Objective: In this study, we investigated the potential immune-enhancing effects in addition to anti-oxidative stress properties of commercially accessible Bacillus subtilis supplementation in Barki lambs. Materials and Methods: Twenty apparently healthy weaned Barki lambs were used in this study and distributed randomly into two experimental groups: Negative control group, received control basal diet without any feed supplements and a supplemented group, received control basal diet supplemented with water added to commercially accessible bacilli at 1 gm/l/day for 30 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected from each lamb before starting the experiment (T0), 2 weeks (T15), and 4 weeks (T30) post-supplementation for serum biochemical analyses, total leucocytes and lymphocytes count, and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Results: The supplemented group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the total number of leukocytes and the number of lymphocytes, lysozyme activity, reduced glutathione, total antioxidant capacity with a significantly lower malondialdehyde values at T30 and significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) of serum catalase and nitric oxide at T15 as compared with control ones. B. subtilis elicited maximal up-regulation of most of the studied genes compared with the control group. Conclusion: The results herein suggest that B. subtilis could be used as useful nutritional supplements to support the immune system in healthy lambs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 333-340]

Objective: This study aimed to explore the phytochemical constituents and anthelmintic activities of four Cassia spp. leaves against Haemonchus contortus. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared from four species of Cassia spp. (C. siamea, C. fistula, C. surattensis, and C. spectabilis). Phytochemical screening of the extract was done based on the Harborne method. Evaluation of the anthelmintic activities against H. contortus was done in vitro using infective larvae (L3) migration inhibition assay (LMIA). Measurement of larvae migrating was conducted through a nylon filter with a pore size of 20 μm. The doses of Cassia spp. extract implemented were 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml. Results: Tannins, alkaloids, phenol hydroquinone, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, and sapo¬nins were present in all the extracts, whereas alkaloids were absent in C. fistula. No triterpenoids were found in C. surattensis and C. spectabilis. Movement of H. contortus larvae was significantly inhibited after exposure to Cassia extracts at various dosage levels (p < 0.05). The test results using LMIA on L3 H. contortus showed the lowest inhibition in the negative control. Among the species of Cassia, the C. surattensis (at 200 mg/ml) showed the highest (p < 0.05) inhibition level on the larvae. The latter result corresponded to the effect of albendazole. Conclusion: Compared to other Cassia spp., C. surattensis exhibited the highest inhibition against L3 H. contortus. However, the inhibition effect of C. surattensis was still lower as compared to albendazole. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 236-240]

Objective: We performed a randomized two-way crossover study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of two high-dose ascorbic acid (AA) after IV infusion in healthy beagle dogs. Materials and Methods: The dogs were administered IV AA at two doses of 1.5 and 3 gm/kg for 4 h, and the AA concentration in plasma and urine pH was measured before and after administration. Results: The plasma concentrations of AA in both groups peaked 3 h after administration. Among the two groups, the urine pH was not significantly different (p = 0.12990.7944). High-dose IV AA did not induce serious adverse events in dogs. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the high dose of AA which reaches the therapeutic dose for cancer and supports the safety of high-dose IV AA in dogs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 481-485]

Objective: The experiment was conducted to investigate the comparative effects of inorganic trace minerals (ITM) and three forms of organic trace minerals (OTM) (propionate, metho-chelated, and proteinate) on growth performance, edible meat yield, immunity, and profitability of commercial broilers. Materials and methods: A corn-soya based mash diet comprising four treatments each of 10 replicates were fed to 720 day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks for 35 days (starter diet 021 days and grower diet 2235 days). The diets for comparison were as follows: diet 1: control diet with ITM premix at 1 kg/ton of feed (T1); diet 2: control diet supplemented with propionate trace minerals at 600 gm/ton (T2); diet 3: control diet supplemented with metho-chelated trace minerals at 500 gm/ton by reducing 225 gm methionine/ton of feed (T3); and diet 4: control diet supplemented with proteinate trace minerals at 500 gm/ton of feed (T4). Growth performance, carcass yield, and antibody titer (AT) data were recorded. Data were analyzed and interpreted using SAS Computer Package Program version 9.1. Results: Feeding propionate and proteinate OTM showed similar performance. Birds fed these two types (propionate and proteinate) or OTM had better performance in comparison with those receiving ITM and metho-chelated one. Proteinate group produced more wing meat and propionate group showed higher breast and drumstick meat yield as compared with those received the metho-chelated trace mineral and ITM. The birds belonging to OTM groups showed significantly higher AT level against infectious bursal disease. Proteinate minerals groups showed higher profitability followed by propionate fed broilers. Conclusion: Two forms of OTM, propionate and proteinate improved performance of commercial broilers over those of ITM and metho-chelated one. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 66-73]

