Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate heterozygosis in cattle population, and to characterize White Fulani breed by identifying DNA markers considering microsatellites. Materials and Methods: A total of 41 cattle were randomly selected and used for sample (wool) collection for the characterization and identification of phenotypic traits of cattle in Nigeria. The DNA samples from the samples were prepared. Twelve microsatellite primers were used for the microsatellite analysis in the genomic DNA of cattle. The reinforced products were analyzed to determine polymorphic alleles and their frequencies. Results: White Fulani is characterized by a high degree of genetic diversity. The microsatellites have multiple alleles and may show heterozygosity frequencies of at least 70%. White Fulani cows and their F1 descendants form a common cluster, to which the bulls of the Kuru and Red Boro breeds are adjacent. There is a clear differentiation of purebred populations of Tajik zebu-like cattle (Q = 98.7%) and a significant proportion of white Fulani (Q = 81.8%) from Nigeria. The microsatellite analysis of zebu of Nigeria allowed identifying a total of 80 alleles. In the KURU and PAX-KR-BOR rocks, 17 and 19 alleles were identified, respectively. In F1, 51 alleles were detected. Conclusion: White Fulani cattle are characterized by a high degree of genetic diversities. This makes it a highly informative source in genetic analysis. The results can be applied in dealing with the conservation and sustainable applications of genetic resources in the Nigerian cattle population. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 474-480]

Objective: This study aims to determine the ameliorative effect of vitamin E (vit E) on histological features and androgen binding protein (ABP) levels in rats induced by allethrin. Materials and Methods: Thirty sexually mature male Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 300 gm, and aging 3 months were taken for this study and were divided into three groups: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and treatment (T) groups. The PC and T groups were induced by allethrin 12 h per day for 31 days; however, only the T group was given vit E orally at 1 ml/gm body weight (BW) each day for 14 days. The paraffin block method was used to measure tubules diameter, thickness of the seminiferous epithelial layer, and Sertoli cell number. The ABP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The results showed that vit E gave significant effect (p < 0.05) on tubular diameter at NC 123.67 ± 12.77, PC 147.16 ± 10.64, and T 130.08 ± 10.00; tubular epithelial thickness at NC 33.55 ± 3.21, PC 30.02 ± 1.53, and T 32.96 ± 2.81; Sertoli cells number at NC 55.48 ± 5.9, PC 43.84 ± 3.77, and T 53.44 ± 4.26; and ABP levels at NC 72.35 ± 39.06, PC 38, 48 ± 18.78, and T 86.10 ± 35.77, respectively. Conclusion: This study concludes that vit E has an ameliorative effect against the toxic effects of allethrin at testicular histological features and ABP levels. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 486-491]

Objective: To produce, purify, and characterize a polyclonal antibody against acrylamide (anti-AA) for an application to immunochromatographic strip tests for AA. Material and Methods: Polyclonal anti-AA was prepared by injecting N-acryloxysuccinimide-conjugated bovine serum albumin hapten-antigen into New Zealand white rabbits. The antibody was purified using protein A, characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel elec¬trophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNP). The conjugated antibody was then characterized using UVVis and FTIR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Immunochromatographic strip tests were performed using sample pads, conjugated pads, test zones, control zones, and absorbent pads. Strip tests were finally validated using standard AA solutions followed by the application of various concentrations of coffee samples. Results: Using SDS-PAGE, the purified anti-AA antibody was resolved at 50 and 25 kDa, indicat¬ing the presence of heavy and light chains, respectively. The conjugation of anti-AA with AuNP was confirmed using wavelength shifts in UVVis and FTIR spectra, and TEM analyses revealed increased diameters of AuNPs after conjugation. The immunochromatographic strip test was sen-sitive to 1 mgml−1 standard AA. Various concentrations of coffee samples resulted in red color differences in the test zone. High and low coffee concentrations produced thick and thin red lines, respectively. Conclusion: Purified anti-AA can be conjugated with AuNP to produce strip tests for detecting AA in coffee samples. The present immunochromatographic strip tests quantitatively showed increasing intensities of red lines with increasing AA concentrations. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 366-375]

