This study includes three parts: isolation of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroid fragilis from 94 stool samples collected from different hospitals in Baghdad city from the beginning of March/2020 to the end of April/2021. Stool samples were streaked on BBE media in an anaerobic condition for 24-48h. Identification of Fragilis was done based on morphological characteristics on BBE media: gray convex small rounded colonies surround black zone colonies and molecular method using specific genes 16S rRNA and bft gene. Results showed 34 Fragilis isolates were positive for the 16S rRNA gene and 5 Fragilis positive for the bft gene were classified as Enterotoxigenic Fragilis (ETBF). ETBF isolate which was positive for the bft gene and 16S rRNA was purified by using the Van Tassel method. 30 male mice were divided into three groups with 10 mice for each group the first group as control, the second group is positive control mice administered daily2% dextran sulfate sodium for 30 days, the third group mice administered by stomach tube 2%DSS for 10 days after 10 days mice administered with 20 µg of bft toxin by stomach tube for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, all groups of mice were killed by euthanized ethics. Tissue samples (liver, intestine, and spleen) from mice were removed. The organs were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological techniques. Histopathological changes in the third group, in the liver section of a mouse inoculated with DSS+bft toxin, showed: necrotic hepatocytes and dilated sinusoids with hemorrhage. Histopathological changes in the intestine section of a mouse inoculated with DSS+bft toxin showed: sloughing and degenerated villi and shorten villi. Histopathological changes in the spleen section of a mouse inoculated with DSS+bft toxin showed: amyloid infiltration and all lymphoid follicles depleted with necrotic lymphocytes

The present study has been conducted for the detection of gastrointestinal parasites isolated from cats and dogs in Basrah province from November 2018 to January 2019. One hundred fecal samples were collected from cats and dogs. Samples were submitted to the parasite’s lab in college of veterinary medicine of Basrah university. for diagnoses by direct microscopic examination and concentration methods. Gastrointestinal parasites of cat identified in this study were: Toxascaris leonine 58.8%, Toxoplasma gondii 11.7, Isospora spp   11.7%, Entamoeba spp.17.6% , and for dog were Dipylidium caninum 21%, Toxocara canis 10.5%, Isospora canis 36.8%, Cryptosporidium spp. 5.2%, Giardia spp. 10.5%, Entamoeba spp. 5.2% , Ancylostoma caninum 10.5%,

Serratospiculum species was diagnosed in thoracic cavity and air sacs of 15 starlings, with a percentage of 30% out of 50 starling birds examined for the first time in Mosul city/Iraq. Numbers of adult white worms were detected in the thoracic cavity ranging from 3-20 worms with mean intensity was 7.9. Large numbers of embryonated eggs were detected in the impression smears from the respiratory tract and uterus of worms measuring 52.4x25.93 µm with ranging 50-55x25-28.5 µm. These worms were characterized by possessing cuticular orientation, particularly in the anterior end. The female's posterior end is pointy, and her uterus is packed with a huge quantity of eggs. Moreover, the male's posterior end is characterized by the presence of spicules and papillae. At gross examination air saculitis and pneumonia were the most common lesions in infected birds. Histologically, embryonated eggs, adult worms with mild focal hemorrhage, mild myocardial degenerative changes, congestion of blood vessels and focal infiltration of lymphocytes, and plasma cells were diagnosed in the myocardium and lung tissues.

This study aimed to find out how different stress conditions (like temperature and pH) affect Salmonella enterica biofilm formation. This was done by looking at the phenotypic and genotypic features of isolates. 12 Salmonella enterica Isolate from animals, and 13 Salmonella enterica Isolate from people were used. S. enterica isolates were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at (37°C, 25°C, and 42°C), and at pH levels (7, 5, and 9). The results revealed that the percentage was 52% in the standard conditions (temperature 37ºC and pH 7) while, in another condition, observed in the same temperature (37 °C) but with pH differences (pH 5, pH 9). S. enterica, did not produce biofilm. As for the stability pH in the, pH 7 with a change in, the temperature at 25°C percentage, biofilm produce (44%) while in 42 °C (64%). The detection rates of genes, biofilm-related PCR was used to find BapA and CsgD, were 100%. Although the biofilm formation of the phenotype did not give 100% results, the genotype gave 100%, which indicates that the gene is present but not expressed. Based on the findings in this study provided valuable information on the biofilm formation of Salmonella isolated from animals and humans.

