This study was planned to evaluate the adaptive and innate immune responses by preparing and evaluating the immunizing and protective efficacy of an inactivated whole gram-negative bacteria and their crude antigens with natural adjuvant Nigella sativa (N.S) oil compared with Freund’s adjuvant (FA) then detected differential and total white blood cell count to each group in addition to cytokines responses to humoral and cellular immune responses determined by ELISA.Results of this study showed that the total leukocyte count was increased in all adjuvant groups compared with a control group and the leukocyte differential count was performed and the result indicated that the lymphocyte was increased in the group of N.S. oil adjuvant, and it was statistically significant in N. S. adjuvant with killed bacteria (G4). In contrast, monocyte percentage has increased in the two groups of Freund's vaccine adjuvant.Concerning adaptive immune responses, Freund's vaccine adjuvant directs the immunity toward cell-mediated immunity, on the other hand, the N. S. vaccine adjuvant directs the immunity toward humoral immunity as revealed by the results of ratio of IFN-γ /IL-4.In conclusion, the uses of N. S. vaccine adjuvant directed the immunity toward TH2 responses, on the other hand, Freund's vaccine adjuvants guide the immunity toward TH1 immune responses.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of using feed treated with enzymes on some anatomical characteristics in rumen of lambs. This study was conducted in the animal field/ College of Agriculture/ University of Basrah. Sixteen Arabi male lambs aged 4-5 months and weighted 22.25 kg were used. Lambs were randomly distributed into four treatments, with four animals for each treatment. The concentrated diet was mainly consisting of 54% barley, 30% bran, 10% ground yellow corn, 5% soybeans, and 1% vitamins and mineral salts. Lambs were fed 3% of their live body weight. The studied diets consist of 60% concentrated feed and 40% of roughage without or with the addition of 10 gm of lignin peroxidase enzyme, or 40% of the concentrated feed and 60% of the roughage as well without or with the addition of the enzyme. The groups fed a diet supplemented with enzymes showed significantly high papillary length, breadth, and surface area of the rumen (P<0.05) compared to the control group. The results also showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on the amounts of feed consumed and the weight gain in the groups fed a diet supplemented with enzymes compared to the control group. I

 The study was conducted at the College of Agriculture / Department of Animal Production / University of Basrah. This study aimed to determine if taurine was used as an antioxidant outside the body; it is a non-essential amino acid that contains sulfur. Its chemical formula, C2H7NO3S contains a sulfonate group instead of the carboxyl group. The antioxidant activity was measuredusing the DPPH radical, measuring the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, the ability to bind the ferrous ion, and the reducing power. The study results showed that the synthetic antioxidant and the DPPH radical of taurine acid had very different antioxidant activities. Moreover, taurine acid has the ability to scavenge and capture hydrogen peroxide and bind ferrous ions, as the results showed significant superiority (P<0.05) over the artificial antioxidant BHT. Taurine also showed a significant increase in its reduced power. 

         As a chemotherapeutic agent, bleomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that is used to treat cancer. However, it is linked lung toxicity. Hidrosmin is a man-made flavonoid that reduces inflammation and protects cells from damage. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin with the potential to reduce lung fibrosis. The experiment randomly assigned forty mature male rats into five groups. Group 1: control group with DMSO (5 ml/kg) for 20 days; Group 2: bleomycin intratracheally (5 mg /kg) on day seven of the experiment, Group 3; hidrosmin orally (300 mg/kg/day) for 20 days + BLE intratracheally (5 mg/kg) on day seven; Group 4: vitamin C orally (100 mg/kg/day) for 20 days + BLE intratracheally (5 mg/kg) on day seven; Group 5: hidrosmin orally (300 mg/kg/day) + vitamin C orally (100 mg/kg/day) daily for 20 days; and BLE (5 mg/kg) on day seven. The experiment randomly assigned forty mature male rats into five groups. The first group got DMSO (5 ml/kg) every day as a control. The second group got bleomycin intratracheally (5 mg/kg) on the seventh day of the experiment. The third group got hidrosmin orally (300 mg/kg/day) for 20 days and BLE intratracheally (5 mg/kg) on the seventh day. The fourth group got vitamin C orally (100 mg/kg/day) for 20 days and BLE intratracheally (5 mg/kg) on day seven. The fifth group got hidrosmin orally (300 mg/kg/day) plus vitamin C orally (100 mg/kg/day) every day for 20 days and BLE intratracheally (5 mg/kg) on the seventh day.

The present study was conducted at College of Veterinary Medicine– University of Basrah. Ten adult's mature female domestic cats (Himalayan) and five mature males were used in the study to investigated the reference value of some hematological and biochemical parameters at different reproductive status. The cats divided into five periods non-pregnant, pregnant at first, second and third trimester and after parturition (lactation) period, the cat housed in special room in a hotel for cats in Basra city. The results showed non-pregnant cats exhibited normal value of hematological parameters like red blood cell, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume. Mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, while red blood cell, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume showed significantly decreased with advanced period of gestation and lactation. white blood cell showed increased significantly in late gestation and lactation periods, serum level of liver enzymes ALT increased in lactation period and ALP increased in third trimester and lactation period. Lipid profile like total cholesterol and triglyceride showed increased significantly in third trimester and lactation periods, urea and creatinine appeared increased in third trimester only. It is concluded that some of blood and biochemical parameters are exchange with advanced period of gestation and lactation period. 

