Ticks are harmful ectoparasite that feed on human and animal blood and causing manydiseases through the world. They infested many hosts including: mammals, reptiles and birds.Ticks are important vector and they have the ability to transmit a variety of pathogenic agent tohumans and animals. Ticks are divided into two major groups which are hard tick (Ixodidae) andsoft tick (Argasidae). Because there was no such study done on identification of tick species byPCR technique in Kurdistan and particularly in Duhok Governorate, therefore present study wasdone to identify tick species by using molecular study by using of 16S rRNA and DNAsequencing. About 1000 ticks were collected from both sheep and goat respectively (500 and500), form Duhok Governorate including: Barwaria, Zakho, Sumeil, Mangeshik, Sersin, Shekhanand Akre, Iraqi Kurdistan, between May and June 2016, between April and June 2017. Theresults of present study three genera of tick were detected in small ruminants by microscopicidentification including: Rhipicephalus spp., Hyalomma spp. and Boophilus spp. Distribution oftick among sheep and goat according to the gender, the rate of infection in female was higherthan in male in both species Ewe and Doe was 32.6% and 31.11% respectively as compared tomale in both species (Ram and Buck) was 21.15% and 15.11% respectively. The distribution of gender of tick in was higher in male ticks than female tick with ratio 2:1. Distribution ofidentified ticks in present study including (Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma and Boophilus)respectively, in Barwaria were (82.6%, 13.3%, and 4.1) respectively, in Zaxo were (48.3%,42.5% and 10.3%), in Sumel were (47%, 42.7% and 10.3%), in Mangeshik were (73,2%, 26.8%,and 0%), in Sersink were (61.5%, 38.5% and 0%), in Shekhan were (78.8%, 11.8% and 9.4%)and in Akre were (60%, 34% and 6%). On molecular study, 60 samples from 150 were positivewith size 460 bp after 16S rRNA amplification and have got clear bands on agarose gel 1% andelectrophoresis and 20 PCR positive products were sent to Humanizing Genomics, MacrogenCompany (Korea) using primer 16S_rRNA gene for sequencing both forward and Reverse. Sixspecies of tick under two genera were founded including: Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma wereidentified which including: Hyalomma anatolicum, H. marginatum, R. annulatus, R. sanguineusand R. turanicus. H. asiaticum asiaticum for the first time was recorded in Kurdistan, andespecially in Duhok city. Moreover, all sequences were submitted to NCBI using BankItsoftware and we obtained accession number. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 16SrRNA for both samples: 16S rRNA (MN594483) and (MN594490) were identical 100% toreference sequences respectively: (KU664367.1 and HM176656.1) and other sequences wereidentical 99% to the references sequence. In conclusion the present study is the first study foridentification of tick species among sheep and goats in Duhok Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan bysequencing analysis

This study aimed to detect Staphylococcus aureus in local fresh whole chicken andfrozen imported chicken using conventional and PCR assay by targeting specific S. aureusthermonuclease gene (nuc). A total of 200 whole chicken carcasses were examined andsamples include 100 of local chickens from the Duhok chicken abattoir and 100 of importedchicken from supermarkets in Duhok city. The samples were cultured on mannitol salt agarand the confirmation is done by colony morphology, Gram stain, biochemical test includingcatalase test and coagulase test. The results showed that 28 (28%) of 100 local chicken and80 (80%) of 100 imported frozen chicken carcasses were found to be positive with S. aureususing conventional methods. Amplification of nuc gene specific for S. aureus is used toconfirm the isolates of S. aureus. The results showed that only 18 of 22 coagulase positiveisolates from local chicken and 57 of 68 coagulase positive isolates from imported chickenwere confirmed as S. aureus. The results indicate that PCR assay seem to be more specific fordetection of S. aureus in food sample and appear to be more reliable than conventionalmethods for assessing bacteriological safety of food. These results showed high prevalence ofS. aureus in imported chicken than in local chicken meat and thus may happen as a result ofprocessing and storage conditions.

