As a result of many traumatic factors such as traffic accidents, falls from height, gunshot wounds and animal fights with each other, orthopedic and soft tissue damage, especially fractures, occur in the musculoskeletal system. Among the fractures within these lesions, the incidence of hind limb long bone fractures is higher than other bones. While the incidence of femur fractures among other fractures in cats is 20-26%, tibia fractures constitute a significant proportion of approximately 20% of other fractures. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the distribution, etiology, treatment, and treatment results of fractures in cats with hind limb bone fractures (n=92). In addition to the use of intramedullary nails and plates, external fixators are also used for the treatment of hind limb bone fractures. Despite the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, most of the time no problems are observed during the application of these techniques and in the postoperative period. A functional recovery was observed in all cats at postoperative follow-up. As a result, it can be said that the method to be used in hind limb bone fractures in cats varies according to the surgeon's preference, experience, and existing orthopedic material inventory. However, anatomical locking plates have the advantages of not using postoperative bandages and allowing the limb to be used early.

Cadmium (Cd), a prevalent heavy metal pollutant, is known for its harmful effects on physiological functions within the biological system. In this study, the effects of Cd exposure on some kidney related biochemical and histopathological parameters in rabbits were investigated, alongside exploring the potential protective role of methanolic extract from Phoenix dactylifera (MEPD) on the kidney. The study included 45 male rabbits, aged 24-28 weeks and weighing approximately 1.41-1.43 kg were assigned into five (5) treatment groups (control, Cd-only, Cd + 300 mg MEPD, Cd + 600 mg MEPD and Cd + 900 mg MEPD) in a completely randomized design. The rabbits received a 7-day dose of 3 mg CdCl2/kg feed, followed by MEPD every 72 hours for 28 days. Results revealed higher significant (P<0.05) differences in serum glucose, urea and creatinine in Cd-only treated group when compared with the control group. MEPD treatment significantly (P<0.05) lowered serum glucose levels in Cd-exposed rabbits, indicating a potential glycemic modulating activity, but had no significant (P>0.05) effect on urea and creatinine concentrations. High density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol ratios were not significantly different but showed marginal improvement in the Cd+MEPD groups compared to the Cd-only group. The findings also revealed significant differences in both absolute and relative kidney weights between the group treated with Cd alone and the control group, indicating potential renal injury induced by Cd. Histopathological examination revealed kidney damage in Cd-exposed rabbits, with observed changes such as disruption of Bowman’s capsule, glomerular shrinkage, degeneration of renal tubules and haemorrhage. The administration of MEPD did not ameliorate the observed histopathological alterations. In conclusion, this study suggests that Cd exposure may induce hyperglycemia and kidney injury in rabbits. MEPD treatment demonstrated some protective effects against Cd-induced hyperglycemia but did not significantly mitigate kidney damage.

To assess the effect of administration of medetomidine alone or in combination with tramadol on tear secretion (TS) in cats as well as their reversal with atipamezole. For the purpose of the study, a total of 46 cats, representing different breeds and genders, were selected and divided into two groups using a random assignment method. Group M was administered medetomidine at a dose of 80 µg/kg intramuscularly. Group MT was given a combination of medetomidine and tramadol at doses of 80 µg/kg and 2 mg/kg intramuscularly, respectively. Tear secretion was measured using Schirmer tear test I before sedation and at 15 (T15) - 60 (T60) minutes post-sedation with 15 min intervals. At 30 minutes, all cats were given atipamezole (200 µg/kg IM). TS statistically decreased until T30 measurement in both groups (P < 0.05). The TS decreased more in MT group compared to M group at T30 measurements (P < 0.05). TS increased in both groups post-atipamezole but didn't return to initial (T0) levels by study end (T60). Premedication with tear protectors or artificial tears is advised when using MT and M group agents in cats, and atipamezole can reverse their effects post-procedure.

In the present study, it was aimed to apply minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in the treatment of diaphyseal tibia fractures in cats and to evaluate recovery and complications postoperatively. Minimally invasive fracture repair preserves the blood supply of fragments and periosteal tissues which help to result faster healing, less morbidity, and rapid recovery of limb function. The study was conducted on 12 cats with diaphyseal tibia fracture. After closed reduction of the fractures of the cats included in the study, two small incisions were made from the proximal and distal tibia to expose the bone tissue. Plate placement was performed percutaneously through these insicion areas. The plate was fixed with two screws from the proximal and distal incision line and the fixation of the fracture line was ensured. Soft bandage was applied for 5 days postoperatively and animals caged to restrict movements for 3 weeks. X-rays were taken at regular intervals postoperatively and fracture healing was evaluated. In the controls, it was seen that the animals started to use their legs after the bandage was removed. There were no complications related to the very small operation wound and bone tissue. Healing times were determined as 35 days on average. As a result, it was determined that earlier healing was performed and less complication rate compared to open operational techniques.

House rats (Rattus rattus) and cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) are important reservoirs of zoonotic bacterial diseases. Understanding these animals' gut bacteria composition is crucial for monitoring and preventing infections. This study aimed to determine the hindgut bacteria composition and diversity of the two hosts sampled from Kilosa and Morogoro districts, in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study design was employed, A total of 114 house rats and 57 cockroaches were caught. The hind guts of trapped host species were dissected and pooled to obtain four pools (two pools represent the hindgut of R. rattus and P. americana from Morogoro municipal and two pools for the hindgut of R. rattus and P. americana from Kilosa district). Genomic DNA was extracted from the pooled samples which was then used in metagenomics sequencing. The observed Shannon and Chao 1 indices indicated higher bacterial species diversity in rats of the Kilosa district and cockroaches of Morogoro municipal. The microbiome diversity in Morogoro municipal was higher for cockroaches than for rats, but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). In Kilosa district, the microbiome diversity was higher for rats than for cockroaches, but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05) Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla in the hindgut samples of both animals. However, abundances differed among the host species and areas sampled. Proteobacteria were the most abundant phylum from Rattus rattus from Kilosa district, P. americana and R. rattus from Morogoro municipal, comprising 48%, 41%, and 40%, respectively. Bacteroidetes were plentiful from P. americana from Kilosa district (48%). Bacterial diversity was observed to be higher for R. rattus from Kilosa district and P. americana from Morogoro municipal. Potential pathogenic bacteria were also observed; the highest relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria was observed from P. americana of Kilosa, followed by R. rattus from the Morogoro district. Therefore, this study highlights the composition of hindgut bacteria carried by P. americana and R. rattus, which gives an insight into the different bacteria carried, including the pathogenic ones. This study suggests surveillance of these pests to minimise outbreaks and transmission of zoonotic diseases. Since this study did not focus on factors influencing microbiome composition and diversity, further studies are recommended to be conducted to see the influence of those factors on the gut microbiome.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection results in a serious disease, posing a huge economic threat to the global swine industry. The transient receptor potential mucolipin proteins (TRPMLs) have been shown to be strongly associated with virus infection and other physiological processes in humans, but their tissue distribution and responses to PRRSV in pigs remain unknown.

The broiler chicken digestive tract microbiome maintains the bird’s immunity. Its composition has been shown to be important not only for the immune system but also for the gastrointestinal function and productivity of broiler chickens. If the microbiome is populated by supplementation with Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Saccharomyces spp. – microorganisms with probiotic properties and alternatives to antibiotics – the immune system is stimulated. The use of probiotic supplements in the broiler production cycle can boost bird immunity and prevent adenovirus infection. The resilience of broiler chickens in different feeding schemes including supplementation with these microorganisms was assessed.

The aim of the study was evaluation of the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-12β and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the serum and milk of cows with mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae.