Objectives: The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy milk products is a global concern, compromising treatment efficacy and highlighting the need for innovative solutions. Therefore, a study was conducted to isolate S. aureus strains (N = 21) from raw milk samples of cows infected with subclinical bovine mastitis. Additionally, the resistance of these strains against 12 different antibiotics was examined. Materials and Methods: Sixty raw cow milk samples, 20 from each of three separate dairy farms in Lahore city, were collected and screened for the presence of S. aureus. It was discovered that 70% of these milk samples were contaminated with this bacterium, indicating a widespread presence across the farms. Different isolation tests were employed in this study, including gram staining, capsule staining, catalase, mannitol salt fermentation, DNase, coagulase, and oxidase. Results: The obtained results revealed that the isolated strains of S. aureus showed % of their resistance against different antibiotics in the order of amoxicillin (85%), penicillin (71%), gentamicin (CN) (42%), carbenicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33%), streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and oxytetracycline (28%), cefotaxime (10%), and chloramphenicol (4%) in decreasing order, respectively. However, these strains showed no resistance against Bacitracin and Ampicillin. Conclusion: The existence of resistant strains of S. aureus has been attributed to various factors, such as poor milk hygiene, delayed milk transportation, subclinical bovine mastitis among dairy cows, and antibiotic-resistant genes. Thus, our present study will provide useful information about the resistant strains of S. aureus, which may transfer through cows into milk and then produce serious food-borne diseases in human beings. This study will be helpful to improve and control the quality of dairy products in Pakistan. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 252–259, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l892

Objectives: The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy milk products is a global concern, compromising treatment efficacy and highlighting the need for innovative solutions. Therefore, a study was conducted to isolate S. aureus strains (N = 21) from raw milk samples of cows infected with subclinical bovine mastitis. Additionally, the resistance of these strains against 12 different antibiotics was examined. Materials and Methods: Sixty raw cow milk samples, 20 from each of three separate dairy farms in Lahore city, were collected and screened for the presence of S. aureus. It was discovered that 70% of these milk samples were contaminated with this bacterium, indicating a widespread presence across the farms. Different isolation tests were employed in this study, including gram staining, capsule staining, catalase, mannitol salt fermentation, DNase, coagulase, and oxidase. Results: The obtained results revealed that the isolated strains of S. aureus showed % of their resistance against different antibiotics in the order of amoxicillin (85%), penicillin (71%), gentamicin (CN) (42%), carbenicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33%), streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and oxytetracycline (28%), cefotaxime (10%), and chloramphenicol (4%) in decreasing order, respectively. However, these strains showed no resistance against Bacitracin and Ampicillin. Conclusion: The existence of resistant strains of S. aureus has been attributed to various factors, such as poor milk hygiene, delayed milk transportation, subclinical bovine mastitis among dairy cows, and antibiotic-resistant genes. Thus, our present study will provide useful information about the resistant strains of S. aureus, which may transfer through cows into milk and then produce serious food-borne diseases in human beings. This study will be helpful to improve and control the quality of dairy products in Pakistan. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 252-259]

Objective: This work is to elucidate the prevalence of Peste des Petits (PPR) in Northern Sudan through antibody, antigen, and genome detection. Materials and Methods: Serum and tissue samples from lungs showing pneumonic lesions of goats and sheep were collected in slaughterhouses in both states in Northern Sudan. Sera were examined for antibodies to the PPR virus by Competitive ELISA; Immunocapture ELISA was used for testing PPRV antigen in lung tissues. Some of the ELISA-positive tissues were examined for the PPRV genome by reverse transcription PCR (RT/PCR). Results: The overall seroprevalence was 35%, with 40.8% in sheep and 28.4% in goats out of 945 sera that were tested. In the River Nile State, the prevalence was 30.1% (34.4% in sheep, and 24.6% in goats). In Northern State, it was 41.8% (50.5% in sheep, 33% in goats). Using IcELISA, the overall PPRV antigen detected in these two states of Northern Sudan was 7.7%; in River Nile State, it was 5% in sheep. In Northern State, 15.4% of sheep and 20% of goat lung tissue samples tested positive. PPR genome could be detected by RT/PCR. Conclusion: The results pointed to the increased prevalence of the disease in Northern Sudan, especially the Northern State. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 327–333, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l900

