The majority of pathologies in poultry are linked to intestinal chronic inflammation due to a disbalance of the gut microbiota. Thus, a healthy microbiota drives the gut integrity, and the gut's biological and metabolic functionalities, including efficacious use of nutrition, but also immunity, and neuroendocrine systems. However, many external factors are disturbing a stable, healthy gut microbiota. Heat stress, dysbiosis, leaky gut syndrome, and mycotoxins are the main "secret killers" in poultry that lead to chronic oxidative stress and inflammation, which in turn impact the health and animal performance. Additionally, chronic stress in poultry is linked with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which the WHO has recently identified to be among the most important problems threatening human health globally that increased the demand for safe antimicrobials to treat the collateral damages resulting from dysbiosis. Several alternative feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, fatty acids, and amino acids have been described to restore intestinal microbiota. Additionally, some phytogenic substances have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These natural products are also capable to modulate gut microbiota in a symbiotic equilibrium, thereby enabling the intestinal tract to withstand both infectious and non-infectious stressors. Nevertheless, several challenges, such as the bioavailability, rate of absorption, quality inconsistency, public acceptance, and cost-effective delivery methods, make the feasibility and application of phytogenic substances on a commercial scale complicated. In this review, the main drivers of chronic inflammation in poultry have been discussed. Additionally, the potential use of alternatives to antibiotics to restore the gastrointestinal microbiota in poultry and the possibilities for overcoming breakdowns in poultry farming were highlighted.

Fungal diseases have risen in conjunction with the increasing number of immunosuppressive diseases in human and animal populations. Despite the introduction of new antifungal agents in recent years, the incidence of fungal infections continues to increase, and subsequently, the prevalence of resistance to these drugs is remarkably increased, posing significant health concerns. While antifungal drug resistance is of great importance in human medicine, especially against Candida spp., there are few studies about antifungal resistance in veterinary medicine. Indeed, several fungal infections include blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidiomycosis, cryptococcosis, dermatophytosis, histoplasmosis, and Malassezia spp. infections have been reported in dogs and cats. Several antifungal drugs such as polyenes, azoles, pyrimidines, echinocandins, and allylamines have been encountered in feline and canine medicine. However, the desired success could not be obtained from the treatments applied in various cases in recent years due to antifungal resistance. This review aimed to emphasize the main common fungal infections in dogs and cats and the role of developing resistance against antifungal agents on treatment failures. Additionally, we discussed the mode of action of antifungal drugs, mechanisms of resistance, and factors that contribute to the emergence of resistance. In this context, monitoring of antifungal resistance in veterinary clinics and animal facilities by veterinarians and other animal health authorities is recommended.

The endemicity of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Kenya has been recognized for over a century, with the first recorded cases dating back to 1915. Production of effective vaccines against incursions of infection in endemic areas is achieved by evaluating the genetic and antigenic characteristics of the circulating viruses. The present study aimed to isolate, serotype, and molecularly characterize FMDV from Kenya from 2013-2018. Isolation was done from 58 field samples on BHK-21 cells, and serotyping of the isolated viruses was carried out using antigen ELISA. Isolated viruses were also analyzed using reverse transcription PCR, and the PCR products were subjected to sequencing. Based on the quality of obtained sequence spectra, only 51 isolates were aligned using MEGA v11.0.8, employing the ClustalW algorithm. SeaView version 5.0.4 was used to edit the alignment, and MEGA 11.0.8 was used to construct the phylogenetic tree and align it with the commercially used vaccinal strains (OK77/78 and OK82/98). With a few exceptions, isolates collected over the same period and those from the same regions consistently clustered in the same lineage or closer to each other. A total of 50/51 strains belong to the East African-2 (EA-2) topotype together with the vaccine strain OK82/98. However, only one strain (1/51) isolated from Tana River county belongs to the EA-1 topotype together with the current vaccine strain (OK77/78). None of these isolates was found to belong to the EA-and EA-4 topotypes. This study emphasizes the importance of regular surveillance and characterization of circulating virus strains for developing effective vaccines against FMD. It's proposed that future vaccine candidate strains selection could consider EA-2 topotype strains to control FMDV circulating in Kenya.

Cancer has an increasing incidence worldwide in humans and animals. In addition to traditional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, there is a search for new treatment strategies for cancer treatment. Oncolytic virotherapy arouses great interest in human medicine with the development of biotechnology and increasing knowledge about virus-cell interactions in recent years. Many in-vivo and in-vitro studies have led to the development of a United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, genetically modified oncolytic viral therapy. Based on the studies in human medicine, some clinical trials have also been carried out with oncolytic virotherapy in veterinary medicine. But the studies in cats and dogs are very limited. This review aims to compare the development of oncolytic virotherapy in human and veterinary medicine with current studies and to draw attention to the fact that virotherapy can be used as a treatment option for various tumoral diseases in veterinary medicine in the future.

