Aflatoxins are potent hepatotoxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi. The present study investigated the protective effect of methanolic leaf extracts of Monanthotaxis caffra (MLEMC) against aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 animals each. Five groups were administered orally for seven days with three different concentrations of MLEMC (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg), curcumin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (25% propylene glycol). The following day, these groups were administered 1 mg/kg b.w. of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The experiment was terminated three days after administration of AFB1. Group 6 represented untreated healthy control. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and liver histopathology were evaluated. Methanolic leaf extracts of M. caffra decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine in the sera of rats as compared with the AFB1 intoxicated group. Co-administration of MLEMC improved the histological characteristics of the hepatocytes in contrast to the AFB1 treated group, which had mild to severe hepatocellular injuries including bile duct proliferation, bile duct hyperplasia, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and fibrosis. Extracts of M. caffra were beneficial in mitigating the hepatotoxic effects of AFB1 in rats by reducing the levels of liver enzymes and preventing hepatic injury.

Aflatoxins are potent hepatotoxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi. The present study investigated the protective effect of methanolic leaf extracts of Monanthotaxis caffra (MLEMC) against aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 animals each. Five groups were administered orally for seven days with three different concentrations of MLEMC (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg), curcumin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (25% propylene glycol). The following day, these groups were administered 1 mg/kg b.w. of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The experiment was terminated three days after administration of AFB1. Group 6 represented untreated healthy control. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and liver histopathology were evaluated. Methanolic leaf extracts of M. caffra decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine in the sera of rats as compared with the AFB1 intoxicated group. Co-administration of MLEMC improved the histological characteristics of the hepatocytes in contrast to the AFB1 treated group, which had mild to severe hepatocellular injuries including bile duct proliferation, bile duct hyperplasia, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and fibrosis. Extracts of M. caffra were beneficial in mitigating the hepatotoxic effects of AFB1 in rats by reducing the levels of liver enzymes and preventing hepatic injury.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that remains endemic in large parts of southern Africa because of its persistence in wildlife and domestic dog vectors. The black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) is primarily the wildlife vector responsible for rabies outbreaks in northern parts of South Africa. Two trials were carried out to investigate antibody responses to the oral rabies vaccine Raboral V-RG® in black-backed jackals under captive and free-ranging conditions. In captive jackals 10/12 (83%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 52% – 98%), seroconverted after single oral vaccination. Nine captive jackals had protective antibody titres ( 0.5 IU/mL) at 4 weeks (median: 2.1 IU/mL; inter quartile range [IQR]: 0.6–5.7) and 10 jackals had at 12 weeks (median: 3.5 IU/mL; IQR: 1.5–8.3) and three maintained antibody titres for up to 48 weeks (median: 3.4 IU/mL; IQR: 2.0–6.3). Four sites were baited with Raboral V-RG® vaccine for wild jackals, using fishmeal polymer and chicken heads. Baits were distributed by hand or from vehicle at three sites in north-eastern South Africa, with an average baiting density of 4.4 baits/km2 and at one site in central South Africa, at 0.12 baits/km2. This resulted in protective antibody titres in 3/11 jackals (27%; 95% Cl: 6–61) trapped between 3 and 12 months after baiting in north-eastern South Africa, compared with 4/7 jackals (57%; 95% Cl: 18–90) trapped after 3–18 months in central South Africa. This study shows the potential utility of oral rabies vaccination for the control of wildlife-associated rabies in north-eastern and central South Africa, but extensive studies with wider distribution of bait are needed to assess its potential impact on rabies control in wild jackals.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that remains endemic in large parts of southern Africa because of its persistence in wildlife and domestic dog vectors. The black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) is primarily the wildlife vector responsible for rabies outbreaks in northern parts of South Africa. Two trials were carried out to investigate antibody responses to the oral rabies vaccine Raboral V-RG® in black-backed jackals under captive and free-ranging conditions. In captive jackals 10/12 (83%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 52% – 98%), seroconverted after single oral vaccination. Nine captive jackals had protective antibody titres ( 0.5 IU/mL) at 4 weeks (median: 2.1 IU/mL; inter quartile range [IQR]: 0.6–5.7) and 10 jackals had at 12 weeks (median: 3.5 IU/mL; IQR: 1.5–8.3) and three maintained antibody titres for up to 48 weeks (median: 3.4 IU/mL; IQR: 2.0–6.3). Four sites were baited with Raboral V-RG® vaccine for wild jackals, using fishmeal polymer and chicken heads. Baits were distributed by hand or from vehicle at three sites in north-eastern South Africa, with an average baiting density of 4.4 baits/km2 and at one site in central South Africa, at 0.12 baits/km2. This resulted in protective antibody titres in 3/11 jackals (27%; 95% Cl: 6–61) trapped between 3 and 12 months after baiting in north-eastern South Africa, compared with 4/7 jackals (57%; 95% Cl: 18–90) trapped after 3–18 months in central South Africa. This study shows the potential utility of oral rabies vaccination for the control of wildlife-associated rabies in north-eastern and central South Africa, but extensive studies with wider distribution of bait are needed to assess its potential impact on rabies control in wild jackals.

The research was at determining the knowledge, attitudes, and actions of farmers on the Qanun number 3 of 2016 regarding the control of productive cows and buffaloes to avoid slaughtering productive cows and buffaloes so that livestock populations are maintained. This research was conducted using a survey method for three months starting from May 2021 to July 2021. Breeders were selected using the purposive sampling method and interviews were conducted by filling out a validated questionnaire. The data analysis method used was descriptive qualitative analysis using a structured questionnaire to 110 farmer respondents with the criteria of having 2 years of experience in raising cattle, and raising female cows. The livestock population has increased since Qanun Number 3 was issued in 2016. The results of this study indicate that the level of knowledge of farmers is in a good category (72.5%), attitude is a very good category (83.2%) and action is good category (72.5%).

The research was at determining the knowledge, attitudes, and actions of farmers on the Qanun number 3 of 2016 regarding the control of productive cows and buffaloes to avoid slaughtering productive cows and buffaloes so that livestock populations are maintained. This research was conducted using a survey method for three months starting from May 2021 to July 2021. Breeders were selected using the purposive sampling method and interviews were conducted by filling out a validated questionnaire. The data analysis method used was descriptive qualitative analysis using a structured questionnaire to 110 farmer respondents with the criteria of having 2 years of experience in raising cattle, and raising female cows. The livestock population has increased since Qanun Number 3 was issued in 2016. The results of this study indicate that the level of knowledge of farmers is in a good category (72.5%), attitude is a very good category (83.2%) and action is good category (72.5%).

Primates are known to harbour different gastrointestinal parasite species that affect their survival and reproductive activity. Entamoeba histolytica infects humans predominantly as well as non-human (NH) primates causing amoebiasis. Amoebic dysentery is common amongst non-human primates in captive sites. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the prevalence of amoebic dysentery in captive NH primates of the Mefou Primate Sanctuary (MPS) in Cameroon. The faecal samples of 277 NH primates were analysed by qualitative (direct smear and evergreen kit sedimentation technique) coprology from January to July 2019. Factors such as habitat type, keepers age and level of education were assessed to evaluate their effect on the prevalence of amoebic dysentery. The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica was 46.2% (P=0,079 and 2=18.13). E histolytica was the most predominant parasite species detected and it was present in all instances of mixed parasite infections. Amongst the NH primates positive for E. histolytica, 28 suffered from amoebic dysentery giving a prevalence of 21.9% and one of the infected primates (Cercopithecus pogonias) actually died from amoebic dysentery. The prevalence of mixed infections was significantly lower amongst NH primates living in outdoor enclosures compared to those living in other habitat types (P=0.015, 2=10.46). The rate of re-infection was significantly higher amongst NH primates under the care of keepers with the lowest (primary school) level of education (P=0.001, 2=13.09) on one hand and of older keepers (50s) (P = 0.008, 2=13.708) on the other hand. This study shows that amoebic dysentery is a cause for a major concern in the MPS. The housing conditions of the NH primates at the sanctuary, the keepers age and level of education were important factors that influenced the prevalence of amoebic dysentery. Adequate measures should be put in place to address the situation.

