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Peanut agglutinin as a surface marker for canine T lymphocytes
1988
Turnwald, G.H. | McClure, J.J. | Powell, M.D. | Shao, K.P.P.
Peanut agglutinin as a surface marker for canine T lymphocytes
1988
Turnwald, G.H. | McClure, J.J. | Powell, M.D. | Shao, K.P.P.
Peanut agglutinin (PNA) and surface immunoglobulin (SIg) were investigated as markers for T and B lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid tissues of dogs of various ages. In the blood study, 4 age groups (n = 8 dogs/group) were used. The mean (+/- SD) percentages of PNA-positive (PNA +) cells were 68.4 +/- 8.6% (group 1, < 1 year old), 70.3 +/- 9.2% (group 2, 1 to 2 years old), 72.0 +/- 3.7% (group 3, 5 to 6 years old), and 63.8 +/- 10.1% (group 4, 10 to 11 years old). The mean percentages of SIg-positive (SIg+) cells in blood were 32.1 +/- 10.6% (group 1), 43.2 +/- 7.0% (group 2), 34.3 +/- 4.8% (group 3), and 35.0 +/- 6.8% (group 4). The mean total percentages of PNA+ and SIg+ cells were 100 +/-6% (group 1), 113.5 +/- 4.9% (group 2), 106.3 +/- 5.3% (group 3), and 98.9 +/- 9.2% (group 4). The proportions of PNA+ and SIg+ cells in dogs of group 2 were significantly (P < 0.05) different from those in dogs of the other groups. Serial changes in PNA+ and SIg+ cells were investigated in blood of 6- to 29-week-old pups (n = 8). A significant (P < 0.05) transient decrease in PNA+ cells and a corresponding increase in SIg+ cells was observed in pups between 14 and 17 weeks old. Lymphoid tissue specimens and blood samples were obtained from 2- to 6-month-old dogs (n = 11) and from 6- to 12-month-old dogs (n = 10). Percentages reflected the combined data from both groups because there were no significant differences between the 2 age groups. The mean percentages of PNA+ cells were: blood, 68.4 +/- 8.6%; thymus, 86.6 +/- 16.3%; spleen, 29.5 +/- 16.0%; lymph node, 48.5 +/- 16.0%; and bone marrow, 30.8 +/- 26.4%. The mean percentage of SIg+ cells were: blood, 32.1 +/- 10.6%; thymus, 3.1 +/- 5.5%; spleen, 69.3 +/- 10.3%; lymph node, 55.4 +/- 15.2%; and bone marrow, 65.4 +/- 22.4%. The procedureto identify T lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid tissue was easy to perform, was reproducible, and could be performed on as few as 10(6) cells. Percentages of T lymphocytes identified compared favorably with those of other studies.
Show more [+] Less [-]Peanut agglutinin as a surface marker for canine T lymphocytes.
1988
Turnwald G.H. | McClure J.J. | Powell M.D. | Shao K.P.P.
