Out of 63 bacteriologically examined sanguineous fluids samples which were collected from Oedematous Skin Disease (O.S.D.) lesions, 37 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis (C.p.) were recovered. The sensitivity tests revealed that isolates were highly sensitive to trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole, amoxycillin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin. Diphtheria toxin (DT) produced by C. pseudotuberculosis of buffalo was determined by using the double immunodiffusion technique, it was applied on concentrated exotoxins which was prepared from C.p. isolates against Diphtheria toxin antiserum, its results were 15 (40.54%) positive and 22 (59.46) %) negative to presence of DT. Virulence of isolates having only phospholipase D ( PLD) or both PLD and DT was assayed by S/C inoculation of exotoxines prepared from isolates in guinea pigs, 15(40.54%) guinea pigs died within 18 hours while 22 (59.46%) guinea pigs died during 48 hours. An important point in this investigation that there have been very rare previous reports describing the production of DT by local isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis of buffalo.

A total of one hundred meat products samples; 20 each of camel's minced meat, burger, rice kofta, frankfurter and luncheon were collected from different supermarkets at Cairo and Giza Cities. All samples were exposed to bacteriological examination and showed that the mean values of aerobic plate count, psychrophiles, coli forms, fecal coli forms, S. aureus, and B. cereus in examined camel's minced meat, burger and rice kofta were higher than luncheon and frankfurter. E. coli, Salmonellae, S. aureus and B. cereus, L. monocytogenes were isolated from examined camel's meat products by different percent. The public health significance of the isolated microorganisms as well as suggestions for improving the quality of the camel meat products were discussed.

Fetal weight and the placenta of sheep at high altitude (HA) are affected by hypoxia. Placental changes (an increase in placental size and vascularization) are greater in ewes from populations that have lived for several generations at HA than in those exposed during just 1 gestation. This study investigated placental expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), 2 molecules involved in placental angiogenesis that could be upregulated by hypoxia. Two groups of ewes were maintained at HA (3589 m) during pregnancy: HA-native ewes (group HH) and ewes native to lowlands but moved to HA immediately after the diagnosis of pregnancy (group LH). A control group (LL) was kept at sea level. Near term, placentomes were removed, weighed, and processed for immunohistochemical detection of VEGF and eNOS, as well as for vascular area measurement. Placental weight was significantly higher in the HH group than in the LH and LL groups; between the latter 2 groups there was no significant difference. The placental area occupied by vasculature was significantly greater in both the HA groups than in the LH group; the number of placentomes was greatest in the LL group. The density of VEGF and eNOS in the placentome tissue was significantly greater in both HA groups than in the LL group. Although the density of VEGF was significantly lower in the HH group than in the LH group, no differences were observed in eNOS density between the HH and LH animals. These results demonstrate that chronic hypoxia upregulates the expression of placental VEGF and eNOS, suggesting an important role of these molecules in the placental response to HA hypoxia. In addition, an attenuated response to hypoxia in VEGF synthesis may be part of the long-term process of adaptation to HA.

Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are important foodborne pathogens in Canada. VTEC of the O157:H7 serogroup have been the focus of regulatory action and surveillance in both Canada and the USA, due to their role in a number of high profile outbreaks. However, there is increasing evidence that other VTEC serogroups cause a substantial proportion of human illness. This issue is of particular importance to the cattle industry due to the role of beef as a vehicle for VTEC transmission. In this review, the evidence for non-O157 VTEC as cause of human illness in Canada and the potential for Canadian beef and cattle to serve as a source of VTEC are presented. In addition, the available strategies for the control of VTEC in cattle and beef are discussed.

The direct effects of ketamine-xylazine (KET-XYL) on vascular function have not been investigated in rabbits. The short-term cardiovascular effects of intravenous (IV) KET-XYL bolus injection, therefore, should be investigated using vascular ultrasonography.In this prospective experimental study, KET-XYL anesthesia was induced IV in 9 female New Zealand White rabbits before 3 defined test bolus injections of KET-XYL were given IV. Before and for 10 min after each KET-XYL injection vascular and hemodynamic variables were recorded at the left common carotid artery (ACC) after the 1st injection, and at the abdominal aorta (AA) after the 2nd injection. Echocardiography was performed after the 3rd injection to investigate changes in cardiac parameters.Ketamine-xylazine IV caused a significant increase in vessel diameter at the ACC and AA. Average volumetric flow significantly decreased at the ACC and pulsatility index significantly decreased at the AA. Fractional shortening (FS) and heart rate significantly decreased, while mean arterial blood pressure initially increased.Bolus injections of KET-XYL IV produced a transient vasodilatation at the ACC and AA. Despite central vasodilatation, bradycardia, and decrease of FS and average volumetric flow (VFave), mean arterial blood pressure did not significantly decrease indicating well-preserved cardiovascular compensatory mechanism after the ratio and doses of KET-XYL IV bolus injections used in this study.