Primates are known to harbour different gastrointestinal parasite species that affect their survival and reproductive activity. Entamoeba histolytica infects humans predominantly as well as non-human (NH) primates causing amoebiasis. Amoebic dysentery is common amongst non-human primates in captive sites. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the prevalence of amoebic dysentery in captive NH primates of the Mefou Primate Sanctuary (MPS) in Cameroon. The faecal samples of 277 NH primates were analysed by qualitative (direct smear and evergreen kit sedimentation technique) coprology from January to July 2019. Factors such as habitat type, keeper’s age and level of education were assessed to evaluate their effect on the prevalence of amoebic dysentery. The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica was 46.2% (P=0,079 and χ2=18.13). E histolytica was the most predominant parasite species detected and it was present in all instances of mixed parasite infections. Amongst the NH primates positive for E. histolytica, 28 suffered from amoebic dysentery giving a prevalence of 21.9% and one of the infected primates (Cercopithecus pogonias) actually died from amoebic dysentery. The prevalence of mixed infections was significantly lower amongst NH primates living in outdoor enclosures compared to those living in other habitat types (P=0.015, χ2=10.46). The rate of re-infection was significantly higher amongst NH primates under the care of keepers with the lowest (primary school) level of education (P=0.001, χ2=13.09) on one hand and of older keepers (≥50s) (P = 0.008, χ2=13.708) on the other hand. This study shows that amoebic dysentery is a cause for a major concern in the MPS. The housing conditions of the NH primates at the sanctuary, the keeper’s age and level of education were important factors that influenced the prevalence of amoebic dysentery. Adequate measures should be put in place to address the situation.

The COVID-19 cases in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi, have has risen significantly daily. This significant increase in cases illustrates that the people are less than optimal in complying with the health protocols established by the government. This phenomenon concluded that public compliance in efforts to prevent COVID-19 has a vital role in preventing the spread. This study aims to describe the level of compliance towards prevention efforts of COVID-19 in the community. We use a descriptive survey method with probability sampling techniques to obtain the data. The subjects in this study were the community of Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi Regency, who were17 years old with a sample size of 400 samples. Collecting data using a questionnaire in a validated form and distributed to the public via social media. The data analysis in this study is the frequency distribution analysis (univariate analysis). The results of this study shown were that 172 respondents (43.0%) had a good level of compliance, 146 respondents (36.5%) had a sufficient level of adherence, and as many as 82 respondents (20.5%) had a good level of compliance to prevent COVID-19 spreads.

The COVID-19 cases in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi, have has risen significantly daily. This significant increase in cases illustrates that the people are less than optimal in complying with the health protocols established by the government. This phenomenon concluded that public compliance in efforts to prevent COVID-19 has a vital role in preventing the spread. This study aims to describe the level of compliance towards prevention efforts of COVID-19 in the community. We use a descriptive survey method with probability sampling techniques to obtain the data. The subjects in this study were the community of Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi Regency, who were17 years old with a sample size of 400 samples. Collecting data using a questionnaire in a validated form and distributed to the public via social media. The data analysis in this study is the frequency distribution analysis (univariate analysis). The results of this study shown were that 172 respondents (43.0%) had a good level of compliance, 146 respondents (36.5%) had a sufficient level of adherence, and as many as 82 respondents (20.5%) had a good level of compliance to prevent COVID-19 spreads.

The increase in the house fly population (Musca domestica) indicates pollution from chicken farms due to the chicken feces produced. The house fly population from farms can be reduced by using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae, but the exact number of BSF larvae has yet to be discovered to reduce the house fly population. This study aims to determine the presence of BSF larvae in chicken feces waste media in inhibiting the population of house flies. The research sample used 7-day-old BSF larvae from fishing for BSF flies from nature using organic waste to lay eggs and produce larvae. The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment without the addition of larvae (P0), 100 grams (P1), 200 grams (P2) and 300 grams (P3) into 1 kg of chicken feces stocked in a 50 cm x 50 cm container. The variable observed was the number of house flies perched on each treatment's feces. The results showed that the number of flies that landed on chicken feces with the addition of 0 g, 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g BSF larvae was 34.3312.09, 22.3310.21, 16.33 2.08 tails, 11.002.64 individuals. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was found that the population of the house fly was significantly reduced (P0.05) between the addition of 0 grams of BSF larvae, 100 grams, 200 grams and 300 grams. The results of the study concluded that the more BSF larvae added, the less population of house flies perched around chicken feces. The presence of BSF larvae weighing 200 g per kg of chicken feces can reduce the population of flies that perch on chicken feces by 52%.

The increase in the house fly population (Musca domestica) indicates pollution from chicken farms due to the chicken feces produced. The house fly population from farms can be reduced by using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae, but the exact number of BSF larvae has yet to be discovered to reduce the house fly population. This study aims to determine the presence of BSF larvae in chicken feces waste media in inhibiting the population of house flies. The research sample used 7-day-old BSF larvae from fishing for BSF flies from nature using organic waste to lay eggs and produce larvae. The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment without the addition of larvae (P0), 100 grams (P1), 200 grams (P2) and 300 grams (P3) into 1 kg of chicken feces stocked in a 50 cm x 50 cm container. The variable observed was the number of house flies perched on each treatment's feces. The results showed that the number of flies that landed on chicken feces with the addition of 0 g, 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g BSF larvae was 34.33±12.09, 22.33±10.21, 16.33 ±2.08 tails, 11.00±2.64 individuals. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was found that the population of the house fly was significantly reduced (P0.05) between the addition of 0 grams of BSF larvae, 100 grams, 200 grams and 300 grams. The results of the study concluded that the more BSF larvae added, the less population of house flies perched around chicken feces. The presence of BSF larvae weighing 200 g per kg of chicken feces can reduce the population of flies that perch on chicken feces by 52%.