Peanut agglutinin (PNA) and surface immunoglobulin (SIg) were investigated as markers for T and B lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid tissues of dogs of various ages. In the blood study, 4 age groups (n = 8 dogs/group) were used. The mean (+/- SD) percentages of PNA-positive (PNA +) cells were 68.4 +/- 8.6% (group 1, < 1 year old), 70.3 +/- 9.2% (group 2, 1 to 2 years old), 72.0 +/- 3.7% (group 3, 5 to 6 years old), and 63.8 +/- 10.1% (group 4, 10 to 11 years old). The mean percentages of SIg-positive (SIg+) cells in blood were 32.1 +/- 10.6% (group 1), 43.2 +/- 7.0% (group 2), 34.3 +/- 4.8% (group 3), and 35.0 +/- 6.8% (group 4). The mean total percentages of PNA+ and SIg+ cells were 100 +/-6% (group 1), 113.5 +/- 4.9% (group 2), 106.3 +/- 5.3% (group 3), and 98.9 +/- 9.2% (group 4). The proportions of PNA+ and SIg+ cells in dogs of group 2 were significantly (P < 0.05) different from those in dogs of the other groups. Serial changes in PNA+ and SIg+ cells were investigated in blood of 6- to 29-week-old pups (n = 8). A significant (P < 0.05) transient decrease in PNA+ cells and a corresponding increase in SIg+ cells was observed in pups between 14 and 17 weeks old. Lymphoid tissue specimens and blood samples were obtained from 2- to 6-month-old dogs (n = 11) and from 6- to 12-month-old dogs (n = 10). Percentages reflected the combined data from both groups because there were no significant differences between the 2 age groups. The mean percentages of PNA+ cells were: blood, 68.4 +/- 8.6%; thymus, 86.6 +/- 16.3%; spleen, 29.5 +/-16.0%; lymph node, 48.5 +/- 16.0%; and bone marrow, 30.8 +/- 26.4%. The mean percentage of SIg+ cells were: blood, 32.1 +/- 10.6%; thymus, 3.1 +/- 5.5%; spleen, 69.3 +/-10.3%; lymph node, 55.4 +/- 15.2%; and bone marrow, 65.4 +/- 22.4%. The procedure to identify T lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid tissue was easy to perform, was reproducible, and could be performed on as few as 10(6) cells.
Show more [+] Less [-]Stimulated esophageal groove closure in adult goats
1988
Mikhail, M. | Brugère, H. | Le Bars, H. | Colvin, H.W. Jr
Stimulated esophageal groove closure in adult goats
1988
Mikhail, M. | Brugère, H. | Le Bars, H. | Colvin, H.W. Jr
In healthy adult goats, closure of the esophageal groove was induced by thirst, IV administered vasopressin, and intracarotid administration of hypertonic NaCl solutions. The efficiency of stimulation was tested directly by visual inspection of the course taken by orally administered solutions through a ruminal or abomasal fistula, palpation of the lips of the esophageal groove through a ruminal fistula, and indirectly by following the glucose dynamics in the blood after oral administration of glucose solution. Esophageal groove closure was observed during drinking after a 48-hour period of water deprivation. Intracarotid administration of 1.5 ml of a saturated solution or 10.5 ml of a 1.5% solution of NaCl also stimulated groove closure; however, groove closure stimulated by administration of vasopressin is the most satisfactory procedure for passing compounds of therapeutic importance directly from the cardiac orifice to the abomasum.
Show more [+] Less [-]Stimulated esophageal groove closure in adult goats.
1988
Mikhail M. | Brugere H. | Le Bars H. | Colvin H.W. Jr.
In healthy adult goats, closure of the esophageal groove was induced by thirst, IV administered vasopressin, and intracarotid administration of hypertonic NaCl solutions. The efficiency of stimulation was tested directly by visual inspection of the course taken by orally administered solutions through a ruminal or abomasal fistula, palpation of the lips of the esophageal groove through a ruminal fistula, and indirectly by following the glucose dynamics in the blood after oral administration of glucose solution. Esophageal groove closure was observed during drinking after a 48-hour period of water deprivation. Intracarotid administration of 1.5 ml of a saturated solution or 10.5 ml of a 1.5% solution of NaCl also stimulated groove closure; however, groove closure stimulated by administration of vasopressin is the most satisfactory procedure for passing compounds of therapeutic importance directly from the cardiac orifice to the abomasum.
Show more [+] Less [-]Serum antibody response to canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus-1, and canine distemper virus in dogs with status of immunization: study of dogs in Sweden
1988
Olson, P. | Klingeborn, B. | Hedhammar, A.
Serum antibody response to canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus-1, and canine distemper virus in dogs with status of immunization: study of dogs in Sweden
1988
Olson, P. | Klingeborn, B. | Hedhammar, A.
