Objectives: The research aims to analyze the catabolic strength of different hydrolytic enzymes in assessing the biological conversion potential of lignocellulose parts of agricultural biomass wastes into functional edible sugars and biofuels. Materials and Methods: The enzymes' hydrolytic properties—versatile peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase were used to identify their complexing strength with the lignin substrate, whereas endoglucanase cel12A, acidocaldarius cellulase, and Melanocarpus albomyces endoglucanase were tested on the cellulose gel substrate. Because the biodegradation properties are heavily influenced by the "enzyme-substrate complexing energy level," proper molecular optimization and energy minimization of the enzymes and substrates were carried out, as well as the identification of the enzyme's active sites prior to complexing. comprehensive molecular dynamic simulation was run to study their—alpha carbon, root-mean-square deviation (Å), molecular surface area (Å2), root-mean-square fluctuation (Å), radius of gyration (nm), hydrogen bonds with hydrophobic interactions, and solvent accessible surface area (Å2) values for 50 ns. The simulated data mining was conducted using advanced programming algorithms to establish the final enzyme-substrate complexing strength in binding and catalysis. Results: Among the lignin-degrading enzymes, versatile peroxidase shows promising catalytic activity with the best docking pose and significant values in all the dynamic simulation parameters. Similarly, Melanocarpus albomyces endoglucanase shows the best activity in all aspects of molecular docking and dynamics among the cellulose-degrading enzymes. Conclusion: The lignin content of biomass wastes can be degraded into cellulose and hemicellulose using lignin-degrading enzymes. The cellulose can be further degraded into glucose and xylose sugars following the cellulose-degrading enzyme activity. These sugars can be further degraded into biofuel through anaerobic fermentation. Systematic bioconversion of the lignocellulosic components can ensure sustainable biomass management, creating an alternative food and energy source for human beings to face the challenges of global hunger where the enzymes can pave the way. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 19-32]

Objectives: The research aims to analyze the catabolic strength of different hydrolytic enzymes in assessing the biological conversion potential of lignocellulose parts of agricultural biomass wastes into functional edible sugars and biofuels. Materials and Methods: The enzymes’ hydrolytic properties—versatile peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase were used to identify their complexing strength with the lignin substrate, whereas endoglucanase cel12A, acidocaldarius cellulase, and Melanocarpus albomyces endoglucanase were tested on the cellulose gel substrate. Because the biodegradation properties are heavily influenced by the “enzyme-substrate complexing energy level,” proper molecular optimization and energy minimization of the enzymes and substrates were carried out, as well as the identification of the enzyme’s active sites prior to complexing.comprehensive molecular dynamic simulation was run to study their—alpha carbon, root-mean-square deviation (Å), molecular surface area (Å2), root-mean-square fluctuation (Å), radius of gyration (nm), hydrogen bonds with hydrophobic interactions, and solvent accessible surface area (Å2) values for 50 ns. The simulated data mining was conducted using advanced programming algorithms to establish the final enzyme-substrate complexing strength in binding and catalysis. Results: Among the lignin-degrading enzymes, versatile peroxidase shows promising catalytic activity with the best docking pose and significant values in all the dynamic simulation parameters. Similarly, Melanocarpus albomyces endoglucanase shows the best activity in all aspects of molecular docking and dynamics among the cellulose-degrading enzymes. Conclusion: The lignin content of biomass wastes can be degraded into cellulose and hemicellulose using lignin-degrading enzymes. The cellulose can be further degraded into glucose and xylose sugars following the cellulose-degrading enzyme activity. These sugars can be further degraded into biofuel through anaerobic fermentation. Systematic bioconversion of the lignocellulosic components can ensure sustainable biomass management, creating an alternative food and energy source for human beings to face the challenges of global hunger where the enzymes can pave the way. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 9(1): 19–32, March 2022 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2022.i565

Objectives: The research aims to analyze the catabolic strength of different hydrolytic enzymes in assessing the biological conversion potential of lignocellulose parts of agricultural biomass wastes into functional edible sugars and biofuels. Materials and Methods: The enzymes' hydrolytic properties—versatile peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase were used to identify their complexing strength with the lignin substrate, whereas endoglucanase cel12A, acidocaldarius cellulase, and Melanocarpus albomyces endoglucanase were tested on the cellulose gel substrate. Because the biodegradation properties are heavily influenced by the "enzyme-substrate complexing energy level," proper molecular optimization and energy minimization of the enzymes and substrates were carried out, as well as the identification of the enzyme's active sites prior to complexing. comprehensive molecular dynamic simulation was run to study their—alpha carbon, root-mean-square deviation (Å), molecular surface area (Å2), root-mean-square fluctuation (Å), radius of gyration (nm), hydrogen bonds with hydrophobic interactions, and solvent accessible surface area (Å2) values for 50 ns. The simulated data mining was conducted using advanced programming algorithms to establish the final enzyme-substrate complexing strength in binding and catalysis. Results: Among the lignin-degrading enzymes, versatile peroxidase shows promising catalytic activity with the best docking pose and significant values in all the dynamic simulation parameters. Similarly, Melanocarpus albomyces endoglucanase shows the best activity in all aspects of molecular docking and dynamics among the cellulose-degrading enzymes. Conclusion: The lignin content of biomass wastes can be degraded into cellulose and hemicellulose using lignin-degrading enzymes. The cellulose can be further degraded into glucose and xylose sugars following the cellulose-degrading enzyme activity. These sugars can be further degraded into biofuel through anaerobic fermentation. Systematic bioconversion of the lignocellulosic components can ensure sustainable biomass management, creating an alternative food and energy source for human beings to face the challenges of global hunger where the enzymes can pave the way. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 19-32]

Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of Acalypha indica Linn. (AI) root extract and a combination of simvastatin–AI on improving the fatty pancreas in Sprague–Dawley rats induced with a high fructose and cholesterol diet. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague–Dawley rats were induced with a high fruc¬tose and cholesterol diet for 4 weeks before being divided into four groups. Each group receiving treatments consisting of simvastatin only, A. indica extracts only, or simvastatin–A. indica extract combination. A histological examination was conducted to determine the effect of each treatment. Also, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Bonferroni test were conducted to assess the comparison of groups from the histological examination. Results: Significant improvement was found in fatty pancreas between rats without therapy and rats treated with simvastatin therapy (p = 0.024, 95% CI: 0.038–0.696), and also between rats without treatment and rats treated with simvastatin–A. indica extract combination therapy (p = 0.000, 95% CI: 0.241–0.873) using one-way ANOVA and the post-hoc Bonferroni test. Conclusions: The results of the combination of simvastatin–A. indica Linn. root extracts treatment showed a synergistic effect on the improvement of fatty pancreas, but further research is needed to find potential adverse effects on the interaction of these two substrates to confirm the safe use of this treatment. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(2.000): 346-350]

Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of Acalypha indica Linn. (AI) root extract and a combination of simvastatin–AI on improving the fatty pancreas in Sprague–Dawley rats induced with a high fructose and cholesterol diet. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague–Dawley rats were induced with a high fruc¬tose and cholesterol diet for 4 weeks before being divided into four groups. Each group receiving treatments consisting of simvastatin only, A. indica extracts only, or simvastatin–A. indica extract combination. A histological examination was conducted to determine the effect of each treatment. Also, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Bonferroni test were conducted to assess the comparison of groups from the histological examination. Results: Significant improvement was found in fatty pancreas between rats without therapy and rats treated with simvastatin therapy (p = 0.024, 95% CI: 0.038–0.696), and also between rats without treatment and rats treated with simvastatin–A. indica extract combination therapy (p = 0.000, 95% CI: 0.241–0.873) using one-way ANOVA and the post-hoc Bonferroni test. Conclusions: The results of the combination of simvastatin–A. indica Linn. root extracts treatment showed a synergistic effect on the improvement of fatty pancreas, but further research is needed to find potential adverse effects on the interaction of these two substrates to confirm the safe use of this treatment. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(2.000): 346-350]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the anticoccidial potential of Tinospora rumphii ethan¬olic stem extract, resulting in an effective reduction in oocysts per gram counts of Eimeria species in goats in comparison to the commercial coccidiostat toltrazuril. Materials and Methods: Eighteen goats that were naturally infected with coccidia were identified as experimental animals. The experimental animals were grouped and were administered a single dose of T. rumphii extract at concentrations of 300, 600, 1,000, and 2,000 mg extract/kg body weight. The fecal samples were collected before treatment, during the first treatment, and every week thereafter for 28 days posttreatment. Fecal examination was carried out using a modified McMaster technique to determine the oocysts per gram of feces, and the mean efficacies of the extracts were calculated. Results: Stem extracts of T. rumphii were able to lower the oocysts per gram count than pre¬treatment for all concentrations, but the efficacy, in general, was still lower than toltrazuril. A significant difference existed in the efficacy of the extracts among the treatments on day 14. Administering 1,000 mg/kg extract resulted in the highest efficacy rate (95.25%) at 14 days post¬treatment and was comparable to that of toltrazuril (89.89%). Conclusion: The results show that the T. rumphii stem extract has the potential to reduce the Eimeria species oocysts per gram counts of naturally infected goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 8-12]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the anticoccidial potential of Tinospora rumphii ethan¬olic stem extract, resulting in an effective reduction in oocysts per gram counts of Eimeria species in goats in comparison to the commercial coccidiostat toltrazuril. Materials and Methods: Eighteen goats that were naturally infected with coccidia were identified as experimental animals. The experimental animals were grouped and were administered a single dose of T. rumphii extract at concentrations of 300, 600, 1,000, and 2,000 mg extract/kg body weight. The fecal samples were collected before treatment, during the first treatment, and every week thereafter for 28 days posttreatment. Fecal examination was carried out using a modified McMaster technique to determine the oocysts per gram of feces, and the mean efficacies of the extracts were calculated. Results: Stem extracts of T. rumphii were able to lower the oocysts per gram count than pre¬treatment for all concentrations, but the efficacy, in general, was still lower than toltrazuril. A significant difference existed in the efficacy of the extracts among the treatments on day 14. Administering 1,000 mg/kg extract resulted in the highest efficacy rate (95.25%) at 14 days post¬treatment and was comparable to that of toltrazuril (89.89%). Conclusion: The results show that the T. rumphii stem extract has the potential to reduce the Eimeria species oocysts per gram counts of naturally infected goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 8-12]

Objective: The information about risk factors for a high stillbirth rate in piglets is inadequate. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine important risk factors for an extremely high stillbirth rate in a commercial pig farm in Vietnam. Materials and Methods: This study included 628 piglets and 45 Landrace × Yorkshire sows. Data including parity number, gestation length (GL), litter size (LS), piglet's gender, stillbirth, birth order, birth interval (BI), cumulative farrowing duration (CFD), birth weight (BW), crown-rump length (CRL), body mass index, and ponderal index (PI) were collected. To deal with hierarchical data where several piglets might be born from a sow, Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) were used to examine the association between stillbirth and investigated risk factors. Results: The stillbirth rate was 14.3%, and the incidence of stillbirth at the litter level was 68.9%. The final multivariate GLMM selected eight factors, including CFD, BI, CRL, BW, PI, GL, LS, and parity, as significant risk factors for stillbirth in the piglet. CFD >90 min, BI > 30 min, CRL [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 13-18]

Objective: The information about risk factors for a high stillbirth rate in piglets is inadequate. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine important risk factors for an extremely high stillbirth rate in a commercial pig farm in Vietnam. Materials and Methods: This study included 628 piglets and 45 Landrace × Yorkshire sows. Data including parity number, gestation length (GL), litter size (LS), piglet’s gender, stillbirth, birth order, birth interval (BI), cumulative farrowing duration (CFD), birth weight (BW), crown-rump length (CRL), body mass index, and ponderal index (PI) were collected. To deal with hierarchical data where several piglets might be born from a sow, Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) were used to examine the association between stillbirth and investigated risk factors. Results: The stillbirth rate was 14.3%, and the incidence of stillbirth at the litter level was 68.9%. The final multivariate GLMM selected eight factors, including CFD, BI, CRL, BW, PI, GL, LS, and parity, as significant risk factors for stillbirth in the piglet. CFD >90 min, BI > 30 min, CRL 13, and parity 5–8 were associated with increased stillbirth. The final model explained 50.1% of the variation of stillbirth, in which fixed factors explained 43.6% of the variation. Conclusion: The present study indicated that the stillbirth rate in the investigated pig farm was very high, and several factors simultaneously contributed to the situation. Selection for optimal size and shape of piglets, careful supervision of parturition, and replacement of old sows should be some of the practical approaches to reduce the stillbirth rate. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 9(1): 13–18, March 2022 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2022.i564

Objective: The information about risk factors for a high stillbirth rate in piglets is inadequate. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine important risk factors for an extremely high stillbirth rate in a commercial pig farm in Vietnam. Materials and Methods: This study included 628 piglets and 45 Landrace × Yorkshire sows. Data including parity number, gestation length (GL), litter size (LS), piglet's gender, stillbirth, birth order, birth interval (BI), cumulative farrowing duration (CFD), birth weight (BW), crown-rump length (CRL), body mass index, and ponderal index (PI) were collected. To deal with hierarchical data where several piglets might be born from a sow, Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) were used to examine the association between stillbirth and investigated risk factors. Results: The stillbirth rate was 14.3%, and the incidence of stillbirth at the litter level was 68.9%. The final multivariate GLMM selected eight factors, including CFD, BI, CRL, BW, PI, GL, LS, and parity, as significant risk factors for stillbirth in the piglet. CFD >90 min, BI > 30 min, CRL [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 13-18]

Objective: This work investigated the impact of acidified turmeric on growth, blood profile, and gut bacterial counts of broiler chickens stocked in an overcrowding stress condition. Materials and Methods: A total of 285 14-day-old Lohmann broiler strains were distributed to T0 (chicks receiving basal feed raised at a density of 9 chicks/m2), T1 (chicks receiving basal feed raised at 16 chicks/m2), T2 (chicks receiving 1% turmeric powder raised at 16 chicks/m2), and T3 (chicks receiving 1% acidified turmeric powder raised at 16 chicks/m2). Body weight and feed intake were determined weekly. On day 37, blood and intestinal content were collected and analyzed. Results: Body weight was higher while feed conversion ratio was lower in T0 than in other groups. Compared to T0, T1 had a lower thymus weight. Erythrocytes and hematocrits were greater in T0 than in T2 and T3. Hemoglobin was higher in T0 than in T3. Serum superoxide dismutase differed as T0 < T1 < T2. Ileal coliform was higher in T0 than in T1 and T3. Lactic acid bacteria counts were higher in T0 and T1 than in T2 and T3. Conclusions: Acidified turmeric was capable of maintaining the relative weight of the immune organ and ameliorating the oxidative stress of the broiler during overcrowding stress. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 87-94]