In this project, 270 broiler chickens one day old were used to demonstrate the effect of the addition of the amino acid cysteine ​​added to the diets of birds contaminated with aflatoxin B1 on the liver and kidneys. The experiment was divided into 9 equal groups; & each group had 30 birds with 3 replicates, and each replicate had 10 birds. The control group was without addition. As for the treated groups, cysteine, ​​and aflatoxin B1 were added to their diets at 40%, 80% & 160% cysteine, and aflatoxin B1 was added at 0 ml, 4 ml & 8 ml, respectively. The variables collected were liver & kidney histopathology, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. When adding cysteine to a bird's diet contains Aflatoxin B1 not observed in blood ALT amount. The histopathological examination showed fibrosis in the liver and degeneration and dilatation of cortical tubules in the kidney. The amount of AST in the blood was greater at 28 days of age, specifically in G2 (Cysteine 80%) &G3 (Cysteine 160%) at Aflatoxin B1 0 ml, which caused significant damage to the liver. The giving of cysteine 40, 80& 160% in birds' feed contaminated with AflatoxinB1 0, 4& 8ml, which is intake by birds, has harmful effects on the health of the liver.

The current investigation was done to study the characteristic anatomical features of the trachea in the swan geese (Anser cygnoides). For that purpose, the methods included using 10 birds (5 males 5 females) collected between October and March. The birds were euthanized, the trachea was collected, and features such as location, relationship, length, weight, and volume were reported. The results revealed that the trachea was located between (caudally) first tracheosyrnigeal cartilage border and (rostrally) in the caudal border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx. The skeleton of the trachea and each ring of the tracheal cartilages included both broad and narrow regions, with the broad parts of adjacent rings overlapping the narrow parts of the adjacent rings. The trachea was joined to two muscles. Sternotracheolaryngeus muscles, also called sternotrachealis muscles, are a pair of large skeletal muscles securely attached to the trachea at the tenth ring of the distal half, cranial to the pessulus cartilage of the syrinx. They are easy to see, face forward, and come from the craniolateral process of the sternum.  This serves as the primary origin of the caudolateral and caudomedial extrinsic muscles of the larynx. This study clearly shows the characteristic features of the trachea of the swan geese that could be useful buildups for future studies that deal with different sciences related to this important bird.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of nano-capsulated ivermectin on the liver and kidney function and oxidative status in mite infested-rabbits, compared to ivermectin. Additionally, the ivermectin residue profile in adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and kidney was evaluated. For this purpose, nano-capsulated ivermectin was prepared and characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and cytotoxicity assay on Vero cells. To assess the effect of dose escalation of nano-capsulated ivermectin, one-hundred naturally mite-infested male rabbits were divided into four groups (G1-G4; n=25). Rabbits kept in G1 were left untreated (positive control), while rabbits kept in G2 and G3 received subcutaneously 200 and 400 μg/kg body weight ivermectin, respectively, at zero-day and repeated after two weeks of the first injection. Rabbits in G4 were treated with 200 μg/kg nano-capsulated ivermectin at zero day as a single dose. Additionally, twenty-five healthy male rabbits (G0) were used as a negative control. The efficacy was assessed based on clinical manifestations, liver and kidney function, and oxidative stress parameters. Ivermectin residues were measured in fat, liver, muscle, and kidney using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that the size of the nano-capsulated ivermectin was 35.4 nm with a narrow size distribution of 0.578 polydispersity indexes. A significant improvement in liver and kidney functions (P

