Objective: The effect of feeding yeast-fermented feed in various forms on broiler growth performance and bone mineralization was studied. Materials and Methods: Initially, a corn-soy-based diet was formulated and fermented in anaerobic conditions at 28°C in laboratory space for 48 h with yeast (2.0%) and moisture (50%). Afterward, the 150 newly hatched Arbeor Acres commercial broiler chicks were divided into 5 dietary groups (30 chicks, 6 cages, and 5 birds per cage). Each group received one of the following formulated and fermented diets: dry feed (DF), moist feed (MF), yeast-added dry feed (Y-DF), yeast-added moist feed (Y-MF), or yeast-fermented moist feed (YF-MF). Water and feed were supplied ad libitum. Six birds per group were slaughtered at age 37 for the determination of carcass traits and tibia ash. Results: Fermentation improved crude protein from 20.7% to 22.8% but declined crude fiber from 7.9% to 6.3% in the YF-MF group compared to the DF group. High body weight gain was recorded in 771, 830, and 992 gm in the MF, Y-MF, and YF-MF groups, respectively, compared to the DF (762 gm) group (p < 0.01). The feed conversion ratio was better in the Y-MF (1.57) and YF-MF (1.57) groups than in the DF (1.75) group. Feeding a fermented, moist diet resulted in improved carcass yield (69%) in the YF-MF group. Bone mineralization expressed a better tibia ash percentage (35% from 30%) in the YF-MF group compared to the DF group. Conclusion: Therefore, YF-MF enhanced the quality of feed and improved growth, carcass weight, and bone mineralization in broiler. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 78-84]

Objective: To isolate and characterize cellulolytic rumen bacteria from the rumen of Sahiwal cattle using rumen bacterial inoculum to increase the nutritional value of rice bran used as broiler feed. Materials and Methods: The ruminal liquid was kept at an optimal pH of 6.9 and a redox potential of less than −300 mV while being incubated anaerobically at 39°C in a medium containing rumen fluid glucose cellobiose agar. By using the Hungate technique, the organisms were detected based on their morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular testing. Results: The findings revealed that the isolated Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavifaciens were obligate anaerobic, generally Gram-positive, nonmotile cocci or rod, single or pair, occasionally short chain, producing yellow pigment when grown on cellulose, and having a clear zone around the colonies. Both isolate fermented sugars such as cellobiose, glucose, and lactose, as well as decomposed xylan. The results also showed that the isolates recognized as Ruminococcus spp., a cellulolytic rumen bacterium, were catalase-negative, indole-negative, and gelatin liquefaction-positive. Conclusion: Isolation and characterization of Ruminococcus spp. may be helpful for Bangladesh in reducing the cost of producing poultry feed and circumventing restrictions on rice bran use. We can also develop more efficient and long-lasting plans to enhance poultry performance and feed efficiency, as well as increase the nutritional value of rice bran used as broiler feed, by understanding how various Ruminococcus spp. function in this process. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 1-8]

This review evaluates the current situation of pig farming, identifies challenges, and projects for the sustainable development of the Chinese pig industry. A literature review using keyword searches was conducted on Google Scholar for articles from 2017–2023. The review included studies focused on pig farming in China, covering prospects, challenges, quantitative data on pro-duction, marketing, and consumption, automation in livestock farming, and publications from peer-reviewed journals, credible websites, government reports, and conference proceedings. Pork consumption in China is increasing, and the country imports a sizable amount of pork annually. Even though small-scale farms still account for most operations, the pig industry is undergoing a critical stage of modernization and transition towards large-scale farming. The major challenges identified were feed, disease, antimicrobial resistance, environmental pollution, and pork prices. Smart technologies, such as cameras, Internet of Things, and sensors, integrated into precision pig farming can improve productivity and animal health through real-time data collection and decision-making. To solve the problems we face now, we need to put a lot of money into large-scale transformation, the creation of new animal precision tools, the automation of manure treatment, and the research and development of long-lasting alternative energy sources like photovoltaics and wind. By implementing these strategies, large-scale precision pig farming in China can become economically and environmentally sustainable, which can ultimately benefit consumers by supplying wholesome pork products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 1076-1092]

Objective: Pigs are used in various biomedical research fields because of their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. While farm pigs are raised outdoors for several months, minipigs are typically raised in indoor barrier facilities for several years. Although numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of major pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), in farm pigs, similar studies targeting minipigs are lacking. Materials and Methods: We imported 57 minipigs to our institution from three experimental animal production facilities and immediately assessed the serological and antigenic prevalence of PRRSV and PCV2. Results: PRRSV and PCV2 had seroprevalences of 80.7% and 94.7%, respectively, with 0% antigen positivity rates for PRRSV types 1 and 2 and high-pathogenic PRRSV and PCV2. Two factors could account for the high seroprevalence rates: the majority of individuals may have been vaccinated despite official claims from the origin facilities or exposed to PRRSV and PCV2. Preventing microbial infections is crucial for obtaining accurate and reproducible results. Conclusion: As the first investigation of microbial prevalence in minipigs, our findings indicate that minipigs raised in barrier facilities are not necessarily free from vaccines or infections. These results will significantly enhance the credibility of future biomedical research. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 1017-1022]