Objective: This work investigated the impact of acidified turmeric on growth, blood profile, and gut bacterial counts of broiler chickens stocked in an overcrowding stress condition. Materials and Methods: A total of 285 14-day-old Lohmann broiler strains were distributed to T0 (chicks receiving basal feed raised at a density of 9 chicks/m2 ), T1 (chicks receiving basal feed raised at 16 chicks/m2 ), T2 (chicks receiving 1% turmeric powder raised at 16 chicks/m2 ), and T3 (chicks receiving 1% acidified turmeric powder raised at 16 chicks/m2 ). Body weight and feed intake were determined weekly. On day 37, blood and intestinal content were collected and analyzed. Results: Body weight was higher while feed conversion ratio was lower in T0 than in other groups. Compared to T0, T1 had a lower thymus weight. Erythrocytes and hematocrits were greater in T0 than in T2 and T3. Hemoglobin was higher in T0 than in T3. Serum superoxide dismutase differed as T0 &lt; T1 &lt; T2. Ileal coliform was higher in T0 than in T1 and T3. Lactic acid bacteria counts were higher in T0 and T1 than in T2 and T3. Conclusions: Acidified turmeric was capable of maintaining the relative weight of the immune organ and ameliorating the oxidative stress of the broiler during overcrowding stress. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 9(1): 87–94, March 2022 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2022.i572

Objective: This work investigated the impact of acidified turmeric on growth, blood profile, and gut bacterial counts of broiler chickens stocked in an overcrowding stress condition. Materials and Methods: A total of 285 14-day-old Lohmann broiler strains were distributed to T0 (chicks receiving basal feed raised at a density of 9 chicks/m2), T1 (chicks receiving basal feed raised at 16 chicks/m2), T2 (chicks receiving 1% turmeric powder raised at 16 chicks/m2), and T3 (chicks receiving 1% acidified turmeric powder raised at 16 chicks/m2). Body weight and feed intake were determined weekly. On day 37, blood and intestinal content were collected and analyzed. Results: Body weight was higher while feed conversion ratio was lower in T0 than in other groups. Compared to T0, T1 had a lower thymus weight. Erythrocytes and hematocrits were greater in T0 than in T2 and T3. Hemoglobin was higher in T0 than in T3. Serum superoxide dismutase differed as T0 &lt; T1 &lt; T2. Ileal coliform was higher in T0 than in T1 and T3. Lactic acid bacteria counts were higher in T0 and T1 than in T2 and T3. Conclusions: Acidified turmeric was capable of maintaining the relative weight of the immune organ and ameliorating the oxidative stress of the broiler during overcrowding stress. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 87-94]

Objectives: Streptococcus agalactiae is a zoonotic human and animal pathogen that causes global economic losses in aquaculture and fatal outcomes in Tilapia. This study aimed to identify S. agalactiae isolated from different fish sources intended for human consumption phenotypically and genotypically and to characterize the virulence-associated genes fbsA (fibrinogen-binding protein FbsA), cfb (CAMP factor), and pbp1A/ponA (penicillin-binding protein 1A). Materials and Methods: Three hundred Nile Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected from different farms and retail shops in Dakahlia and Damietta, Egypt, during the summer of 2020. The samples were examined using routine phenotypic methods, then characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting S. agalactiae-specific dltS gene. All S. agalactiae isolates were examined for the susceptibility to ten antimicrobial agents by the disc diffusion method. The virulence-associated genes (fbsA, cfb, and pbp1A/ponA) were characterized using multiplex-PCR. Results: Streptococcus agalactiae was detected in 7% (n = 21/300) samples. The isolates showed high resistance against ampicillin and erythromycin (20/21; 95%) for each. The most predominant antibiotypes through isolates were P, CN, SXT, CRO, TE, CTX, E, AMP, at 10.5% for each antibiotype. A total of 19 (90.5%) of S. agalactiae isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR), and those were recovered from market Tilapia fish. The virulence-associated genes (fbsA, cfb, and pbp1A/ ponA) were identified in the S. agalactiae as 100%, 76%, and 52%, respectively. Conclusions: The MDR S. agalactiae detected in raw Tilapia fish pose a significant health hazard to consumers due to their zoonotic characteristics. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 95-103]