This study aims to determine the presence of Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in rendang meat, fried chicken, fried fish, and omelets, as well as in the hands of food handlers in the Food Management Place (TPM). Ulee Lheue Sea Port by using laboratory tests. The study used five samples of food and five samples of food handlers' hands taken from the Food Management Place (TPM) of Ulee Lheue Seaport. Bacterial analysis on food samples in the laboratory using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. Meanwhile, the Replicate Organism Direct Agar Contact (RODAC) method was used to examine food handlers' hands. Laboratory tests resulted from five food samples and five food handlers' hand samples that Salmonella sp. was found in omelets, and Staphylococcus aureus was found in beef rendang, fried chicken, fried fish, omelets, and hand samples of food handlers. It is necessary to conduct hygiene and environmental sanitation counseling at TPM around Port of Ulee Lheue.

This study aims to determine the presence of Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in rendang meat, fried chicken, fried fish, and omelets, as well as in the hands of food handlers in the Food Management Place (TPM). Ulee Lheue Sea Port by using laboratory tests. The study used five samples of food and five samples of food handlers' hands taken from the Food Management Place (TPM) of Ulee Lheue Seaport. Bacterial analysis on food samples in the laboratory using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. Meanwhile, the Replicate Organism Direct Agar Contact (RODAC) method was used to examine food handlers' hands. Laboratory tests resulted from five food samples and five food handlers' hand samples that Salmonella sp. was found in omelets, and Staphylococcus aureus was found in beef rendang, fried chicken, fried fish, omelets, and hand samples of food handlers. It is necessary to conduct hygiene and environmental sanitation counseling at TPM around Port of Ulee Lheue.

The leaves of Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) are a plant thought to have antibacterial properties. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of Bandotan leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study used a stock extract of Bandotan leaves from the Pharmacology Laboratory and a bacterial isolate of P. aeruginosa in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, which was identified by Gram staining, indole test, Methyl Red test, and confectionery test. The research method was carried out by planting the re-identified bacterial isolates on Nutrient Broth (NB) media, incubated at 37C for 24 hours. Then the turbidity composition of the isolates was arranged to match the turbidity in 0.5 McFarland solution. Furthermore, the sensitivity test of the extract on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media was carried out by levelling the bacterial isolates on the surface of the media and attaching a disc containing bandotan leaf extract with a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and gentamicin disk as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. All treatments were incubated at 37C for 24 hours, and then the inhibition zone was measured using millimeters (mm) callipers. The results showed that concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75%, respectively, had an inhibition zone of 8.16 mm, 9.82 mm, and 16.08 mm, respectively. In contrast, the average inhibition zone for gentamicin was 25, 30 mm and 0 mm distilled water. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Bandotan leaf extract is sensitive to growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa bacteria.

The leaves of Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) are a plant thought to have antibacterial properties. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of Bandotan leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study used a stock extract of Bandotan leaves from the Pharmacology Laboratory and a bacterial isolate of P. aeruginosa in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, which was identified by Gram staining, indole test, Methyl Red test, and confectionery test. The research method was carried out by planting the re-identified bacterial isolates on Nutrient Broth (NB) media, incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. Then the turbidity composition of the isolates was arranged to match the turbidity in 0.5 McFarland solution. Furthermore, the sensitivity test of the extract on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media was carried out by levelling the bacterial isolates on the surface of the media and attaching a disc containing bandotan leaf extract with a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and gentamicin disk as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. All treatments were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours, and then the inhibition zone was measured using millimeters (mm) callipers. The results showed that concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75%, respectively, had an inhibition zone of 8.16 mm, 9.82 mm, and 16.08 mm, respectively. In contrast, the average inhibition zone for gentamicin was 25, 30 mm and 0 mm distilled water. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Bandotan leaf extract is sensitive to growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa bacteria.