Objective: The aim of this study is to inspect the ameliorative effect of avenanthramides (AVA) on CP nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected for the determination of hematological parameters. Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in serum. Specimens from both kidneys were taken for histopathological examinations. Results: Administration of AVA resulted in significant decrease in the level of creatinine and TNF-α when compared with CP group. Histopathologically, CP-induced vacuolar degeneration and necro¬sis of the kidney tubules. Administration of AVA ameliorates the histopathological alterations induced by CP. Conclusion: AVA can be considered as a protective agent for kidneys during administration of CP. The protective effect of AVA may be related to the reduction of TNF-α which implicated in the pathogenesis of CP nephrotoxicity. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 521-527]

Objective: To explore the effect of glycerol at different concentrations using different extenders on DNA fragmentation and motility of frozen-thawed Kintamani Bali dog spermatozoa. Materials and Methods: Sample was collected from four mature Kintamani Bali dogs. Each ejacu¬late was prepared for cryopreservation with two different semen extenders; egg yolk Tris extender and coconut water-based extender. For each extender, three different glycerol concentrations were used; 4%, 6%, and 8%. Each of the six aliquots was loaded into 0.5 ml cryotube, placed on a styrofoam box 5 cm over liquid nitrogen for 10 min, and immersed in liquid nitrogen up to 8 min. Then, the frozen cryotubes were transferred into liquid nitrogen container. The cryotubes were thawed in a water bath at 38.5°C for 120 sec. After equilibration and thawing, each sample was assessed for motility parameters and for DNA fragmentation. Results: The addition of 6% glycerol to extenders revealed the most effective addition of glycerol on motility and sperm DNA fragmentation after equilibrium and post-thawing. Conclusion: It is concluded that both extenders with the addition of 6% glycerol are safe to be used as an extender in Kintamani Bali dog semen preservation, and DNA fragmentation of Kintamani Bali dog spermatozoa was not influenced by the freezing procedure. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 158-162]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the mitochondrial COX-1 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei in rabbits from three districts of Malang, Nganjuk, and Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. The gene was aligned with a DNA isolated from S. scabiei of Chongqing rabbit (accession number: EU256388.1) to construct a molecular analysis of phylogenetic in S. scabiei COX-1 gene. Materials and Methods: This study has been verified by the Committee Ethics (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga). The mites were collected and identified from rabbits that have an indication of scabies infection. DNA was extracted with QIAamp DNA mini kit and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was done. The PCR products were purified with the pro¬tocol of the BigDye XTerminator Purification Kit (Thermo Scientific) and were double-sequenced with the forward and reverse PCR primers of ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer. The sequence prod¬uct was confirmed with Clone Manager Professional 9 (Sci-Ed Software) and the Neighbor-Joining method was done with MEGA6 to build a phylogenetic tree. Results: The target product of DNA amplification in this PCR was around 290-bp. The amplicon was visualized in 2% of agarose gel electrophoresis. The homology analysis of these sequences showed that it had more than 99% similarity. Conclusion: COX-1 gene sequences of S. scabiei from rabbits in Malang, Nganjuk, and Kediri were very similar to COX-1 gene sequences in S. scabiei acquired from several hosts according to NCBI data. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 445-450]

Now-a-days, various types of antibiotics are being used worldwide in veterinary sector indiscrim¬inately for promotion of growth and treatment of the livestock. Significant portions of antibiotics are released through milk of dairy animals unaltered and exert serious harmful effects on human health. This review evaluates and compare researches on antibiotic residues in milk in published literatures from Pubmed, CrossRef, CAB direct, DOAJ, JournalTOCs, AGRICOLA, ScientificGate, Electronic Journals Library, CAB abstracts, Global Health Databases, Global Impact Factor, Google Scholar, Park Directory of Open Access Journals, BanglaJOL and ISC E-Journals. Antibiotics resi¬due in milk was first detected in 60s and then with an increasing trend with highest after 2,000 (188). The highest no. of works, 49 (21.87%) were accomplished in China, followed by Spain, 30 (13.39%); Germany, 11 (4.91%); and USA, 10 (4.46%). Continent-wise highest researches are published from Europe, 105 (46.88%), followed by Asia, 77 (34.38%); South America, 18 (8.04%); North America, 16 (7.14%); and Africa, 8 (3.57%). For detection, Bovine milk sample is mostly used, 193 (86.16%), followed by ovine, 19 (8.48%); and caprine, 14 (6.25%). Acetonitrile was used in maximum cases (77) for processing the samples. Chromatographic technique was the highest, 115 (51.34%) for detection. Residue of β-lactam group have been detected mostly 133 (36.54%), followed by tetracyclines, 51 (14.01%); fluoroquinolones, 49 (13.46%); sulfonamides, 46 (12.64%); and aminoglycosides, 38 (10.44%). This review observe that antibiotics residues are more common in milk samples that are being manifested in increasing researches on antibiotic detection and measures should adopt to cease this residue. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 315-332]