Objectives: Streptococcus agalactiae is a zoonotic human and animal pathogen that causes global economic losses in aquaculture and fatal outcomes in Tilapia. This study aimed to identify S. agalactiae isolated from different fish sources intended for human consumption phenotypically and genotypically and to characterize the virulence-associated genes fbsA (fibrinogen-binding protein FbsA), cfb (CAMP factor), and pbp1A/ponA (penicillin-binding protein 1A). Materials and Methods: Three hundred Nile Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected from different farms and retailshopsin Dakahlia and Damietta, Egypt, during the summer of 2020. The samples were examined using routine phenotypic methods, then characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting S. agalactiae-specific dltS gene. All S. agalactiae isolates were examined for the susceptibility to ten antimicrobial agents by the disc diffusion method. The virulence-associated genes (fbsA, cfb, and pbp1A/ponA) were characterized using multiplex-PCR. Results: Streptococcus agalactiae was detected in 7% (n = 21/300) samples. The isolates showed high resistance against ampicillin and erythromycin (20/21; 95%) for each. The most predominant antibiotypesthrough isolates were P, CN, SXT, CRO, TE, CTX, E, AMP, at 10.5% for each antibiotype. A total of 19 (90.5%) of S. agalactiae isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR), and those were recovered from market Tilapia fish. The virulence-associated genes (fbsA, cfb, and pbp1A/ ponA) were identified in the S. agalactiae as 100%, 76%, and 52%, respectively. Conclusions: The MDR S. agalactiae detected in raw Tilapia fish pose a significant health hazard to consumers due to their zoonotic characteristics.&nbsp; J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 9(1): 95–103, March 2022 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2022.i573

Objectives: Streptococcus agalactiae is a zoonotic human and animal pathogen that causes global economic losses in aquaculture and fatal outcomes in Tilapia. This study aimed to identify S. agalactiae isolated from different fish sources intended for human consumption phenotypically and genotypically and to characterize the virulence-associated genes fbsA (fibrinogen-binding protein FbsA), cfb (CAMP factor), and pbp1A/ponA (penicillin-binding protein 1A). Materials and Methods: Three hundred Nile Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected from different farms and retail shops in Dakahlia and Damietta, Egypt, during the summer of 2020. The samples were examined using routine phenotypic methods, then characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting S. agalactiae-specific dltS gene. All S. agalactiae isolates were examined for the susceptibility to ten antimicrobial agents by the disc diffusion method. The virulence-associated genes (fbsA, cfb, and pbp1A/ponA) were characterized using multiplex-PCR. Results: Streptococcus agalactiae was detected in 7% (n = 21/300) samples. The isolates showed high resistance against ampicillin and erythromycin (20/21; 95%) for each. The most predominant antibiotypes through isolates were P, CN, SXT, CRO, TE, CTX, E, AMP, at 10.5% for each antibiotype. A total of 19 (90.5%) of S. agalactiae isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR), and those were recovered from market Tilapia fish. The virulence-associated genes (fbsA, cfb, and pbp1A/ ponA) were identified in the S. agalactiae as 100%, 76%, and 52%, respectively. Conclusions: The MDR S. agalactiae detected in raw Tilapia fish pose a significant health hazard to consumers due to their zoonotic characteristics. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 95-103]