Objective: This work is to elucidate the prevalence of Peste des Petits (PPR) in Northern Sudan through antibody, antigen, and genome detection. Materials and Methods: Serum and tissue samples from lungs showing pneumonic lesions of goats and sheep were collected in slaughterhouses in both states in Northern Sudan. Sera were examined for antibodies to the PPR virus by competitive ELISA; Immunocapture ELISA was used for testing PPRV antigen in lung tissues. Some of the ELISA-positive tissues were examined for the PPRV genome by reverse transcription PCR (RT/PCR). Results: The overall seroprevalence was 35%, with 40.8% in sheep and 28.4% in goats out of 945 sera that were tested. In the River Nile State, the prevalence was 30.1% (34.4% in sheep, and 24.6% in goats). In Northern State, it was 41.8% (50.5% in sheep, 33% in goats). Using IcELISA, the overall PPRV antigen detected in these two states of Northern Sudan was 7.7%; in River Nile State, it was 5% in sheep. In Northern State, 15.4% of sheep and 20% of goat lung tissue samples tested positive. PPR genome could be detected by RT/PCR. Conclusion: The results pointed to the increased prevalence of the disease in Northern Sudan, especially the Northern State. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 327-333]

Objective: Diabetes mellitus and obesity stand as globally prevalent, life-threatening metabolic diseases. It has been reported that the intake of a high-sugar diet (HSD) increases the risk of developing diabetes and obesity. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative supplemental diet that could reduce the harmful consequences of excessive sugar consumption. The current study aimed to explore how jackfruit seed powder (JSP) could potentially prevent metabolic diseases in mice induced by an HSD. Materials and Methods: Swiss albino male mice were categorized into six groups fed normal and HSDs with or without JSP supplementation for 8 weeks. After the end of the feeding trial, different parameters related to glucose and lipid homeostasis were measured. Results: We found that 20% of JSP supplementation significantly decreased food intake and body weight gain induced by HSD. Supplementation of JSP reduced the liver weight, white adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue weight in HSD-fed mice. Moreover, the addition of JSP with HSD improved the glucose tolerance test and reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion: These findings indicate that adding 20% JSP is particularly efficient in averting the onset of metabolic diseases induced by an HSD. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 374–384, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l905

Objective: Diabetes mellitus and obesity stand as globally prevalent, life-threatening metabolic diseases. It has been reported that the intake of a high-sugar diet (HSD) increases the risk of developing diabetes and obesity. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative supplemental diet that could reduce the harmful consequences of excessive sugar consumption. The current study aimed to explore how jackfruit seed powder (JSP) could potentially prevent metabolic diseases in mice induced by an HSD. Materials and Methods: Swiss albino male mice were categorized into six groups fed normal and HSDs with or without JSP supplementation for 8 weeks. After the end of the feeding trial, different parameters related to glucose and lipid homeostasis were measured. Results: We found that 20% of JSP supplementation significantly decreased food intake and body weight gain induced by HSD. Supplementation of JSP reduced the liver weight, white adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue weight in HSD-fed mice. Moreover, the addition of JSP with HSD improved the glucose tolerance test and reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion: These findings indicate that adding 20% JSP is particularly efficient in averting the onset of metabolic diseases induced by an HSD. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 374-384]

Recent studies have identified wing cells, a substructure of the wing, as carrying taxonomic signals across various mosquito genera. However, the presence of a taxonomic signal in the wing cells of the genus Lutzia (Diptera: Culicidae) has not yet been confirmed. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the outline-based geometric morphometric (GM) approach in distinguishing Lutzia species found in Thailand, namely Lutzia chiangmaiensis, Lutzia fuscana, Lutzia halifaxii, and Lutzia vorax. Materials and Methods: The outline-based geometric morphometrics was employed to analyze four wing elements: the wing contour, the second submarginal cell, the first posterior cell, and the third posterior cell. Results: In the size analysis, Lt. vorax consistently exhibited significantly larger wing elements compared to the other species (p < 0.05). The factor maps based on discriminant analysis for the wing elements among the species indicated that most groups overlapped in morphospace. However, for the third posterior cell, the Lt. vorax group presented a more distinct shape. While shape analysis detected significant differences between almost all species pairs (p < 0.05), there was an exception between Lt. halifaxii and Lt. chiangmaiensis in the first posterior cell (p > 0.05). Additionally, shape analysis further indicated that the third posterior cell achieved the highest percentage of correct classifications, with an adjusted total assignment accuracy of 71%. Conclusion: This finding reveals a significant taxonomic signal in the third posterior cell, suggesting that the outline-based GM approach can effectively complement the landmark-based GM approach in distinguishing Lutzia species. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 516–528, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l916