Objective: Vibrio spp., particularly, Vibrio cholerae is a major etiology of diarrhea in humans worldwide. In this study, we isolated and identified V. cholerae from the human stool of suspected cases along with antibiogram. Materials and Methods: In total, 25 stool samples from cholera suspected patients were ana¬lyzed. Isolation and molecular detection of Vibrio species were performed based on staining, motility, cultural and biochemical characteristics followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using groEL gene-specific primers. Results: Among the 25 samples, seven showed growth of yellow color colonies on Thiosulfate- Citrate-Bile salts-Sucrose agar plates. The isolates were Gram-negative, curved shaped, and motile. Biochemically, they were found positive for indole and Methyl Red tests and negative for VogesProskauer test. Out of the seven positive samples, only three isolates were confirmed as Vibrio spp. using genus-specific primers. Subsequently, these three isolates were confirmed as V. cholerae by PCR using V. cholerae groEL gene-specific primers. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed these three isolates as highly sensitive to azithromycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and norfloxacillin while resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, and oxacillin. Conclusion: Vibrio cholerae were isolated from the stool of diarrheic human patients and confirmed by PCR targeting the groEL gene. The isolates were found resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline and oxacillin, and need further characterization to reveal the molecular basis of their origin and resistance. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 451-455]

Objective: A randomized, blinded clinical study was conducted to evaluate ketofol (Ketamine + Propofol combination) anesthesia in 12 entire male mongrel dogs sedated with either aceproma¬zine (ACP) or medetomidine. Materials and Methods: Group A (6) dogs were pre-medicated with ACP and Group B (6) dogs with medetomidine. Anesthesia was induced and maintained using ketofol (ketamine and propo¬fol). Routine open pre-scrotal castration was performed. Sedation score and ease of arousal were assessed and recorded. Duration and depth of anesthesia were evaluated using apnea and the absence of palpebral and pedal reflexes, attempts to stand up, and muscle tremors and post-operative pain. Simple statistics were compared using Student t-test and MannWhitney test (p < 0.05). Results: Medetomidine-sedated dogs had higher sedation scores compared to ACP-sedated dogs. Medetomidine-ketofol produced significantly (p < 0.05) longer duration of anesthesia (24.5 ± 3.1 min) compared to ACP-ketofol (10.0 ± 4.4 min). Sixty-seven percent of dogs anesthetized with ACP-ketofol required top up with ketofol to complete the castration. However, none of the Med-ketofol anesthetized dogs required top up. Med-ketofol produced a more profound depth of anes¬thesia and smoother recovery from anesthesia compared to ACP-ketofol. Med-ketofol (median score 6) attained better overall post-operative analgesia compared to ACP-ketofol (median score 7), though not statistically significant (p = 0.25). Although both protocols provided adequate anes¬thesia for castration, top up was required to complete the operation in more than half of ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs, making Med-ketofol a better protocol. Conclusion: The study recommends the use of Med-ketofol anesthesia for castration in a dog, and post-operative analgesia to be administered with either protocol, but more so in ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs undergoing castration. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 215-221]

Objectives: The present study was carried out to assess the antibiotic resistance and to identify the resistance genes in Escherichia coli from captive Bengal tigers at two Safari parks in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A number of 24 environmental fecal swab samples of Bengal tigers were collected from two different Safari parks in Bangladesh. For the isolation of E. coli, samples were submitted to a number of bacteriological screening and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. Results: Results demonstrated that 18 environmental fecal samples were positive to E. coli in bacteriological screening and biochemical test. The overall prevalence of E. coli in Bengal tiger was 75% (n = 18/24). The antibiogram study unveiled that all the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline were 89% (n = 16/18) resistant. On the contrary, 100% (n = 18/18) of the isolates were sensitive to colistin sulfate. blaTEM was detected in 78% (n = 14/18) ampicillin-resistant isolates, whereas sul2 was found in 31% (n = 5/16) of the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-resistant isolates. Conclusion: This study, first time in Bangladesh, highlights a significant proportion of environmental fecal samples from captive Bengal tigers at Safari parks harboring antibiotic resistant E. coli. Transmission of resistant E. coli from Bengal tigers to humans and the environment could pose a public health risk at Safari parks in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 341-345]