Objective: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has evolved as one of the most significant bacteria causing food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity, virulence, and enterotoxin production of S. aureus in raw milk of cow from small-scale production units and house-raised animals in Damietta governorate, Egypt. Material and Methods: The samples were examined bacteriologically, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out. Moreover, isolates were characterized by the molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and enterotoxin genes. Results: Out of 300 milk samples examined, S. aureus was isolated from 50 samples (16.7%). Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that isolates were resistant to β-lactams (32%), tetracycline (16%), and norfloxacin (16%); however, they showed considerable sensitivity to ceftaroline and amikacin (72%). Multidrug-resistance (MDR) has been observed in eight isolates (16%), with a MDR index (0.5) in all of them. Of the total S. aureus isolates obtained, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been confirmed molecularly in 16/50 (32%) and was found to carry mecA and coa genes, while virulence genes; hlg (11/16, 68.75%) and tsst (6/16, 37.5%) were amplified at a lower percentage, and they showed a significant moderate negative correlation (r = −0.59, p-value > 0.05). Antibiotic resistance genes have been detected in resistant isolates relevant to their phenotypic resistance: blaZ (100%), tetK (50%), and norA (50%). Fifty percent of MRSA isolates carried the seb enterotoxin gene. Conclusion: High detection rate of MRSA and MDR isolates from milk necessitates the prompt implementation of efficient antimicrobial stewardship guidelines, especially at neglected small-scale production units. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 113-121]

Objective: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has evolved as one of the most significant bacteria causing food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity, virulence, and enterotoxin production of S. aureus in raw milk of cow from small-scale production units and house-raised animals in Damietta governorate, Egypt. Material and Methods: The samples were examined bacteriologically, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out. Moreover, isolates were characterized by the molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and enterotoxin genes. Results: Out of 300 milk samples examined, S. aureus was isolated from 50 samples (16.7%). Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that isolates were resistant to β-lactams (32%), tetracycline (16%), and norfloxacin (16%); however, they showed considerable sensitivity to ceftaroline and amikacin (72%). Multidrug-resistance (MDR) has been observed in eight isolates (16%), with a MDR index (0.5) in all of them. Of the total S. aureus isolates obtained, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been confirmed molecularly in 16/50 (32%) and was found to carry mecA and coa genes, while virulence genes; hlg (11/16, 68.75%) and tsst (6/16, 37.5%) were amplified at a lower percentage, and they showed a significant moderate negative correlation (r = −0.59, p-value &gt; 0.05). Antibiotic resistance genes have been detected in resistant isolates relevant to their phenotypic resistance: blaZ (100%), tetK (50%), and norA (50%). Fifty percent of MRSA isolates carried the seb enterotoxin gene. Conclusion: High detection rate of MRSA and MDR isolates from milk necessitates the prompt implementation of efficient antimicrobial stewardship guidelines, especially at neglected small-scale production units. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 113-121]

Objective: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has evolved as one of the most significant bacteria causing food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity, virulence, and enterotoxin production of S. aureus in raw milk of cow from small-scale production units and house-raised animals in Damietta governorate, Egypt. Material and Methods: The samples were examined bacteriologically, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out. Moreover, isolates were characterized by the molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and enterotoxin genes. Results: Out of 300 milk samples examined, S. aureus was isolated from 50 samples (16.7%). Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that isolates were resistant to β-lactams (32%), tetracycline (16%), and norfloxacin (16%); however, they showed considerable sensitivity to ceftaroline and amikacin (72%). Multidrug-resistance (MDR) has been observed in eight isolates (16%), with a MDR index (0.5) in all of them. Of the total S. aureus isolates obtained, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been confirmed molecularly in 16/50 (32%) and was found to carry mecA and coa genes, while virulence genes; hlg (11/16, 68.75%) and tsst (6/16, 37.5%) were amplified at a lower percentage, and they showed a significant moderate negative correlation (r = −0.59, p-value &gt; 0.05). Antibiotic resistance genes have been detected in resistant isolates relevant to their phenotypic resistance: blaZ (100%), tetK (50%), and norA (50%). Fifty percent of MRSA isolates carried the seb enterotoxin gene. Conclusion: High detection rate of MRSA and MDR isolates from milk necessitates the prompt implementation of efficient antimicrobial stewardship guidelines, especially at neglected smallscale production units. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 9(1): 113–121, March 2022 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2022.i575