Plastination is a method of long-term preservation of biological tissues with a completely visible surface and high durability. Plastinates are devoid of harmful effects like formalin, and they serve as excellent teaching tools in education. In addition, it’s an outstanding tool to study cross-sectional anatomy. The plastination technique has three major methods: silicone plastination, sheet plastination with the epoxy method, and sheet plastination with the polyester method.

The disease commonly referred to as Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis Syndrome can be vexing and challenging to control, with an incidence ranging from 0.7% to 12.0%. The presence of several conflicting claims can cause significant confusion for general practitioners, ultimately compromising their ability to provide effective clinical care and negatively impacting the well-being of their patients. This multifactorial disease is significantly associated with multi-environments for cats. Having standards would greatly assist the whole profession by providing general practitioners with the necessary tools to handle these patients confidently and determine whether a referral is necessary. The current primary course of action entails the removal of teeth, specifically the premolars and molars, rather than relying solely on medicinal treatment. Following surgical treatment, cats' outcomes can be broadly divided into three groups: remissions, notable improvements, and minimal improvements. Most cats that get surgical treatment require simultaneous medication therapy to reduce inflammation, with some needing ongoing medical maintenance for the rest of their lives. Emerging methods like mesenchymal stromal cell therapy have potential favorable outcomes for patients.

The Babesia is one of the most important parasites transmitted by hard ticks and is responsible for high infection and mortality rates in sheep herds in various countries of the world. The current study included the diagnosis of the Babesia parasite in 260 blood samples collected from sheep from different areas of the city of Mosul. Thin blood smears were prepared from them, stained with the Giemsa stain, and examined by using the light microscope. The Babesia species was diagnosed in 112 blood samples, with a total infection rate of 43.07%. Two species of Babesia were diagnosed: The large-sized Babesia (Babesia motasi) with a measurement rate of (3.76±0.83) x (2.39±0.78) and a range of (2.5-5) x (1-5) microns and small sized Babesia (Babesia ovis) with a measurement rate of 1.81±0.58 x (1.1±0.47) microns, with a range of (1-2.5) x (1.1-2.1) microns. The current study also included the possibility of using the fluorescent Acridine orange stain (AO) to stain 50 sheep blood samples. This stain was distinguished by its easily and speed in diagnosing infection with the Babesia parasite in blood smears within two minutes. This stain is useful in survey and epidemiological studies, but it is not useful in the specific identification of the parasite

Dried clove powder (Eugenia caryophyllata) was purchased from a local traditional market, while Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was sourced from natural farming. Water extracts of both cloves and Alfalfa powder were obtained using a Soxhlet apparatus, and the extracts were then freeze-dried. These extracts were utilised as natural antioxidants. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were purchased from a local market and transported alive to the laboratory. After chilling for 24 hours, fish fillets were removed from the refrigerator and cut into uniform pieces (3×3×3 cm). These pieces were randomly assigned to four treatments for each additive. Fish samples were immersed in 100 ml of antioxidant solution at concentrations of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of clove, Iranian alfalfa, and local alfalfa extract solutions, respectively, and left at room temperature for one hour. The control treatment (T1) without any supplements showed significantly higher levels of lipid oxidation and pH compared to the other treatments. The addition of 2% clove significantly affected moisture%, showing the lowest value, while significantly increasing water holding capacity%. The cooking loss percentage was significantly higher in the control and Iranian alfalfa treatments compared to the other treatments. The control treatment also showed significantly higher Mb (myoglobin) and Met-Mb% (metmyoglobin) compared to the other treatments. There were no significant differences (p<0.01) observed in terms of flavour, tenderness, or overall acceptability. Iranian Alfalfa and the control treatment were significantly higher (p<0.01) in fish meat colour.

The current study aimed to investigate the impact of adding an alcoholic extract of Eruca sativa seeds and lead acetate to drinking water on some biochemical blood parameters and liver histological changes of broiler chickens. A total of 144 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks, with an initial weight of 40 grams, were randomly distributed into four treatments (each treatment included 36 birds) with three replicates for each (12 birds per replicate). The first treatment was the control group (without any addition); the second treatment added 350 mg of lead acetate per liter of drinking water; the third treatment added 250 mg of the alcoholic extract of Eruca sativa seeds per liter of drinking water, and the fourth treatment added 350 mg of lead acetate and 250 mg of the alcoholic extract of Eruca sativa seeds per liter of drinking water. The results indicated a significant increase (p≤ 0.05) in the total protein and globulin concentration in the third treatment. In contrast, a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in the total protein and globulin concentration was observed in the second treatment compared to the other treatments. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly (p≤ 0.05) increased in the second treatment compared to other treatments. A significantly higher (p≤ 0.05) amount of lead concentration was found in the blood serum, breast muscle, liver, and feces of second treatment. On the other hand, these parameters were significantly (p≤ 0.05) decreased in the third treatment compared to the others.