Bovine brucellosis is an enduring and formidable challenge in Bangladesh. In this first comprehensive review, we explored the historical, current, and future perspectives of bovine brucellosis outbreaks in Bangladesh. Data spanning from 1984 to 2023 regarding bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh were gathered from literature, reviews, conference papers, and online reports using various search engines and software tools. We considered 29 published documents and analyzed them thoroughly to evaluate the current status of bovine brucellosis for the present comprehensive review. We also suggest policy and other frameworks to mitigate and control the disease on a national scale. Bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh affects various livestock and poses economic burdens due to reduced milk and meat production with potential risks to human health. Over the past decade (2013-2023), the ruminant population in Bangladesh has increased substantially (between 1.46 and 26.95 million individuals), with goats showing the most significant growth, while financial losses due to bovine brucellosis have risen steadily, emphasizing its economic impact (basis on species between Euro currency 12.824 and 298.272). This review highlights brucellosis prevalence, diagnostic challenges, and traditional management practices contributing to its spread. Our findings indicate that bovine brucellosis was reported and prevalent in mild to severe forms across 26 districts of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has initiated measures such as vaccination and awareness campaigns, but effective control remains challenging due to diverse farming systems and resource constraints. A one-health approach is advocated for future strategies, emphasizing community engagement and multidisciplinary efforts to address the complex challenges posed by bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh, ultimately aiming to safeguard livestock health, public health, and economic stability. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 888-913]

Objective: This study was designed to determine the molecular prevalence of hemoparasites and their associations with Mafriwal cattle's age groups. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were taken from the coccygeal veins of calves (n = 92), yearlings (n = 95), lactating (n = 90), and dry (n = 94) cows, which were subjected to microscopic and molecular identification of hemoparasites. The prevalence rate was determined based on the proportion of infected samples in the observed samples. Associations between hemoparasitism and different age groups of Mafriwal cattle were determined by the odds ratio and Fisher's exact test. Results: Babesia bigemina was the most prevalent hemoparasite in monospecies infection (20.8%), while the co-infection of Anaplasma marginale and B. bigemina (36.4%) had the highest molecular prevalence. Highly significant associations of hemoparasitism were observed between calves and yearlings (p < 0.001, Odds ratio = 21.340, 95% CI = 3.200–907.871), lactating (p < 0.01, Odds ratio = 6.600, 95% CI = 1.808–36.516), and dry (p < 0.001, Odds ratio = 10.457, 95% CI = 2.363–96.242) cows. Nevertheless, calves and yearlings were 2–4 times more likely to be co-in¬fected with multiple hemoparasite species in comparison to older age groups. Conclusion: Mafriwal cattle were more susceptible to hemoparasitism with advancing age, but the younger calves were more prone to be co-infected with multiple hemoparasite species. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 384-391]

Objective: The purpose of the paper was to monitor the disease incidence in farm and wild animals in some areas of Kazakhstan, which are most susceptible to leptospirosis, and the typifi¬cation of isolated pathogens, carried out under the scientific and technical program "Studying the epizootological characteristics of the country territory on particularly dangerous diseases and developing veterinary and sanitary measures to improve their effectiveness" in 2021–2023. Materials and Methods: The material included the reports of veterinary laboratories on leptospi¬rosis in recent years, as well as laboratory tests on samples carried out at the "SANA" research and development enterprise. During this period, 6,701 serum samples from farm animals and 86,651 serum samples from rodents were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The serological results showed antibody titers in the blood of 6.32% of cattle, 5.4% of sheep, 4.2% of horses, and 1.8% of pigs. The highest number of positive samples were found in Turkestan (12.3%), Almaty (11.7%), and Kyzylorda (11.4%) regions. Infection in rodents was lower and ranged from 0.34% to 0.07% during these years. The population of leptospira-causing diseases of animals on the territory of the country is represented by 8 serogroups. Studies in 2022 on the detection of pathogenic leptospires by polymerase chain reaction in 350 samples of blood serum from animals and 350 samples of biomaterial from rodents from different regions of Kazakhstan were negative. Conclusion: Studies conducted as part of this work will help reduce the incidence of disease among the population and animals in Kazakhstan. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 439-448]

Objective: The present research was conducted to evaluate the negative effects of nicotine powder on the blood physiology, and biochemical and histological alterations of Labeo rohita. Materials and Methods: Fish were divided into four groups (1–4). Fish groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to different concentrations of nicotine, such as 0.75, 1.25, and 1.75 mg/l, while group 1 acted as a control. To find out the long-term impact of nicotine on body physiology, we conducted a 42-day experiment. After the completion of the experiment, hematology, biochemical assays, and histology were done. Results: Results revealed a considerable increase in HGB, red blood cells, WBCs, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width -SD, procalcitonin, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, globulin, thyroid stimulating hormone, BUN, creatinine, and blood glucose levels, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, RDW, platelet, high-density lipoprotein, albumin, total proteins, and T3 levels were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased in exposed fish as compared to control group fish. Histological alterations showed that exposure to smokeless nicotine causes deleterious and degenerative effects in the liver, kidney, and gills of exposed fish. Conclusion: Nicotine administration in fish results in adverse effects on different biochemical and hematological parameters and causes histological alterations in some vital organs of exposed fish. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 463-473]