Recent studies have identified wing cells, a substructure of the wing, as carrying taxonomic signals across various mosquito genera. However, the presence of a taxonomic signal in the wing cells of the genus Lutzia (Diptera: Culicidae) has not yet been confirmed. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the outline-based geometric morphometric (GM) approach in distinguishing Lutzia species found in Thailand, namely Lutzia chiangmaiensis, Lutzia fuscana, Lutzia halifaxii, and Lutzia vorax. Materials and Methods: The outline-based geometric morphometrics was employed to analyze four wing elements: the wing contour, the second submarginal cell, the first posterior cell, and the third posterior cell. Results: In the size analysis, Lt. vorax consistently exhibited significantly larger wing elements compared to the other species (p < 0.05). The factor maps based on discriminant analysis for the wing elements among the species indicated that most groups overlapped in morphospace. However, for the third posterior cell, the Lt. vorax group presented a more distinct shape. While shape analysis detected significant differences between almost all species pairs (p < 0.05), there was an exception between Lt. halifaxii and Lt. chiangmaiensis in the first posterior cell (p > 0.05). Additionally, shape analysis further indicated that the third posterior cell achieved the highest percentage of correct classifications, with an adjusted total assignment accuracy of 71%. Conclusion: This finding reveals a significant taxonomic signal in the third posterior cell, suggesting that the outline-based GM approach can effectively complement the landmark-based GM approach in distinguishing Lutzia species. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 516-528]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant extracts from desert species on egg-hatching inhibition (EHI) and larval mortality of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in cattle under in vitro conditions. Materials and Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extracts of tasajillo [Cylindropuntia leptocaulis (DC) F.M. Kunth], coyonoxtle [Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw) F.M. Kunth], mariola (Parthenium incanum Kunth), and mesquite [Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf.] were tested. GIN eggs and infective larvae were exposed to the plant extracts in decreasing doses, and the median lethal dose50 (LD50) and maximum lethal dose99 (LD99) were calculated using the SAS PROBIT procedure. Results: The C. imbricata extract demonstrated the highest EHI at a small LD50 (2.31 mg/ml) and achieved 100% larval mortality at a 5.8 mg/ml concentration. The P. incanum extract showed the highest larval mortality at the LD99 (6.50 mg/ml), although N. juliflora had the lowest LD50. However, the N. juliflora pod extract was the least effective overall. These findings indicate that C. imbricata was the most effective extract for inhibiting egg hatching, while P. incanum was the most effective for promoting larval mortality under in vitro conditions. Conclusion: The small doses used against eggs and larvae of nematode parasites suggest that wild desert plants could provide a viable and ecological alternative for the in vitro control of GINs in cattle. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 529–538, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l917

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant extracts from desert species on egg-hatching inhibition (EHI) and larval mortality of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in cattle under in vitro conditions. Materials and Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extracts of tasajillo [Cylindropuntia leptocaulis (DC) F.M. Kunth], coyonoxtle [Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw) F.M. Kunth], mariola (Parthenium incanum Kunth), and mesquite [Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf.] were tested. GIN eggs and infective larvae were exposed to the plant extracts in decreasing doses, and the median lethal dose50 (LD50) and maximum lethal dose99 (LD99) were calculated using the SAS PROBIT procedure. Results: The C. imbricata extract demonstrated the highest EHI at a small LD50 (2.31 mg/ml) and achieved 100% larval mortality at a 5.8 mg/ml concentration. The P. incanum extract showed the highest larval mortality at the LD99 (6.50 mg/ml), although N. juliflora had the lowest LD50. However, the N. juliflora pod extract was the least effective overall. These findings indicate that C. imbricata was the most effective extract for inhibiting egg hatching, while P. incanum was the most effective for promoting larval mortality under in vitro conditions. Conclusion: The small doses used against eggs and larvae of nematode parasites suggest that wild desert plants could provide a viable and ecological alternative for the in vitro control of GINs in cattle. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 529-538]