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the multi-drug resistance (MDR) Klebsiella sp. from mastitis milk samples. Materials and Methods: In the current research, 48 clinical mastitis milk samples were collected from Rangpur division, Bangladesh. Confirmation of bovine mastitis (BM) was done by the California Mastitis Test (CMT). All the CMT positive isolates were subjected for the identification of Klebsiella sp. using through a series of cultural and biochemical tests. MDR Klebsiella sp. isolates were determined using the disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory zones were measured by following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. MDR patterns of the isolates were also subjected to study by using housefly (Musca domestica). Results: Among the isolates, 62.5% (n = 30/48) revealed the presence of Klebsiella sp. Eight antimicrobial agents including Amoxicillin, Novobiocin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Cephradine, Tetracycline, Bacitracin, Methicillin, and housefly (M. domestica) showed complete resistance to Klebsiella sp. On the other hand, Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Nalidixic acid showed sensitivity. Conclusion: This study helps to treat BM with effective antibiotics and helps in an epidemiological study in Rangpur division as well as helps to create public health awareness. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 362-365]

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the risk of rabies entry through the movement of hunting dog from Garut District to Sumatera Island with a semi-quantitative approach. Materials and Methods: Rabies entry assessment used the standard risk analysis according to the World Organization for Animal Health, with a semi-quantitative approach referring to Australian Biosecurity. Risk estimation calculation used Microsoft Excel and probabilities were estimated using Monte Carlo stochastic simulation modeling with @Risk (Palisade Corporation). Results: Risk estimation were considered as very low with a 0.02 (90%; 0.010.03) probability. The probability of undetected rabies-infected dog during Veterinary Certificate issuance [node probability (NP4)] was considered as the highest, with moderate likelihood and 0.63 (90%; 0.510.75) of probability value. The number of dog movement to Sumatera reached 27,000 heads per year which 5,050 heads of them come from Garut District. There were 2 of 100 dogs from Garut District entered to Sumatera possibly infected by rabies. The five highest parameters most determinant of the risk were dog vaccination before transported (0.66), dog obtained from other District (0.41), vaccination program (0.32), serologically test (0.27), and history of vaccination (0.23). Conclusion: Risk estimation from assessing on rabies entry to Sumatera through hunting dogs movement from Garut District was considered very low. Risk mitigation is focused on the highest parameters that contribute the most to risk based on the results of the sensitivity analysis. Semi-quantitative likelihood evaluations can consider the volume of dog traffic which is an important issue in risk analysis which is not easy to get with a simpler qualitative approach. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 148-157]

Objective: This study investigated the comparative morphological analysis of the vomeronasal organ and the accessory olfactory bulb in dogs and rabbits. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 heads obtained from each adult healthy Balady dog (Canis familiaris) and New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of both sexes. The animals were sedated and anesthetized. Then, the heads were removed for computing topography, gross, and cross-sectional anatomy and histological techniques. Results: The vomeronasal organ was blind bilateral tubes enclosed by J-shaped cartilage on each side of the nasal septum. In dogs, it extended from the level of the upper third premolar teeth to the third incisive teeth. While in rabbits, it had no relation with the upper teeth. In cross section, the vomeronasal organ was pear-shaped in dogs and oval in rabbits. The accessory olfactory bulb was a small oval-shaped in dogs, but larger and ovoid in rabbits with clear lamination in its struc¬ture. The vomeronasal epithelium in rabbits was higher in its thickness than that of the dog. The vomeronasal duct had medial sensory and lateral respiratory epithelium. The vomeronasal glands were voluminous and of serous type in rabbits other than were seromucous in dogs. Conclusion: The most characteristic structural variations achieved in the vomeronasal organ and the accessory olfactory bulb of the dog and rabbit gave an indication that the organ was more functional in rabbits than in dogs. The detection and response to the pheromonal stimuli were referred to as the occurrence of olfactory epithelium in the vomeronasal organ. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 506-515]