Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a powerful statistical tool used to reduce the complexity of large datasets while preserving significant variations. In this study, PCA was applied to explore the morphological traits of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica), specifically focusing on skull measurements to identify key components affecting skull weight. A total of 112 quails (64 males and 48 females) were measured for various skull features, which were then analyzed through PCA. The analysis extracted three principal components for both sexes, explaining 52.76% of the variance in males and 56.52% in females. Key features such as Cerebellar Prominentia and Paraoccipital Process were identified as significant contributors to skull morphology. PCA was correspondingly applied to the measurements of male and female Japanese Quails' skulls, in order to identify those components which may explain most of the variation in skull weight. In this respect, simplification of data by PCA may indicate which morphological features supply most to the observed variation in skull weight and, therefore, provide interesting insights into the avian skull morphology. The goal of this research will be helpful in the laying of clear understanding regarding the anatomical features highly influential for skull structure, and of high importance to evolutionary biology, studies of veterinary importance, and poultry breeding programs. These findings highlight the applicability of PCA in anatomical studies and provide a deeper understanding of avian skull morphology.

The current study was designed to Know the Potassium dichromate (chromium) effects of histological structure on ovaries and thyroid glands in adult female rats. Twenty-one adult female rats were divided into three groups. The first group (n=7) animals received distal water as the control group, the second group (n=7) animals received potassium dichromate dissolved in distal water at a dose (n= 8.5 mg\kg), and the third group (n=7) animals received potassium dichromate at a dose (n= 4.25 mg\kg) dissolved in distal water. Animals received chromium orally by gavage for 30 days. The animals were sacrificed at the last experiment and the ovaries and thyroid have been isolated for histological study. Results showed normal ovarian histological structure in the control group and normal collagen fibers surrounding the vascular tissues. The potassium dichromate-treated group showed cysts, hemorrhage, distortion of granulosa cells, and collagen fibers not appearing with high doses. Histological ovarian sections in the treated group at a low dose of chromium showed normal ovarian structure with few fibroblasts. Normal thyroid follicles appeared in the control group. Thyroid gland structure in the treatment group at high doses of chromium showed the epithelium follicles have hyperplasia with distortion of follicle cells and walls. The follicles in the low dose group of chromium showed damage to follicle cells, vacuolated and limited hyperplasia. Therefore, chromium directly or indirectly affects of ovaries and thyroid glands

Out of 200 milk samples collected from apparently normal cows in Basrah province from 21 November 2023 to 6 February 2024, 95 (48)% were positive for the CMT test. This study used various techniques to detect the presence of staphylococcus aureus, including conventional microbiological assays (mannitol salts agar and CHROMagar™ Staph aureus) and molecular methods (amplifying the nuc gene using polymerase chain reaction ). The percentage of S. aureus isolates was 38 (19 % ).From 38 ( 19 %) S. aureus isolates, 27 (71%) carried the mecA gene, 6 (16%) carried pvl, while none of the isolates carried the mecC gene.

AbstractThe potential of natural extracts in cancer treatment has garnered significant attention, particularly for their ability to target cancer cell proliferation. In this study, the cytotoxic effects of bile juice extracted from the Iraqi Eastern Green Frog were investigated on two cancer cell lines: SK-GT-4 (esophageal cancer) and AMGM (glioblastoma). This study demonstrated the dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of Iraqi frog bile juice on both SK-GT-4 and AMGM cancer cell lines. MTT assay results showed that bile juice significantly inhibited cell proliferation, with the highest concentrations (6000 µg/ml and 2000 µg/ml) showing substantial inhibition. For SK-GT-4 cells, the inhibition reached 79.35% at 6000 µg/ml, while for AMGM cells, the inhibition was 67.54% at the same concentration. At lower concentrations (500 µg/ml), inhibition was minimal, with SK-GT-4 cells showing only a 7.85% inhibition and AMGM cells showing 2.02%. The IC50 values were calculated as 1674 µg/ml for SK-GT-4 and 1879 µg/ml for AMGM cells. The results suggest that bile juice from the Iraqi Eastern Green Frog possesses significant anticancer activity, particularly against esophageal cancer (SK-GT-4) and glioblastoma (AMGM) cells, with a clear dose-dependent response. These findings highlight the potential of frog bile as a natural agent for cancer treatment. Future studies should focus on isolating and identifying the active compounds in the bile, exploring their mechanisms of action, and evaluating their therapeutic potential in vivo.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of coccidiosis in broiler farms in Duhok Province, Iraq. A cross-sectional study was performed from June to October 2023. 600 fresh fecal samples were collected from the litters of the suspected farms, and the parasitological examinations were carried out using standard methods by using both direct fecal and flotation fecal methods for searching for coccidian oocysts. Also, 600 intestine and ceca samples were collected from the same chicken for macroscopic examination to report the presence of any pathological changes in the intestine and the ceca. The study findings revealed a high prevalence rate of coccidiosis (60%) among broiler farms in Duhok Province. Regarding ages, the ages 4-6 weeks were observed the most prevalent for infection (66.56%) than in other age groups. This study revealed that the infection rate of coccidiosis was higher in the Autumn season than in the summer season. According to the gross examination, most cases showed positive for Eimeria tenella (4433%), which indicates cecal coccidiosis and (55.7%) were positive with other Eimeria spp. Finally, some positive cases of Eimeria tenella were found infected with other species. The prevalence of coccidiosis among broiler farms was high in this study, especially, cecal coccidiosis and this is associated with several risk factors such as poor management, bad ventilation systems, humidity, and inadequate biosecurity systems in the farms.

The aim of the present study is to diagnose the multidrug resistant Escherichia coli that has been isolated from human and animal’s diarrheal cases and from environmental samples, the results of bacterial culturing methods revealed that out of 250 collected samples, 53 of isolates exhibited characteristic greenish metallic sheen colonies on EMB agar with bright pink lactose fermenting capabilities on MacConkey agar. Additionally, the conventional PCR assay was used to identified the E. coli species based on uidA gene, the results shown that all of isolates (100%) having the target gene. The results were also revealed the incidence rate of MDR Escherichia coli isolated among cattle, humans, and the environment which seem to have a similar rates of resistance for the five classes of antibiotics. Furthermore, MDR E. coli isolated from humans, animals, and the environment exhibited a high 100% resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, as well as (66.66, 83.33, and 72.72) resistance to aminoglycosides (gentamicin and streptomycin), 56.66%, 66.66%, 81.81% resistance to tetracycline (tetracycline), and 66.66%, 50%,100% resistance to dihydrofolate (trimethoprim), while it showed less resistance to quinolones (Nalidixic acid) 20%, 25%, and 18.18% respectively.

The mammary tissue gets inflamed when it is affected by mastitis. Inflammation is indicated by changes in the appearance and color of clots, also by an increase in milk cell counts. The current research sought to determine how leukocytes alter Interleukin (IL) 6 concentrations in milk and the role of nontuberculous mycobacteria concentration (NTM) as an accusatory agent in subclinical mastitis (SCM). The major screening method for subclinical mastitis in samples of cow's milk was Modified Whiteside Test (MWT). A total of 58 out of 70 (82.9%) exhibited positive SCM reactions, according to the test results; of these, 22 out of 70 (31.5%) had a strong SCM reaction (+++ve), 25 (35.7%) had a slight (1.5%) SCM reaction (++ve), and 11 (15.7) had a moderate SCM reaction (++ve). The 16s rRNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used for confirming the existence of NTM spp in the examined cow's milk samples. Out of 70 milk samples, 3 (4.3%) had positive PCR results. ELISA test was used to ascertain the impact of somatic cell count on concentration of IL-6 in cow's milk. The test's findings have shown that there was a significant variation (P<0.05) in the mean concentration regarding IL-6 in SCM milk. Cow's milk samples with considerable SCM reaction (++ve) had a higher mean IL-6 concentration (474.5670), while milk samples with modest SCM reaction (+ve) had a lower mean IL-6 concentration.