Serum antibody titers to canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1), and canine distemper virus (CDV) were measured in dogs with known immunization status. The dogs represented 3 groups: nonvaccinated dogs less than 12 months old; vaccinated dogs less than 12 months old; and adult dogs greater than 12 months old. For practical reasons, the population from which the specimens were obtained could be considered as free from natural infection with CAV-1 and CDV. In nonvaccinated dogs less than 12 months old, antibodies against all 3 viruses were measured at the time the dogs were given their first vaccination. Altogether, 50.7% of the dogs had titer greater than or equal to 1:10 to CPV, and 26.1 and 46.2% had titer greaterthan or equal to 1:8 to CAV-1 and CDV, respectively. The concentration of maternal antibody seemed to be of major importance for failure of immunization with use of inactivated CPV vaccine, but not with CAV-1 and CDV vaccination. In dogs less than 12 months old and vaccinated against CPV infection with inactivated virus, only 11.5% had titer greater than or equal to 1:80. In dogs vaccinated against infectious canine hepatitis and canine distemper, 63.2 and 78.3%, respectively, had titer greater than or equal to 1:16. In adult dogs greater than 2 months old and vaccinated against CPV infection, less than 50% had titer greater than or equal to 1:80, regardless of time after vaccination. There was no significant difference in titer between vaccinated and nonvaccinated dogs. Approximately 60% of these dogs had titer greater than or equal to CAV-1 at all time intervals after vaccination. There was only a weak correlation between decrease of titers and time; this correlation could be explained by the fact that a proportion of the dogs had been vaccinated with inactivated CAV-1 virus. There was, however, no correlation between titer to CDV and time. The percentage of dogs with titer greater than or equal to 1:16 was at least 60%.
Show more [+] Less [-]Serum antibody response to canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus-1, and canine distemper virus in dogs with status of immunization: study of dogs in Sweden.
1988
Olson P. | Klingeborn B. | Hedhammar A.
Serum antibody titers to canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1), and canine distemper virus (CDV) were measured in dogs with known immunization status. The dogs represented 3 groups: nonvaccinated dogs less than 12 months old; vaccinated dogs less than 12 months old; and adult dogs greater than 12 months old. For practical reasons, the population from which the specimens were obtained could be considered as free from natural infection with CAV-1 and CDV. In nonvaccinated dogs less than 12 months old, antibodies against all 3 viruses were measured at the time the dogs were given their first vaccination. Altogether, 50.7% of the dogs had titer greater than or equal to 1:10 to CPV, and 26.1 and 46.2% had titer greater than or equal to 1:8 to CAV-1 and CDV, respectively. The concentration of maternal antibody seemed to be of major importance for failure of immunization with use of inactivated CPV vaccine, but not with CAV-1 and CDV vaccination. In dogs less than 12 months old and vaccinated against CPV infection with inactivated virus, only 11.5% had titer greater than or equal to 1:80. In dogs vaccinated against infectious canine hepatitis and canine distemper, 63.2 and 78.3%, respectively, had titer greater than or equal to 1:16. In adult dogs greater than 2 months old and vaccinated against CPV infection, less than 50% had titer greater than or equal to 1:80, regardless of time after vaccination. There was no significant difference in titer between vaccinated and nonvaccinated dogs. Approximately 60% of these dogs had titer greater than or equal to CAV-1 at all time intervals after vaccination. There was only a weak correlation between decrease of titers and time; this correlation could be explained by the fact that a proportion of the dogs had been vaccinated with inactivated CAV-1 virus. There was, however, no correlation between titer to CDV and time. The percentage of dogs with titer greater than or equal to 1:16 was at least 60%.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effects of weaning on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in three-week-old pigs
1988
Sarmiento, J.I. | Dean, E.A. | Moon, H.W.
Effects of weaning on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in three-week-old pigs
1988
Sarmiento, J.I. | Dean, E.A. | Moon, H.W.
