squabs or in adults K. oxytoca, Mannheimia haemolytica and Y. enterocolitica never isolated from adult. It was appeared that the deaths usually occurred due to combination of more than one bacterium. On the examination of internal organs slaughtered pigeons, there were differences in the incidences of bacterial isolation form different organs. Serological identification of most prevalent isolates revealed 5 Salmonella serovars including, 3 P. aeruginosa serogroups and 6 E. coli serogroups. All examined pathogens were sensitive to enrofloxacin followed by gentamicin then ciprofloxacin. In contrast, streptomycin then erythromycin and colistin sulphate showed the lowest effect. Among the isolates tested, P. aeruginosa was resistant to the most used antibiotics..Most isolated strains of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. and Y. enterocolitica from pigeons were elaborating enterotoxin. S. paratyphi A and S typhimurium var. copenhagen were 100% enterotoxigenic followed by S. typhimurium(83.33%) , E. coli O8 and Ps. aeruginosa I (75%) in each. On other hand, lower enterotoxin production was observed in Ps. aeruginosa A (46.15%) and E. coli O111 (44.44%).

A total of 1317 samples were collected; 1164 serum samples, 122 milk samples, 24 lymph nodes and 7 aborted foeti from buffaloes in 10 Governorates from farms and villages in Upper Egypt. The serological tests used for the diagnosis of brucellosis on blood sera were the Rose Bengal plate (RBT) , Buffered acidified plate antigentest (BABAT), EDTA modifiedstandard tube agglutination test (MSAT), Revanol test (RT). On the other hand, the milk ring test (MRT) was performed on buffalo-cow's milk. Suspected colonies were stained with Gram, s stain and Modified ZeilNeelson stain. The isolated Brucella organisms on antibiotic free Brucella agar medium were subjected to the following tests for biochemical identification tests as CO2requirement, H2S production, Urease activity, growth in the presence of dyes,The indirect solid phase ELISA technique was carried out according to serum and milk samples.Agar gel immune diffusion test (AGID) and PCR applied on isolated Brucella strains. The results of the serological tests wereRose Bengal test 34.7%, BAPA (37%), Revanol test (28.2%),modified SAT (23.7%), indirect ELISAwere (32.3%) and AGPT (33.8%)in this study.Brucellaorganisms from lymph nodes of slaughtered buffaloes by culturing method showed that 3 (13.64%) isolates(2) of B. melitensisbiovar 3 and (1)B. abortusbiovar1. The isolated strain from aborted foeti was one isolate (14.29%) typed as B.melitensisbiovar 3. isolated only from Beni-Suef.By milk ring test (MRT) milk samples were 10 (8.20%) of B. melitensis biotype 3. A multiplex was format that will allow the rapid identification of Brucella spp., B. abortus, and B.melitensis in a single test within 2 to 3 h. B. melitensis was identified at 731bp and B. abortus identified at 498bp. Finally, we made measures of the control program for eradication of brucellosis in buffaloes by a reasonable system of compensation, Veterinarians for field work and state laboratories capable of serological techniques.Also, information technology solutions and further logistic means as animal identification techniques are in any governorates in Egypt.

The present study is an endeavor to explore the relationship between induced hormonal alterations and ovarian activity in female rats. Fifty mature cycling female Albino rats were left for one week for acclimatization and offered balanced diet and water ad libitum. Animals were daily examined by vaginal smears to determine regularity of the estrous cycle. Rats were equally divided into 5 groups; control, hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, hypercorticosteroid and hypocorticosteroid. At the end of 3 cycles, individual sera were obtained to determine glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), estradiol and progesterone levels. Moreover, tissue specimens of the ovaries and the Fallopian tube were taken for histopathological examination. Results showed that all hormonal treatments induced alterations in the cellular characteristics of the cycle. Gonadosomaic index (GSI) did not show any remarkable variation. Alloxan or insulin treatments affected significantly serum glucose level in rats as. On the other side, hypercorticism led to marked elevation of glucose while hypocorticism showed no significant effect. Serum MDA showed significant elevation only in hyperglycemic and hypocorticoid groups. Hypoglycemia led to a significant decrease in serum estradiol while other treatments had no effect. Upon progesterone, hypoglycemia resulted in an increased level of the hormone while other treatments led to reduced levels of the hormone. It was evident that abnormalities of the adrenal corticosteroids and / or pancreatic insulin levels are concomitant with irregular estrous cycle as well as ovarian and Fallopian tube alterations which led to deviated gonadal folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis.