Objective: This research aimed to isolate and identify potential white-rot fungi from various locations in West Sumatra, Indonesia, that could be used for biodelignification of animal feed ingredients. Materials and Methods: Wood samples with fungal infections were directly observed, and the visual method was employed to collect samples. The purified white-rot fungi isolates underwent the Bavendamm test to evaluate their biodelignification capabilities. Results: Eight of the 15 purified white-rot fungi isolates demonstrated positive results in the Bavendamm test, indicating their potential for biodelignification. Further analysis revealed the presence of three indigenous white-rot fungi species in West Sumatra: Exidia sp., Trametes sp., and Phanerochaete sp. These findings highlight the richness of white-rot fungi biodiversity in the region and underscore their suitability for lignin degradation in animal feed ingredients. Additionally, the successful isolation and identification of these fungi represent a crucial step toward sustainable biotechnological applications in livestock farming. Conclusion: The identified white-rot fungi have shown promising capabilities for lignin degradation in animal feed ingredients. However, further research is essential to ascertain the optimal enzyme ratio for lignin degradation and to enhance the identification techniques for a broader range of white-rot fungi species. This study provides a foundational step toward improving animal feed quality in the region, especially for ruminants. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 558–564, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l920

Objective: This research aimed to isolate and identify potential white-rot fungi from various locations in West Sumatra, Indonesia, that could be used for biodelignification of animal feed ingredients. Materials and Methods: Wood samples with fungal infections were directly observed, and the visual method was employed to collect samples. The purified white-rot fungi isolates underwent the Bavendamm test to evaluate their biodelignification capabilities. Results: Eight of the 15 purified white-rot fungi isolates demonstrated positive results in the Bavendamm test, indicating their potential for biodelignification. Further analysis revealed the presence of three indigenous white-rot fungi species in West Sumatra: Exidia sp., Trametes sp., and Phanerochaete sp. These findings highlight the richness of white-rot fungi biodiversity in the region and underscore their suitability for lignin degradation in animal feed ingredients. Additionally, the successful isolation and identification of these fungi represent a crucial step toward sustainable biotechnological applications in livestock farming. Conclusion: The identified white-rot fungi have shown promising capabilities for lignin degradation in animal feed ingredients. However, further research is essential to ascertain the optimal enzyme ratio for lignin degradation and to enhance the identification techniques for a broader range of white-rot fungi species. This study provides a foundational step toward improving animal feed quality in the region, especially for ruminants. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 558-564]

Objectives: Kopi luwak (civet coffee) is produced through a fermentation process in the digestive system of civets. This study aims to investigate the diversity of microorganisms in Indonesian civet excreta fed with robusta coffee cherries. Materials and Methods: Six excreta samples were collected from male and female Indonesian civets of three species: binturong (Arctictis binturong), Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata). Microbial diversity was analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Results: Based on alpha and beta diversity analysis, the microbial community in civet excreta differs. Microbes found in the excreta of male P. hermaphroditus (PH-M) were the most diverse. Microbes were identified in the bacterial and yeast domains. The relative abundance of bacteria was higher than yeast. The occurrence of non-pathogenic bacteria (50.76%–90.51%) was higher than pathogens (9.49%–41.24%). The dominant bacteria in the excreta of all civets were Escherichia coli (15.98%–54.68%). Although not dominant microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast are present in civet excreta. The LAB present in the range from 0.16% to 32.14%, with the most abundant LAB being Streptococcus pasteurianus, Weissella confusa, and W. cibaria. Meanwhile, the identified yeasts were Hanseniaspora opuntiae and H. uvarum. Pathogenic bacteria, both spore-forming and non-spore-forming, were also present in civet excreta. The virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance gene cluster were detected. Conclusion: The microbial diversity of Indonesian civet excreta is influenced by species and sex. PH-M contains the most diverse microbes. The presence of foodborne pathogens in civet excreta may be carried over into the beans, and hence, further processing of the beans should assure the safety of the beans. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 565–581, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l921