We attempted to determine whether weaning is required for induction of diarrhea in pigs with postweaning enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Three-week-old newly weaned pigs and their suckling littermates were inoculated with the K88+ enterotoxigenic E coli strain M1823B. Fourteen of 21 weaned and 12 of 20 suckling pigs were genetically resistant to intestinal adhesion by the K88+ strain of E coli; they remained healthy, and gained weight at similar rates. Both groups of K88-resistant pigs gained weight faster, and shed fewer bacteria of strain M1823B in their feces, than did their K88-susceptible counterparts. Diarrhea developed in K88-susceptible pigs in the weaned (6 of 7 pigs) and suckling (4 of 8 pigs) groups, and 1 of the 4 affected suckling pigs died from complications resulting from diarrhea. The incidences of diarrhea, weight gain rates, and the numbers of strain M1823B shed in feces of susceptible weaned and suckling pigs were not significantly (P > 0.05) different. Diarrhea scores of susceptible weaned pigs were significantly (P < 0.02) higher than those of susceptible suckling pigs on the second day after inoculation. In this experimental model, it was concluded that weaning is not required for induction of diarrhea, but may modestly increase its severity.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effects of weaning on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in three-week-old pigs.
1988
Sarmiento J.I. | Dean E.A. | Moon H.W.
We attempted to determine whether weaning is required for induction of diarrhea in pigs with postweaning enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Three-week-old newly weaned pigs and their suckling littermates were inoculated with the K88+ enterotoxigenic E coli strain M1823B. Fourteen of 21 weaned and 12 of 20 suckling pigs were genetically resistant to intestinal adhesion by the K88+ strain of E coli; they remained healthy, and gained weight at similar rates. Both groups of K88-resistant pigs gained weight faster, and shed fewer bacteria of strain M1823B in their feces, than did their K88-susceptible counterparts. Diarrhea developed in K88-susceptible pigs in the weaned (6 of 7 pigs) and suckling (4 of 8 pigs) groups, and 1 of the 4 affected suckling pigs died from complications resulting from diarrhea. The incidences of diarrhea, weight gain rates, and the numbers of strain M1823B shed in feces of susceptible weaned and suckling pigs were not significantly (P > 0.05) different. Diarrhea scores of susceptible weaned pigs were significantly (P < 0.02) higher than those of susceptible suckling pigs on the second day after inoculation. In this experimental model, it was concluded that weaning is not required for induction of diarrhea, but may modestly increase its severity.
Show more [+] Less [-]Piperazine resistance in population-B equine strongyles: a study of selection in Throughbreds in Kentucky from 1966 through 1983
1988
Drudge, J.H. | Lyons, E.T. | Tolliver, S.C. | Lowry, S.R. | Fallon, E.H.
Observations were completed over an 18-year period (1966 through 1983) in Thoroughbred mares (15/year) and yearlings (11 to 24/year) on a farm where benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles had emerged previously (1962 to 1965). This farm was operated as a closed, nonboarding type, which included a racing stable for its home-bred foals. At 2-week intervals, counts of worm eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and larvae per gram of feces were done to monitor strongyle infections and efficacies of bimonthly (every 8 weeks) antiparasitic treatments that were administered by stomach tube or were fed (dichlorvos pellets) to 1 group of yearlings during a 7-year period (1970 through 1976). The study included several drugs or mixtures, including thiabendazole (TBZ), phenothiazine (PTZ) + piperazine (PPZ)-carbon disulfide (CS2) complex, PTZ + PPZ + trichlorfon (TCF), dichlorvos, and pyrantel pamoate. These were used selectively in treated subgroups (usually 3/year) of mares and yearlings. The horses in drug treatment subgroups grazed together on common pastures; thus, efficacy comparisons between drugs were limited or nullified. However, annual mean EPG and larvae per gram of feces counts of mares and yearlings tended to increase over time, and for the yearlings treated with TBZ + PPZ and PTZ + PPZ-CS2, the buildup of these mean counts was statistically significant (P less than 0.05 for regression coefficients). These trends of annual