Objective: The study was aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize common indicator bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. in manure and bio-slurry sam¬ples of different livestock farms and biogas plants of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 114 samples of manure and bio-slurry were collected from different livestock farms and biogas plants in Bangladesh. The total viable count (TVC), E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. counts were determined by the spread plate technique method. Isolation and identification were performed by colony characteristics, staining, bio¬chemical tests, and, finally, by using PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolated bacteria was tested against commonly used antibiotics by using the disk diffusion method. Results: The mean TVC, E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. counts were ranged from 8.1910.75, 5.26.96, 5.816.87, 5.687.68 in manure samples and 7.268.65, 3.825.2, 45.54, 3.145.9 log cfu/gm in bio-slurry, respectively. In anaerobic digester after 30 days digestion, the presence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. varied from 05.11, 04.84, and 05.59 log cfu/gm at 25°C, 27°C, 29°C, and 45°C temperature. Above-mentioned bacteria were absent in bio-slurry collected from anaerobic digester after 60 days digestion at environmental temperature. Bacterial counts were reduced significantly in both household slurry pits and exper¬imental anaerobic digester. Antibiotic susceptibility results revealed that multidrug-resistant indi¬cator bacteria were present in the bio-slurry samples. Conclusion: Our findings conclude that the microbial load after treatment of animal manure via anaerobic digestion (Biogas plant) was grossly reduced and the reduction of bacterial pathogen depends on the duration and temperature of digestion. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 376-383]

Objective: Investigating the antibiotic and antioxidant benefits of medicinal herbs to enrich the serum immune responses of chicken meat. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,080 Ross 308 broilers were reared up to 42 days. The broilers were divided randomly into nine assemblies, with each sectioned into three replicates. The first and second were supplemented with 0.25% and 0.50% of coriander seeds, respectively, while the third and fourth with 0.25% and 0.50% of rosemary leaves, respectively. A mixture of herbs from the two plants were added to fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth treatments [(0.50% coriander seeds + 0.50% rosemary leaves), (0.25% coriander seeds + 0.50% rosemary leaves), (0.50% coriander seeds + 0.25% rosemary leaves), and (0.25% coriander seeds + 0.25% rosemary leaves)], respectively, whereas chicks in the ninth as a control group. Results: The results showed the pH for the thigh and breast of the carcass were measured. Glycogen levels, serum immunity (H, L, Hlration, Albumin, Globulin, and A/G ratio at 28 days and alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and cholesterol at 42 days). The mineral deposits in the chicken meat were measured for Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, J, and total N. The fifth treatment had a significantly higher glycogen ratio (p < 0.05). pH measurements for the thigh and breast were done immediately, 4, 12, and 24 h after slaughter. For the thigh, the seventh treatment was highest immediately and at 12 h. For the breast, significant differences were only noted at 12 h for chickens on a coriander diet. Conclusion: It is concluded that these additives have a positive effect on some of the blood pro-files, carcass characteristics, and mineral composition of chicken meat. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 33-43]

Objective: This research aims to study the effectiveness of landmark- and semi-landmark-based geometric morphometric (LMSL) in the identification of four Culex vectors, namely, C. quinquefas¬ciatus, C. visnui, C. sitiens, and C. whitmorei in Thailand and also compared the potential between LMSL and the landmark-based geometric morphometric method (LM). Materials and Methods: The overall size of the wing sample was estimated by the centroid size. Shape variables were computed as principal components of the partial warp calculated after generalized procrustes analysis of raw coordinates. Discriminant analysis of the canonical variables performed to explore the shape dissimilarity between Culex species has been shown as a factor map and to calculate the Mahalanobis distance. Size and shape differences based on pairwise Mahalanobis distances were tested using non-parametric methods (1,000 cycles) with Bonferroni correction at a p-value of [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 278-283]