The objective of this study was to determine the capsular serotypes and potential virulence factors of Streptococcus suis isolated from pigs with polyserositis. Among the 24 isolates evaluated, serotype 3 [7 (29%) of the isolates] and serotype 4 [5 (21%)] were the most common. The isolates were also studied for the presence of the genes mrp, epf, and sly, which encode muramidase-released protein (MRP), extracellular factor (EF), and suilysin (SLY), respectively. Of the 24 isolates, 8 carried mrp: 4 of serotype 3, 2 of serotype 2, and 2 of serotype 4. One mrp+ isolate (serotype 2) also carried the epf gene. All 24 isolates carried the sly gene. The serotype and genotype distribution greatly differed from that reported for isolates from pigs with other clinical manifestations of S. suis infection in other countries.

The objective of this study was to validate, both in vitro and in an ex vivo model, a technique for the measurement of forces exerted on surgical sutures. For this purpose, a stainless steel E-type buckle force transducer was designed and constructed. A strain gauge was mounted on the central beam of the transducer to measure transducer deformation. The transducer was tested and calibrated on a single strand of surgical suture during cyclic loading. Further validation was performed using a previously published cadaveric model of laryngoplasty in the horse. Linear regression of transducer output with actual force during calibration tests resulted in mean R2 values of 1.00, 0.99, and 0.99 for rising slope, falling slope, and overall slope, respectively. The R2 was not less than 0.96 across an average of 75 cycles per test. The difference between rising slope and falling slope was 4%. Over 45 846 samples, the predicted force from transducer output showed a mean error of 4%. In vitro validation produced an adjusted R2 of 0.99 when the force on the suture was regressed against translaryngeal pressure in a mixed-effects model. E-type buckle force transducers showed a highly linear output over a physiological force range when applied to surgical suture in vitro and in an ex vivo model of laryngoplasty. With appropriate calibration and short-term in vivo implantation, these transducers may advance our knowledge of the mechanisms of success and failure of techniques, such as laryngoplasty, that use structural suture implants.

The present study was conducting aiming to throw the light on the retinal structure on the level of both light and electron microscope. Eyeballs of 35 adult clinically healthy goats of both sexes were collected from Beni- Suef abattoir. The eyeballs were clinically examined before they were dissected and fixed in 10% buffed neutral formalin and in Bouin’s solution for 24 hours. The specimens were then processed for light and transmission electron microscope. The retina (pars optica retinae) of the goats extends rostrally to cover the ciliary body as pars ciliaris retinae and the iris as the pars iridis retinae. Pars optica retinae and pars iridis retinae form the light non sensitive parts of the retina, while the sensitive part except at the transition zone; the ora serrata and the optic disc, appeared to be formed of ten layers, named from outward to inward as, retinal pigmented epithelium, rods and cones layer (photoreceptor cell layer), external limiting membrane, outer nuclear layer (cell bodies and nuclei of the photoreceptor cells), outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer (contained the horizontal, bipolar, Muller and amacrine cells), inner plexiform layer, ganglionic cell layer, nerve fiber cell layer (unmyelinated nerve fibers) and internal limiting membrane.

In a trial for comparison between the efficiency of single fowl pox (FP) vaccination and the efficiency of each combined FP and Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) vaccination and simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo and with FP and Chicken anemia virus (CAV) vaccines our conclusion was that there is no antagonistic reaction between FP virus strain and each AE, Reo and CA viruses strains. In addition, humoral immune response against AE virus strain in case of combined AE+FP vaccination is markedly potent than that in case of single AE vaccination, more over the value of average EID50 of AE virus strain in several batches of combined AE+FP vaccines is significantly higher at P > 0.05 than that in several batches of single AE vaccines. On the other hand, immune response against FP virus strain and Reo virus strain in case of simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo vaccines is higher than that in case of single FP vaccination and single Reo vaccination. Consequently, it is advisable to use combined live attenuated AE+FP vaccine instead of vaccination with single FP and AE separately. Also, application of simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo vaccines is advisable as it is proved to be more beneficial than vaccination with each vaccine separately specially in case of that FP vaccine of low potency.

The present study concerned with Listeria monocytogenes which were isolated from apparently healthy buffaloes, buffaloes suffered from abortion, bedding and silage, which were collected from different localities. From the total examined samples (375), (300 samples from apparently healthy buffaloes, bedding and silage, also 75 samples from buffaloes suffered from abortion , bedding and silage) the prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 11(14.7%), isolates from buffaloes suffered from abortion, bedding and silage. All isolates were motile at room temperature, also exhibited positive CAMP test and exhibited narrow zone of β-hemolysis. Serological identification of isolates revealed 6(54.5%) were serotype 4 while 5(45.5%) were untyped. There were differences in isolates susceptibilities to different anti-microbial agents. L. monocytogenes had 100% sensitivity to Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline and ceftiofur sodium. Virulence of isolates was assayed by I/P inoculation of 109 CFU in mice, all inoculated mice died within 1-5 days. PCR assay for L. monocytogenes isolates revealed positive amplification of 827 bp fragment of act A gene.