Fish with bacterial septicemic syndrome (BSS) exhibit very similar clinical signs regardless of the etiological agents. Members of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Edwardsiella, Streptococcus and Lactococcus species are considered the most reported bacterial pathogens incriminated in such syndrome. Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae are 3 major pathogens share in the BSS associated losses in aquaculture and considered problematic for growth of tilapia and catfish production in Egypt. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis is highly needed for controlling their disease outbreaks, particularly, in mixed infections. In an attempt to elucidate the main causative pathogen, a novel multiplex PCR (m-PCR) was newly designed in this study. The developed m-PCR involves amplifying the three multiple genes in single reaction based upon primers deduced from the regions carrying 16S rRNA, etfA and 16S RNA genes of A. hydrophila (Aeromonas spp.), E. tarda and S. iniae, respectively. Prior to perform m-PCR, individual PCR assays were carried out to adapt suitable laboratory and m-PCR assays conditions. The specificity of the developed m-PCR was confirmed by the fact that only specific fragments were amplified equivalent for 953, 415 and 300 bp corresponding to A.hydrophila, E. tarda and S. iniae, respectively, and that was evident with both extracted DNAs and the bacterial cells. More specifically, these specific bands were obtained also when either the extracted DNAs or the bacterial cells of the three pathogens mixed together in the reaction. The developed m-PCR is accurate, sensitive, fast and simple technique for the simultaneous detection of A. hydrophila (Aeromonas spp.), E.tarda, and S. iniae, three major bacterial pathogens involved in BSS incidence in Egypt.

The current study was performed to evaluate the effect of acute and chronic hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol and thioacetamide respectively on serum hormonal levels and biochemical parameters. Female Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 equal groups (C), (P) and (T). Group (C) were kept as control, group (P) were received paracetamol orally (500 mg/kg b.wt) daily for 15 days and those of group (T) were injected thioacetamide (200 mg/kg b.wt) intraperitonialy twice/ week for 90 days. In P group, results revealed significant elevation in liver enzyme activities (ALT, AST and ALP), T4, insulin (7th day), estrogen (7th and 15th days), triglycerides (7th day) and cholesterol levels throughout the experiment while serum proteins and T4 (15th day) showed significant decreased values. Whereas, at 90th days of chronic intoxicated group (T) resulted in significant elevation in liver enzyme activities (ALT, AST and ALP), bilirubin, estrogen, T4, triglycerides (60th and 90th days) and T3 (120th day). While the levels of T4 and cortisol (60th day), serum total protein, albumin, globulin (90th day) and insulin (120th day) showed significant decreased values when compared to control group. In conclusion, both paracetamol and thioacetamide cause different degrees of damage in liver of rats leading to clear changes in their hormonal and biochemical profiles.

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of boron supplementation in ration of rams on their productive activity and semen quality. For that purpose, twelve rams were divided into two groups (6 rams/ each). Rams of the first control group were fed the basal ration. Concerning the second group (boron group), the rams were fed the basal ration plus 400 mg boric acid (BA) / kg diet as a source of boron. The rams in both groups fed their corresponding ration for 4 months ad libitum. Blood samples were collected monthly throughout the experimental period. Semen samples were collected at the 12th and 16th weeks of the experiment. The results clarified that the serum levels of tetraiodotyrosine (T4) were observed to be elevated significantly (P<0.05) with growing of age in the rams fed B, but they didn't change in the control group. In addition, the semen quality was maintained normal with boronsupplementation as the individual sperm motilities and live/dead sperm cells percentages were similar to control. Also, boronsupplementation didn't induce any adverse effects on the serum levels of Mg when compared to control group. Thus, boronis considered a potential and useful supplement in ration of rams to improve the thyroid activities and didn't induce any adverse effects on either semen quality or serum magnesium level in rams.