Bovine viral diarrhea BVD has been detected and diagnosed in local buffalocalve breeds of Basrah, Iraq. The study was conducted to examine (980) suspectedbuffalo calves under one year old and of both sexes. One hundred sixty-eight(168)calves give positive results with PCR test. Twenty-five (25) clinical healthylocal buffalo calves are considered as controls. Diseased calves show different clinicalmanifestations belong to the disease with a significant increase indicated in the bodytemperature, respiratory and heart rate, as well as the capillary refill time of diseasedbuffalo calve compared with controls. Results of hematological changes indicated asignificant increase in packed cell volume in diseased buffalo calve than in controls,Moreover, A significant leukocytopenia due to a significant lymphocytopenia wasalso indicated in diseased animals compared with the control group. Results of theclotting factor indices of diseased calves and controls show a significant decrease intotal platelet counts, However, the platelet volume and the platelet distribution width,the clotting time, the prothrombin time, the activated partial thromboplastin time wassignificantly increased in infected animals than in controls. A significant high valuewas indicated in Aspartate and Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatize aswell as the blood urea nitrogen, In BVD buffalo animals than in the control animals,On the contrary, a significant decrease was encountered in total protein in diseasedcalves than in the control group. Results of the acute phase response of the currentstudy revealed a significant increase in haptoglobin in BVD buffalo calves than thecontrol group, Whereas, a significant decrease in Fibrinogen time has been indicatedin BVD calves. The macroscopic examinations of the BVD carcasses revealed severecongestion of the intestinal vessels accompanied by Ecchymotic hemorrhagic enteritiswith multiple enlargements of mesenteric lymph nodes along with most parts of thesmall and large intestine with pasty fecal materials. Furthermore, atrophy of theintestinal villi with sloughing of the epithelial lining of villi of the small intestine, aswell to hyperplasia of goblet cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the intestinalmucosa, to congestion of blood vessels was also indicated via histopathologicalexaminations. It has been concluded that BVD has very harmful effects on domesticruminants, which mostly terminated by death, Therefore, applying the controlmeasures is the final and suitable choice to control and eliminate the disease.

Food packaging has a great importance to increase the shelf life and safety of food,as well as packaging works as a buffer against the conditions that cause damage, such aslight, dust, oxygen, moisture and microbes, Native (NS)and modified (MS) potato starchesusing stearic acid ,and different concentrations of whey protein (WP)0-50% were used asedible coatings for the chicken pieces then kept at refrigerator (4±1°C) and deep freezingconditions (-18°C) for periods of (2,5,7) days.The effect of coating was studied todetermine the moisture loss, oil uptake ,peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid in addition tothe sensory evaluation. The results showed that all the composite edible coats improved thechemical characteristic and the best edible coat was MS50% +WP% which provided betterresults in terms of reduction the moisture loss , oil uptake and the oxidation values andimproved the score of colour ,flavor ,texture and general appearance which reflect thesensory evolution.

The blood is a connective tissue that composes of suspended cells in liquidmatrix. In this study ,we discuss the effect of three factors on blood sampling duringthe collection of blood samples (anti-coagulants, temperature and duration of storage). The delay of storage processing led to hemolysis of blood sample , increase ofhemoglobin, decrease of red cells ,triglycerides, hematocrite, mean corpuscularvolume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and its concentration and increase number ofwhite blood cells. The histological analysis of blood sample during long-term storageshowed a slight difference in the shape and size of RBC,WBC and platelets as well ascondensed nucleus bluish cytoplasm and basophilic segmented nucleus in neutrophilsin addition to decrease in sodium ,calcium and chloride. The effect of temperature onblood sampling showed slight variation in shape and size of RBC , basophilicneutrophils and platelets aggregation and decrease of leukocyte number and K levels .

This study was conducted to investigate the potential effect of white, red andgreen color light and two light intensity 5 and 10 lux to each color treatment light onJapanese quail bird’s production performance and some physiological traits. Onehundred and eighty, one day old Japanese quail birds were randomly assigned intothree color light with 5 and 10 lux light intensity per treatment each treatment contain3 replicate (10 birds /cage). Result showed that the birds reared under the influence ofgreen color were significantly (p<0.05) improve body weight, weight gain, feedconversion ratio, relative weight of testes, ovaries, oviduct, male L.H, F.S.H andtestosterone hormones also female L.H, F.S.H and estrogen. Sexual maturity formales and females significantly (p<0.05) increased by white colortreatment.Treatments of birds raised under the influence of 10 lux light intensitysignificantly (p<0.05) increased body weight, weight gain and the average levels ofhormones L.H, F.S.H, testosterone for males and L.H, F.S.H, estrogen for females.Green color light with 5 and 10 lux intensity color significantly (p<0.05) increased therelative weight of ovary and oviduct.

Babesia bigemina is considered as one of the most remarkable blood protozoa in cattleand mainly transmitted via arthropod. This study was conducted on a random group of cows,they numbered 180 local cows who ranged in age from 3-7 years old, from different localities inMosul city north Iraq, comprising both clinically healthy (n=162) and clinically suspectedinfected animals (n= 18). In this study, indirect-enzyme immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) wasused to detect of babesia antibodies known as B. bigemina in the blood serum. Then, the bloodand biochemical information that existed from both groups was analyzed, so that the two of themare compared with the control group (n=15). The result showed that the overall seroprevalence ofB. bigemina in cows was 74/180 (41.1%) for clinical and subclinical cows were 10% and 31.1%respectively. The subclinical infected cows was statistically higher than that of clinically infected(P<0.05). Clinically infected cows were suffering from acute onset of the disease includes fever,anorexia, emaciation, drooping in milk yield, jaundice and hemoglobinuria,, with significanthematological and biochemical parameters alterations. While, subclinically infection cowsappeared healthy with absence of changes in blood and biochemistry tests as compared to controlgroups. It has been concluded that significant cases were diagnosed suffering from acuteinfection with the B. bigemina with higher prevalence of subclinical cases in Mosul city, Iraq.