Objective: We investigated the effects of a source of selenium [inorganic or nano-selenium (nano-Se)] on female V-line rabbits with or without injection of ivermectin (IVM). Material and Methods: Eighty four rabbits (12 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 21 rabbits each with the basal diet supplemented as per the following treatments: G1 (control): inorganic Se at 0.3 mg/kg diet with no IVM injection; G2: inorganic Se with IVM injection; G3: nano-Se with no IVM injection; and G4: nano-Se with IVM injection. IVM was injected subcutane¬ously at 0.2 mg/kg body weight starting when the does were 14 weeks old and repeated weekly for five consecutive weeks. Results: Replacement of inorganic Se with nano-Se improved body weight and total body weight gain, total feed intake, average feed conversion ratio, and reproductive performance (age at puberty, number of service/conception, conception rate, number of kits/litter, and lit¬ter weight at birth). Similarly, sexual activity of does, serum estrogen levels, and serum levels of antioxidants (glutathione reduced, catalase, and malondialdehyde) increased in nano-Se-sup¬plemented groups. Ivermectin treatment in inorganic Se-supplemented groups was detrimental to growth and reproductive performance, while these parameters improved in IVM-treated and nano-Se-supplemented groups. Conclusion: Nano-Se mitigated the negative effects of IVM treatment on the growth and repro¬ductive performance of does. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 128-137]

Objective: We investigated the effects of a source of selenium [inorganic or nano-selenium (nano-Se)] on female V-line rabbits with or without injection of ivermectin (IVM). Material and Methods: Eighty-four rabbits (12 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 21 rabbits each with the basal diet supplemented as per the following treatments: G1 (control): inorganic Se at 0.3 mg/kg diet with no IVM injection; G2: inorganic Se with IVM injection; G3: nano-Se with no IVM injection; and G4: nano-Se with IVM injection. IVM was injected subcutaneously at 0.2 mg/kg body weight starting when the does were 14 weeks old and repeated weekly for five consecutive weeks. Results: Replacement of inorganic Se with nano-Se improved body weight and total body weight gain, total feed intake, average feed conversion ratio, and reproductive performance (age at puberty, number of service/conceptions, conception rate, number of kits/litter, and litter weight at birth). Similarly, sexual activity of does, serum estrogen levels, and serum levels of antioxidants (glutathione reduced, catalase, and malondialdehyde) increased in nano-Se-supplemented groups. Ivermectin treatment in inorganic Se-supplemented groups was detrimental to growth and reproductive performance, while these parameters improved in IVM-treated and nano-Se-supplemented groups. Conclusion: Nano-Se mitigated the negative effects of IVM treatment on the growth and reproductive performance of does. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 9(1): 128–137, March 2022 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2022.i577

Objective: We investigated the effects of a source of selenium [inorganic or nano-selenium (nano-Se)] on female V-line rabbits with or without injection of ivermectin (IVM). Material and Methods: Eighty four rabbits (12 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 21 rabbits each with the basal diet supplemented as per the following treatments: G1 (control): inorganic Se at 0.3 mg/kg diet with no IVM injection; G2: inorganic Se with IVM injection; G3: nano-Se with no IVM injection; and G4: nano-Se with IVM injection. IVM was injected subcutane¬ously at 0.2 mg/kg body weight starting when the does were 14 weeks old and repeated weekly for five consecutive weeks. Results: Replacement of inorganic Se with nano-Se improved body weight and total body weight gain, total feed intake, average feed conversion ratio, and reproductive performance (age at puberty, number of service/conception, conception rate, number of kits/litter, and lit¬ter weight at birth). Similarly, sexual activity of does, serum estrogen levels, and serum levels of antioxidants (glutathione reduced, catalase, and malondialdehyde) increased in nano-Se-sup¬plemented groups. Ivermectin treatment in inorganic Se-supplemented groups was detrimental to growth and reproductive performance, while these parameters improved in IVM-treated and nano-Se-supplemented groups. Conclusion: Nano-Se mitigated the negative effects of IVM treatment on the growth and repro¬ductive performance of does. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 128-137]