Objectives: Kopi luwak (civet coffee) is produced through a fermentation process in the digestive system of civets. This study aims to investigate the diversity of microorganisms in Indonesian civet excreta fed with robusta coffee cherries. Materials and Methods: Six excreta samples were collected from male and female Indonesian civets of three species: binturong (Arctictis binturong), Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata). Microbial diversity was analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Results: Based on alpha and beta diversity analysis, the microbial community in civet excreta differs. Microbes found in the excreta of male P. hermaphroditus (PH-M) were the most diverse. Microbes were identified in the bacterial and yeast domains. The relative abundance of bacteria was higher than yeast. The occurrence of non-pathogenic bacteria (50.76%–90.51%) was higher than pathogens (9.49%–41.24%). The dominant bacteria in the excreta of all civets were Escherichia coli (15.98%–54.68%). Although not dominant microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast are present in civet excreta. The LAB present in the range from 0.16% to 32.14%, with the most abundant LAB being Streptococcus pasteurianus, Weissella confusa, and W. cibaria. Meanwhile, the identified yeasts were Hanseniaspora opuntiae and H. uvarum. Pathogenic bacteria, both spore-forming and non-spore-forming, were also present in civet excreta. The virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance gene cluster were detected. Conclusion: The microbial diversity of Indonesian civet excreta is influenced by species and sex. PH-M contains the most diverse microbes. The presence of foodborne pathogens in civet excreta may be carried over into the beans, and hence, further processing of the beans should assure the safety of the beans. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 565-581]

Objective: The purpose of the research was to assess possible diagnostic parameters related to subclinical mastitis in goats. Materials and Methods: Individual samples of milk from goats were separated into three groups based on the chloride concentration: group I < 70 mmol/l; II group 70–85 mmol/l; III group > 85 mmol/l. The composition of milk was studied, and smears were also made. Results: When the chloride content in goat milk exceeds 85 mmol/l, the somatic cell count increases by 3.2–5.7 times in relation to milk with a chloride content below 70 mmol/l, depending on the research method used. In the second group, the indicators exceed those of the first group by 2.1–3.8 times. Compared to the second and third groups, the indicator of electrical conductivity in goats of the first group was lower by 13.1% and 31.3%, respectively. Milk from healthy goats, characterized by a chloride content of less than 70 mmol/l, shows a chlorosugar number averaging 5 (ranging from 4.1 to 5.9). In cases where chloride levels in milk exceed 85 mmol/l, the average indicator of the chlorosugar number is 7.2 (from 6.5 to 7.9). If the content of chlorides is > 85 mmol/l, a positive result of the settling test with goat’s milk is noted. Conclusion: A set of indicators such as chloride content > 85 mmol/l, the number of somatic cells >2 million/ml, chlorosugar number ≥ 7, along with confirmed results in the settling and mastidine tests—can be used as a diagnostic criterion for subclinical mastitis in goats. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 582–588, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l922

Objective: The purpose of the research was to assess possible diagnostic parameters related to subclinical mastitis in goats. Materials and Methods: Individual samples of milk from goats were separated into three groups based on the chloride concentration: group I < 70 mmol/l; II group 70–85 mmol/l; III group > 85 mmol/l. The composition of milk was studied, and smears were also made. Results: When the chloride content in goat milk exceeds 85 mmol/l, the somatic cell count increases by 3.2–5.7 times in relation to milk with a chloride content below 70 mmol/l, depending on the research method used. In the second group, the indicators exceed those of the first group by 2.1–3.8 times. Compared to the second and third groups, the indicator of electrical conductivity in goats of the first group was lower by 13.1% and 31.3%, respectively. Milk from healthy goats, characterized by a chloride content of less than 70 mmol/l, shows a chlorosugar number averaging 5 (ranging from 4.1 to 5.9). In cases where chloride levels in milk exceed 85 mmol/l, the average indicator of the chlorosugar number is 7.2 (from 6.5 to 7.9). If the content of chlorides is > 85 mmol/l, a positive result of the settling test with goat's milk is noted. Conclusion: A set of indicators such as chloride content > 85 mmol/l, the number of somatic cells >2 million/ml, chlorosugar number ≥ 7, along with confirmed results in the settling and mastidine tests—can be used as a diagnostic criterion for subclinical mastitis in goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 582-588]