Background: Bovine brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease in Albania. Both, Brucella abortus and B. melitensis have been isolated from ruminants. National control and eradication programs for brucellosis are applied in sheep and goat farms as well as on larger dairy cattle farms. A study was performed in beef cattle farms, to assess herds and within herd prevalence. The prevalence of bovine brucellosis in small dairy herds was unknown and its importance has been largely neglected. The current study aimed to assess the herd and within herd prevalence of bovine brucellosis in small bovine herds and to provide scientific evidence for establishing an evidence-based approach to control the disease in this subset of the population not previously included in the national eradication program. To achieve this objective, a statistical survey was designed and implemented in small dairy herds in the Lushnja district where samples from statistically selected herds were serologically tested in parallel with Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Methodology: In total, 120 dairy herds were randomly selected from a list of 1,955 registered herds: from these selected herds 368 blood samples were collected from all animals older than 12 months, and their sera were tested using RBT, FPA, and c-ELISA. Results: The test results revealed no positive or suspect cases. Based on these results, we are confident (P ≤ 0.05) that currently in the Lushja district, Brucella spp is not circulating in this subpopulation of cattle. This deduction is supported by analyses of the main risk factors, other epidemiological data and the perceptions of official and private veterinarians. Conclusion: This is the first structured survey of bovine brucellosis in small dairy herds in Albania. In conclusion, our study results and our findings show that the epidemiological status of bovine brucellosis in the Lushnja district is encouraging. A test and slaughter control program appears to be appropriate in smaller herds. The approach used in this pilot study could be extended to establish the prevalence of brucellosis in other districts, the result of which would establish the basis for rational control measures in the smaller herds of cattle.

An outbreak of brucellosis in a dairy mixed farm with a total of 508 animals at Fayoum governorate, North Upper Egypt was investigated. The present study showed that extensive animal farming was a potential risk factor for interspecies transmission of brucellosis. The seroprevalences of brucellosis using Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Buffered Acidified Plate Antigen Test (BAPAT) were (9.5%) in cattle, (35%) in sheep, and (50%) in camels. The milk ring test (MRT) identified fewer positive cases than BAPAT and RBPT due to less sensitivity to detect low concentrations of antibodies in milk or due to fat clustering factors. Therefore, MRT cannot be used alone to get rid of the infection inside the farm. A total of 31 Brucella isolates were recovered from cows and sheep on the farm. Bacteriological examination and molecular confirmation of isolated Brucella species using AMOS-PCR confirmed that all isolates were typed as Brucella melitensis biovar 3. AMOS-PCR was a perfect method for rapid, sensitive, and accurate Brucella detection at the species level. The strategy of test and slaughter has been applied to eradicate brucellosis from the farm. The early release of the herd out of the quarantine should be avoided especially under unhygienic conditions and lack of controlled movement of animals. However, the animal population must be subjected to successive serological examinations for the exploration of animals that may be still incubating the disease. Despite 50% of male camels being seropositive, no clinical signs have been reported. Mixed breeding systems have to be avoided and the application of biosecurity practices as well fair compensation policy for owners should be implemented.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that has serious animal welfare and economic consequences worldwide. In mammals, this stealthy intracellular pathogen causes abortion and infertility, and in humans, it produces a terrible febrile illness that can progress into a long-term condition with serious implications. The pathogenicity of brucellae is based on their ability to survive and replicate in host cells, which allows them to escape from the immune system. The gold standard test for diagnosis, which demands competence, is still isolation and identification. Advancements in diagnostic procedures and screening of recently infected animals are required to achieve effective control. Despite their drawbacks, the most widely used vaccine strains to protect against Brucella infection and relevant abortions in cattle are B. abortus strains S19 and RB51 and in small ruminants is B. melitensis Rev1. However, there are no safe vaccine candidates for humans. Therefore, it is critical needs to improve vaccine production using advanced techniques such as subunit vaccines that are both effective and safe. Studying the overview of the Brucella immune response mechanism and advances in the diagnosis procedures allow more understanding of effective control strategies. The current review provides an overview on the immune response and updates on the diagnosis and control of brucellosis based on published literature on different search engines