mean counts to increase were a general index of loss of anthelmintic activity of the 3 drug mixtures containing PPZ (TBZ + PPZ, PTZ + PPZ-CS2, and PTZ + PPZ TCF); however, trends were indicated more definitively by 2 other indices: (1) loss of effectiveness in reduction of EPG counts 2 weeks after treatment and (2) decrease in performance for complete clearance of strongyle eggs (EPG, 0) 2 weeks after treatment. Loss of effectiveness over time was statistically significant (P less than 0.001) for the mares only when data was pooled for all 3 treatments (TBZ + PPZ, PTZ + PPZ-CS2, and PTZ + PPZ + TCF); however, the decreasing effectiveness was statistically significant (P less than 0.05) for TBZ + PPZ and PTZ + PPZ-CS2 treatment of yearlings. Statistically, clearance performance in mareswas significant for treatments with TBZ + PPZ (P less than 0.003) and PTZ + PPZ + TCF (P less than 0.005) and approached significance with PTZ + PPZ-CS2 (P greater than 0.06). Clearance performances in yearlings were highly significant (P less than 0.0003) for treatments with TBZ + PPZ and PTZ + PPZ-CS2. These analyses of data indicate that the intense and prolonged (greater than or equal to 18 years) use of PPZ as a common component in several of the drug mixtures had resulted in the selection of a segment of small strongyles resistant to PPZ. Multiple resistance of this population of small strongyles includes several drugs: PTZ, the benzimidazoles (except oxibendazole and albendazole), possibly pyrantel, and PPZ. Side effects of drug treatments were not apparent during the prolonged period of this study.
Show more [+] Less [-]Metabolism of naturally occurring [13C]glucose given orally to horses
1988
Klein, H.J. | Schulze, E. | Deegen, E. | Giese, W.
In 5 horses, 13CO2/12CO2 ratios in expired air were determined using isotope mass spectroscopy to investigate metabolism of naturally occurring [13C]glucose. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed using maize or beet glucose. Maize has a higher 13C concentration than that of most plants. The 13CO2/12CO2 ratios after OGTT was performed using maize glucose were compared with 13CO2/12CO2 ratios in expired air after OGTT was performed using beet glucose. The ratio also was determined during the period horses were not fed. Using OGTT, all horses were glucose tolerant. The OGTT performed using beet glucose led to minimal changes in 13CO2/12CO2 ratios. The 13CO2/12CO2 ratios decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) when horses were not fed. After oral dosing with maize glucose, 13CO2/12CO2 ratios reached maximal increases 5 hours after dosing and reached baseline values 15 hours after dosing.
Show more [+] Less [-]Insulin and growth hormone responses to glucose infusion in mature and first-lactation dairy cows
1988
McClary, D.G. | Sartin, J.L. | Kemppainen, R.J. | Williams, J.C.
Five mature Holstein cows and 6 first-lactation Holstein cows were administered 100 mg of glucose/kg of body weight, IV, over a 20-minute period on postpartum day 30. A series (preinfusion, glucose infusion, and postinfusion) of blood samples was collected at -15, -10, -5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes from the start of the infusion. Serum was obtained and was assayed for glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI) growth hormone (GH), and free fatty acid concentrations. Baseline glucose and free fatty acid concentrations were similar in cattle of both groups throughout the sample collection period. Both groups of cattle disposed of the infused glucose in a similar manner. The first-lactation cows secreted significantly (P < 0.0001) more IRI to utilize the glucose load than did the mature cows, 71 +/- 13 microU/ml vs 38 +/- 7 microU/ml, respectively (mean +/- SEM). Preinfusion and glucose infusion GH concentrations were similar in cattle of both groups. In the postinfusion period, GH values were significantly (P < 0.0002) higher in the first-lactation cows (8.7 +/- 1.8 ng/ml) than in the mature cows (5.8 +/- 1.6 ng/ml). Compared with that in the mature cows, the higher IRI concentration required by the first-lactation cows to utilize approximately the same glucose load suggested that first-lactation cows were insulin resistant. The increased insulin response to increased glucose concentration may be one reason first-lactation cows produce less milk than do mature cows. Other factors, such as variation in the ability of the mammary gland to synthesize milk cannot be excluded.