This study was conducted in the veterinary medical college, university of Basra.The objective of this study was to know the histopathological effect of propofol asanesthetic agent on dogs organs (central nervous system, heart, liver) and effect ofpropofol on liver enzymes, Propofol administration for 90 days by intravenous (intocephalic vein) into 8 adult dogs which divided into two equal groups. The controlgroup was injected with 0.9% normal saline (1ml/kg), while the propofol group wasinjected with (10mg /kg) body weight of dog per day. The measured parameters AST,ALT showed a significant difference in groups between zero time and after 90 days.Also the histopathological result of brain, heart and liver showed significant changesas atrophic neurons, nerve fibers vacuolation and gliosis and histopathological resultof heart section showed white areas of degenerate myocardial muscle cells withpresence of adipose tissue and congested blood vessels, white areas of degeneratemyocyte as infiltration of adipose tissue at pericardial region (periphery) and areas ofdestruction of myocardial muscle cells while the histopathological changes ofhepatocyte showed septal fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, fine defuse vacuolation ofhepatocyte and hypertrophic of bile duct. The uses of propofol for the long term maycause serious Histopathological injuries in many organs particularly the brain andliver that may due to its direct interaction in these structural units.

Throughout the period from October 2018 to February 2019, 278 test samples werecollected from animals and human, (55%) animal samples which are distributed to (52.3%)swab samples were from the environment of slaughters and (47.7%) milk samples were fromcow and buffalo which collected in sterile containers. The result showed that Pseudomonaswas found in (44%) samples on pseudomonas agar distributed in (24%) samples fromslaughters, (20%) samples from milk. (45%) human samples that are distributed to (48%)swab samples were from diabetic foot patients and (52%) swab samples were from patientssuffering from burns in hospitals of Basrah province. The results showed that Pseudomonaswas found in (56%) samples on pseudomonas agar, (18%) samples from diabetic foot and(38%) samples from patients suffering from burns. 46 isolates were identified using VITEK 2Kit. 25 samples identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa which presented (54%).Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 31 P. aeruginosa isolates compared to 13 differentantibiotics was done by the disk diffusion method. Completely isolates were resistant to as aminimum of 8 antibiotics; they exhibited the form of the multiple resistance to theantibiotics. Thirty-eight samples were tested for 16S rRNA by conventional PCR assay, 19from animal sources and 19 from patients' sources. 18 animals and 19 patient samples weredemonstrated distinct bands with approximately 618bp corresponding for P. aeruginosa.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of coadministration of naltrexone, a human opioid abuse deterrent, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a methadone-fluconazole combination administered orally to dogs. Animals: 12 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs (body weight, 10.7 to 13.9 kg) were randomly allocated to 2 groups in a parallel design study. All dogs received fluconazole (100 mg [7.19 to 9.35 mg/kg], PO). Twelve hours later (time 0), dogs were administered methadone (10 mg [0.72 to 0.93 mg/kg]) plus fluconazole (50 mg [3.62 to 4.22 mg/kg]; methadone-fluconazole) or methadone (10 mg [0.72 to 0.93 mg/kg]) plus fluconazole (50 mg [3.60 to 4.67 mg/kg]) and naltrexone (2.5 mg [0.18 to 0.23 mg/kg]; methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone), PO, in a gelatin capsule. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis, and rectal temperature and sedation were assessed to evaluate opioid effects at predetermined times up to 24 hours after treatment. RESULTS Most dogs had slight sedation during the 12 hours after drug administration; 1 dog/group had moderate sedation at 1 time point. Mean rectal temperatures decreased significantly from baseline (immediate pretreatment) values from 2 to ≥ 12 hours and 2 to ≥ 8 hours after methadone-fluconazole and methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone treatment, respectively. Geometric mean maximum observed concentration of methadone in plasma was 35.1 and 33.5 ng/mL and geometric mean terminal half-life was 7.92 and 7.09 hours after methadone-fluconazole and methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone treatment, respectively. Naltrexone was sporadically detected in 1 dog. The active naltrexone metabolite, β-naltrexol, was not detected. The inactive metabolite, naltrexone glucuronide, was detected in all dogs administered methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Opioid effects were detected after oral administration of methadone-fluconazole or methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone. Further studies assessing additional opioid effects, including antinociception, are needed.