Broilers are chickens with high meat production. The productivity of broiler is seen from the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat. This study aims to determine the effect of giving fermented coconut pulp (Cocos nucifera L) on the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat of broilers. This study used a completely randomized design experimental method (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments and 6 replications so that the total observations were 36 units of observation. Each treatment had P1: 100% commercial feed without fermented coconut dregs, P2: 90% commercial feed + 10% fermented coconut dregs, P3: 80% commercial feed + 20% fermented coconut dregs, P4: 70% commercial feed + 30 % fermented coconut dregs, P5: 60% commercial feed + 40% fermented coconut dregs, P6 : 50% commercial feed + 50% fermented coconut dregs. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance which was preceded by the battle test, followed by the Tukey test using the SPSS program. The analysis of variance showed significantly different results (P0.05) on the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat of the broiler. Tukey's follow-up test on the carcass showed a significant difference (P0.05) and there was no significant difference in fat (P0.05). It can be concluded that the supplementary feed of fermented coconut pulp can be used 40% as additional feed to increase the carcass percentage but not reduce the broiler abdominal fat percentage.

Broilers are chickens with high meat production. The productivity of broiler is seen from the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat. This study aims to determine the effect of giving fermented coconut pulp (Cocos nucifera L) on the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat of broilers. This study used a completely randomized design experimental method (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments and 6 replications so that the total observations were 36 units of observation. Each treatment had P1: 100% commercial feed without fermented coconut dregs, P2: 90% commercial feed + 10% fermented coconut dregs, P3: 80% commercial feed + 20% fermented coconut dregs, P4: 70% commercial feed + 30 % fermented coconut dregs, P5: 60% commercial feed + 40% fermented coconut dregs, P6 : 50% commercial feed + 50% fermented coconut dregs. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance which was preceded by the battle test, followed by the Tukey test using the SPSS program. The analysis of variance showed significantly different results (P0.05) on the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat of the broiler. Tukey's follow-up test on the carcass showed a significant difference (P0.05) and there was no significant difference in fat (P0.05). It can be concluded that the supplementary feed of fermented coconut pulp can be used 40% as additional feed to increase the carcass percentage but not reduce the broiler abdominal fat percentage.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or hyaline membrane disease is the most frequent cause of respiratory failure and mortality in preterm infants. As a result, many infants are brought to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). There may also be other factors that affect the incidence rate of RDS as well. Our research goals are to find out the incidence rate of RDS among three preterm groups and its related factors. In a cross-sectional-descriptive analytical study, newborn data was gathered and assessed by using hospital medical records. One hundred forty-two preterm infants with gestational age 36 weeks were hospitalized in the NICU. All participants were divided into three groups: extremely preterm ( 28 weeks), very preterm (28 to 32 weeks), and moderate-to-late preterm (32 to 36 weeks). The frequency of RDS and some related factors were compared among three groups. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between variables by SPSS statistics software version 19. The level of significance was considered P 0.05. Respiratory distress syndrome was observed in 64.68% of all participants; RDS is more common in infants within 28-32 weeks of gestation (81%), while infants with 28 weeks of gestation and 33-36 weeks of gestation have lower rates (50% and 52 Our study shows a positive correlation between birthweight and RDS as well as between birthweight and gestational age. (P value: 0.001, 0.003). Infants between 28 to 32 gestational age have a higher risk of RDS. The risk of RDS also increases in low birth weight and male infants.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or hyaline membrane disease is the most frequent cause of respiratory failure and mortality in preterm infants. As a result, many infants are brought to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). There may also be other factors that affect the incidence rate of RDS as well. Our research goals are to find out the incidence rate of RDS among three preterm groups and its related factors. In a cross-sectional-descriptive analytical study, newborn data was gathered and assessed by using hospital medical records. One hundred forty-two preterm infants with gestational age ≤ 36 weeks were hospitalized in the NICU. All participants were divided into three groups: extremely preterm ( 28 weeks), very preterm (28 to 32 weeks), and moderate-to-late preterm (32 to 36 weeks). The frequency of RDS and some related factors were compared among three groups. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between variables by SPSS statistics software version 19. The level of significance was considered P 0.05. Respiratory distress syndrome was observed in 64.68% of all participants; RDS is more common in infants within 28-32 weeks of gestation (81%), while infants with 28 weeks of gestation and 33-36 weeks of gestation have lower rates (50% and 52 Our study shows a positive correlation between birthweight and RDS as well as between birthweight and gestational age. (P value: 0.001, 0.003). Infants between 28 to 32 gestational age have a higher risk of RDS. The risk of RDS also increases in low birth weight and male infants.