Previous research has shown an increased action on helminth biological control by fungal combinations. This study characterized the temperature and pH conditions necessary for better mycelial growth of Monacrosporium sinense (SF53) and Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC4). In addition, electron and optical microscopy showed the fungal structures that benefit from their use in the biological control of nematodes and interactions with infective larvae of helminths. Nematode larvae held by P. chlamydosporia mycelium confirm its ability to prey upon larvae stages, despite being classified in the "ovicidal" group. P. chlamydosporia showed the highest growth rate in water agar medium at 20°C, whereas M. sinense showed numerically better growth at 30°C. Fungi did not grow at 35 or 40°C. Surprisingly, the mycelial growth of both isolates was inhibited by temperatures above 35°C for 6 days and resumed when temperatures were reduced to 25°C. The pH observation was important to show that the pH variations in the gastrointestinal tract of bovines will not be harmful to fungi since offering oral formulations to the animals is the most practical way of dispersing fungi in the fecal pats. In-vitro studies facilitate the exploration of biological control agents. The use of nematophagous fungi is a viable solution in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes and needs to be further improved.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the levels of interleukins such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12β in sheep with Jaagsiekte by immunohistochemical methods. In this way, it will be revealed whether interleukins are effective in the progression of Jaagsiekte and how useful they are in the diagnosis of the disease. The material of the current study consisted of lung tissues of 26 sheep (Control, n=6 and Jaagsiekte, n=20) brought to the Department of Pathology for routine histopathological diagnosis. Tissue samples taken were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution. 5 µm-thick sections were taken from the paraffin blocks prepared after routine tissue follow-up procedures. Hematoxylin & Eosin staining was applied to the sections in order to detect histopathological changes. Sections were examined and photographed under a light microscope. The routine streptavidin–biotin peroxidase complex method was used.In sheep with Jaagsiekte, tumoral foci with large and small acinar or papillary growths were observed in the alveolar and bronchiole lumens. The control group was negative for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12β immunoreactivity. IL 1β-6-10 and 12β levels were dramatically increased in the Jaagsiekte group compared to the control group.It was determined that interleukins were produced from tumoral cells and tumor microenvironment elements, and these interleukins showed pro-inflammatory effects, except for IL-10.

This study aimed to monitor oxidative stress parameters including total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level during the healing process in hair goats with metritis. This study was carried out on a total of 25 hair goats with metritis (n=10; Group 1) and healthy (n=15; Group 2). The beginning of the study was accepted as day 0. In both Group 1 and Group 2, blood samples were collected on days 0 (first measurement day), 14 (second measurement day) and 28 (third measurement day) of the study for TAS, TOS and TNF-α analyzes. In addition, oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated using TAS and TOS values.It was found that TAS level decreased in Group 1 compared to Group 2 at the first measurement day (p<0.05). However, TOS, OSI and TNF-α levels increased in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p<0.01). At the second measurement day, TOS and OSI values were higher in Group 1 than Group 2 (p<0.05).In conclusion, the antioxidant system weakened, oxidative stress and TNF-α levels increased in animals with metritis compared to healthy animals. However, at the third measurement time, all parameters became similar between groups.

Objective: This study aimed to reveal the coronary veins and the branches that join it to provide venous drainage of the heart in Southern Karaman sheep. Material-Method: Eight Southern Karaman sheep’s heart tissues were used in the study. Latex injection techniques were used to determine the coronary veins and the branches that join it for providing venous drainage of the heart.Result: In the study, vena cordis magna, vena cordis media, and vv. cordis dextra was observed as venous drainage providing vessels. The vena cordis magna began in the lower third of the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis, called vena interventricularis paraconalis. This vein reached the sulcus coronarius and continued as vena circumflexus sinister. Vena cordis media was named as vena interventricularis subsinosus in sulcus interventricularis subsinosus. The vv. cordis dextra was responsible for the venous drainage of the facies atrialis of the heart.Conclusion: In the evaluation of the study findings, it was determined that the coronary veins and the branches joined it of Southern Karaman sheep were mainly similar to other sheep breeds in the literature. Still, there were some anatomical differences, for example; vena distalis ventriculi sinistri was opening into vena circumflexus sinister, vena apicis cordis was absent, vena semicircumflexa dextri was present.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the prevalence of ear diseases in cats and dogs brought to clinics in Kocaeli provinces. For this purpose, a general ear examination of 66 cats and 46 dogs brought to the clinic in Kocaeli were performed and the ear canal and eardrum were examined with an otoscope. In addition, a radiographic imaging method (x-ray), as well as microbiological and histopathological examinations were performed. After diagnosing the diseases, they were recorded and evaluations about ear diseases were analyzed statistically.

The aim of this study was to compare the fertility parameters in response to pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (conventional treatment) or gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (alternative treatment) in Romanov sheep subjected to a 7-d short-term protocol during non-breeding season. All sheep (n:57) were subjected to short-term synchronization protocol. Intravaginal sponge impregnated with 20 mg fluorogestone acetate was inserted for 7 days and all sheep received 125 µg cloprostenol at sponge removal. Sheep were randomly assigned to receive no additional treatment (CON, n:16), 240 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG, n:24) at sponge removal or 10 µg buserelin acetate (GnRH, n:17) at 30 h after sponge removal. Natural mating was performed following detection of estrous with fertile eight Romanov rams. Estrous response, pregnancy rate, lambing rate, and litter size were compared among groups. Estrous response and pregnancy rate were 86% and 75.4% in all sheep, respectively. Estrous response was numerically higher about 7% (p>0.05) in treatment groups (PMSG, 87.5%; GnRH, 88.2%) than CON (81.2%). However, pregnancy rate was numerically higher (p>0.05) in PMSG (83.3%) than GnRH (70.6%) and CON (68.7%). Similarly, lambing rate in the PMSG (79.1%) was approximately 15% numerically greater (p>0.05) than in GnRH (64.7%) and CON (62.5%). In addition, litter size in PMSG (2.1) was also numerically higher (p>0.05) than GnRH (1.9) and CON (1.9).The use of GnRH provided similar estrous response compared to use of PMSG in Romanov sheep synchronized with short-term protocol. However, use of PMSG provided numerically higher pregnancy rate, lambing rate, and litter size than use of GnRH. Considering the serious ethical concerns and animal welfare for the production of PMSG, it is necessary to use alternative gonadotropins. Comprehensive studies are needed to compare the fertility parameters between application of PMSG and GnRH in Romanov sheep.