Objective: The common coot (Fulica atra) is a medium-sized migratory bird wintering at different wetlands in Pakistan. It belongs to the order Gruiformes and family Rallidae. This study aimed to investigate the morphometry, hematology, and blood chemistry of common coots during the winter visit of 2022–2023. Materials and Methods: Thirty two adult common coots were captured with the help of hunters holding valid licenses from six wetlands in Punjab, Pakistan. Each individual was sexed and sub¬jected to different morphological measurements. Eighteen blood samples (3–5 ml) were collected from the basilic veins of adults for hematology and blood chemistry. Results: Results revealed that body weight ranged from 378 to 680 gm, with males significantly heavier than females. Length was not significantly different. Males showed dominance in most of the morphometric characteristics compared to females. Regarding hematological parameters and plasma chemistry, there was a sufficient difference between the genders in most of the studied parameters. Conclusion: The male coot was significantly larger compared to the female, except for total length. Hematology and plasma chemistry showed significant differences between genders. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 312-320]

Objective: This study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing potentials of spirulina utilizing a rat model. Materials and Methods: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used to induce hepatotoxicity, while carrageenan was employed to induce hind paw inflammation. The wound healing capability was assessed by making a 6 mm round wound with a biopsy punch on the dorsal interscapular area of each rat. The animals were fed a diet mixed with spirulina at dosages of 250 and 500 mg.kg−1bwt. Paw thickness measurements were taken at 1, 3, and 6 h after carrageenan injection. Results: Intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 leads to hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by significantly elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Treatment with spirulina markedly reduced these biochemical markers. CCl4-induced hepatic cellular necrosis, central vein congestion, and steatosis were notably improved following spirulina administration. Additionally, spirulina treatment diminished paw edema and shortened wound closure time in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological analysis of the inflamed paw revealed massive infiltration of inflammatory cells and thickening of the epidermis, both of which showed significant improvement with spirulina treatment. The anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects of spir¬ulina were comparable to those of indomethacin, an established anti-inflammatory drug. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that Spirulina platensis possesses beneficial properties in counteracting hepatotoxicity and inflammation. Additionally, it exhibited significant wound-healing effects in rat models. These results reinforce the potential health advantages of spirulina as an effective functional food. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 303-311]

Helminthiases, which are caused by parasitic helminths, have a big effect on global health, especially in places with few resources. They cause a lot of illness and put a lot of strain on society and the economy. Understanding the prevalence, transmission, and impact of helminthiases is crucial for effective control and prevention. Molecular population genetics has been pivotal in understanding helminth dynamics, including species identification, hybridization, and drug resistance. However, deeper insights require broader genetic datasets. Several genomes have been sequenced using genomic technologies, which has changed the way helminth researchers do their work and made it easier to compare genomes and find conserved genetic elements. Genetic factors of the host also affect susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies have found candidate genes that are connected to susceptibility or resistance. Helminth infections trigger Type 2 immune responses involving various immune cells, cytokines, and mediators. Recent discoveries show how non-immune cells like stromal, epithelial, and neural cells control these responses. Genetic differences between the host and the parasite affect how they interact. Helminths use immunomodulatory molecules to hide from immune surveillance. The concept of host disease tolerance, maintaining health despite infection, is gaining attention. The emergence of drug resistance poses a challenge, emphasizing the need to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying anthelmintic resistance. Genomic approaches offer promising avenues for interventions, including vaccine development and RNA interference. Challenges in helminth genetics research include genetic heterogeneity, limited sample sizes, and technical constraints. Using both functional genomics and multi-omics methods together can help us fully understand helminth genetics and plan effective treatments. Genomic studies have helped us learn more and find possible targets for interventions. To turn these findings into useful control measures, we need to do more research and work together. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 123-131]