Show more [+] Less [-]Plasma- and iron-regulated expression of high molecular weight outer membrane proteins by Pasteurella multocida
1988
Snipes, K.P. | Hansen, L.M. | Hirsh, D.C.
A strain of Pasteurella multocida of avian origin expressed high molecular weight outer membrane proteins when grown in turkey plasma or in brain-heart infusion broth containing the iron chelator dipyridyl. The proteins were not detected when this strain was grown in brain-heart infusion broth or in brain-heart broth containing dipyridyl and excess iron.
Show more [+] Less [-]Neuromuscular pedicle graft for restoration of arytenoid abductor function in dogs with experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia
1988
Greenfield, C.L. | Walshaw, R. | Kumar, K. | Lowrie, C.T. | Derksen, F.J.
Left laryngeal hemiplegia was induced by resection of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in 12 dogs. A neuro-muscular pedicle graft formed from the first cervical nerve and sternothyroideus muscle was transplanted after 1 week to the denervated cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle in 8 dogs. The remaining 4 dogs served as controls. Left arytenoid abduction was blindly evaluated by laryngoscopy with video photography at time 0, at 1 week, and at 19 weeks in all dogs. At 19 weeks, biopsy specimens of the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle and the neuromuscular pedicle were taken from 4 of the treatment dogs, and biopsy specimens of the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle were taken from the 4 control dogs. All biopsy specimens were blindly evaluated by histologic and histochemical evamination. At 36 to 44 weeks, the remaining 4 treatment dogs, from which biopsy specimens had not been taken were reevaluated by use of laryngoscopy with video photography. Complications and difficulties encountered during surgery included hemorrhage in the area of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, location of a branch of the first cervical nerve that was long enough to prevent tension at the graft site, orientation of the muscle pedicle in the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle without the use of an operating microscope, and preservation of the terminal portion of the first cervical nerve while forming the neuromuscular pedicle. Results of the artenoid movement evaluations, revealed improvement in arytenoid abductor function in the treatment group, compared with that in the control group at 19 weeks. Arytenoid abduction in the treatment group at this time, however, was still significantly decreased (P less than 0.05), compared with presurgical movement evaluations. Arytenoid abductor function continued to improve until it was statistically indistinguishable (P greater than 0.05) from presurgical abduction at 36 to 44 weeks. Results of the examination of biopsy specimens (neurogenic atrophy, evidence of reinnervation, or histologically normal muscle) were compatible with arytenoid movement evaluations in most of the treatment and control dogs.
Show more [+] Less [-]In vitro susceptibility of bacteria to a ticarcillin-clavulanic acid combination
1988
In vitro testing of bacterial susceptibility to a combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid was done, using 406 aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative isolates (considered to be pathogens) cultured from equine and small animal specimens. A microdilution broth technique of susceptibility testing was performed, using trays with wells containing a range of doubling concentrations of dehydrated ticarcillin (range, 0.50 to 128 microgram/ml) with fixed concentration of clavulanic acid (4 microgram/ml). The following isolates of equine origin were (90%) susceptible to concentrations of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid combinations of less than or equal to 16 and 4 microgram/ml, respectively: Staphylococcus aureus, S intermedius, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Ent agglomerans, Ent cloacae, Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus sp, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Rhodococcus equi, Proteus vulgaris, and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Isolates of small animal origin (90%) susceptible to less than or equal to 16 and 4 microgram of ticarcillin-clavulanic/ml included S aureus, S intermedius, Ent aerogenes, Ent agglomerans, Pasteurella multocida, B bronchiseptica, Pr mirabilis, and Serratia sp.
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