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Results 81-90 of 507
Determination of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium values in rib bones from clinically normal cattle
1994
Beighle, D.E. | Boyazoglu, P.A. | Hemken, R.W. | Serumaga-Zake, P.A.
Mean phosphorus (P) content in bovine rib bone was 102.9, 108.3, and 182.7 mg/g of bone on fresh, dry, and ash weight bases, respectively. Values for calcium (Ca) were 194.3, 203.7, and 344.6 mg/g, respectively, and for magnesium (Mg) were 5.3, 5.5, and 9.4 mg/g, respectively. Mean percentage of ash in rib bone was 59.12%. Expected concentrations of Ca, P, and Mg were determined on fresh, dry, and ash weight bases and for 3 age groups, 3 breeds, and bulls, females, and steers. On an ash weight basis, cattle 6 to 18 months old had 185.74 mg of P/g, 372.52 mg of Ca/g, and 12.37 mg of Mg/g. Those 19 to 36 months old had 182.02 mg of P/g, 322.35 mg of P/g, and 8.09 mg of Mg/g. Those > 36 months old had 174.80 mg of P/g, 340.36 mg of Ca/g, and 6.62 mg of Mg/g. Steers had 183.93 mg of P/g, 352.73 mg of Ca/g, and 10.15 mg of Mg/g. Females had 178.47 mg of P/g, 320.28 mg of Ca/g, and 6.5 mg of Mg/g. Males had 176.15 mg of P/g, aH on an ash weight basis. Dairy breeds were found to have 186.08 mg of P/g, 351.25 mg of Ca/g, and 10.47 mg of Mg/g. Cattle of mixed breeding had 177.42 mg of P/g, 341.28 mg of Ca/g, and 6.54 mg of Mg/g. The Africander breed of beef cattle had 167.07 mg of P/g, all on an ash weight basis.
Show more [+] Less [-]Analysis of physeal growth in dogs, using biplanar radiography
1994
Conzemius, M.G. | Smith, G.K. | Brighton, C.T. | Marion, M.J. | Gregor, T.P.
Biplanar radiography was used to study normal growth of the left and right radius in 5 Beagles and growth of the left radius alone in 15 additional Beagles. We explored the applicability of this radiographic method in veterinary medicine by measuring the contribution to total radius length from each growth plate. Spherical tantalum markers (0.5 mm) were embedded in the proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, and distal epiphysis of each dog's radius at 10 weeks of age. Simultaneous biplanar radiographic views were obtained every 4 weeks until skeletal maturity was documented. A three-dimensional coordinate system was constructed allowing for measurement of growth (in millimeters). Resolution of the measuring system was 0.074 mm. Mean +/- SEM length of the skeletally mature Beagle's radius, as measured from proximal epiphyseal bead to distal epiphyseal bead, was 95.33 +/- 1.07 mm. The percentage of contribution to the total radius length from the proximal and distal growth plates was 36.76 and 64.73%, respectively, with 95% confidence interval of 2.29%. The percentage of contribution to radius length from the distal radial growth plate increased for each consecutive time segment, with the distal radial physis contributing 61.75% from 10 to 14 weeks of age and increasing to 70.22% from 22 to 26 weeks of age. Significant growth was not observed after 26 weeks of age. The period of most rapid growth was between 10 and 14 weeks of age. Biplanar radiography was accurate and precise in quantifying the relative contribution of the proximal and distal growth plate to radius length in Beagles. The method is applicable in veterinary research or clinical medicine for monitoring of axial and angular growth: physiologic, iatrogenic, or pathologic.
Show more [+] Less [-]Production of Salmonella serogroup D (O9)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigen
1994
Konrad, H. | Smith, B.P. | Dilling, G.W. | House, J.K.
Serologic testing to detect persistent IgG titer directed at Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has proven useful in detecting Salmonella carrier cattle without clinical signs of disease and in seroepidemiologic studies. Although little cross-reactivity exists between most Salmonella serogroups, groups B (O1, 4 [5], 12) and D (O1, 9, 12) share somatic (LPS cell wall) antigens O1 and O12, which results in some cross-reactions. This may be unimportant in most instances, because group-B and group-D carriers need to be identified and culled. It may be desirable in some situations, such as when trying to control S dublin, to determine which serogroup is present in a given herd. For this reason, a procedure to produce a pure O9 group-D antigen was developed. Salmonella dublin (group D) was grown by use of standard procedures, and LPS was extracted by use of the phenol-water method. The LPS was then oxidized with sodium periodate, dialyzed, reduced with sodium borohydride, cleaved with hydrochloric acid, and again dialyzed. This procedure successfully cleaved the saccharides comprising O antigens 1 and 12, leaving a pure O9 ELISA antigen. Sera from cattle vaccinated or naturally infected with S typhimurium, S agona, and S schwarzengrund (all group B), S montevideo (group C1), and S dublin (group D) were tested by ELISA, using modified and unmodified antigens. When the ELISA antigen used was the chemically modified (pure O9) group-D antigen, elimination of cross-reactions confirmed the structural loss of cross-reacting O1 and O12 antigens.
Show more [+] Less [-]Histologic and ultrastructural changes after large-colon torsion, with and without use of a specific platelet-activating factor antagonist (WEB 2086), in ponies
1994
Wilson, D.V. | Patterson, J.S. | Stick, J.A. | Provost, P.J.
The role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in mediating the colonic damage that develops after large-colon torsion was studied in 14 ponies. Morphologic changes in areas of the ascending colon and selected abdominal and thoracic viscera after 1 hour of large-colon torsion and 3 to 5 hours of reperfusion were determined, as well as the protective effects of systemic administration of a specific PAF antagonist (WEB 2086). Ponies were selected then allocated at random and in equal numbers to 2 groups that received 1 of 2 treatments prior to induction of large-colon torsion: group 1 - control (saline solution), and group 2 WEB 2086 (3 mg/kg of body weight loading dose and 3 mg/kg/h for the remainder of the study). In each pony, full-thickness tissue specimens from the gastrointestinal tract-cecum, pelvic flexure, left and right ventral colon, and right dorsal colon - heart, left lung, liver, left adrenal gland, spleen, and right kidney were collected and histologically evaluated. Edema, mucosal necrosis, and neutrophil infiltration in colonic sections were graded from 0 (normal) to 3 (most severe changes). Sections of liver and lung from 3 ponies in each group, and colon from 1 pony in each group, also were examined by transmission electron microscopy to determine the presence of ultrastructural alterations. Ischemia and reperfusion induced marked changes in all sections of colon in all ponies: moderate to severe submucosal edema, moderate necrosis of the superficial epithelium and lamina propria, and necrosis of the mucosal crypt epithelium. Extra- vascular neutrophil accumulation was evident in all sections of colon and cecum, but not in other tissues. Ultrastructural lesions were not present in hepato- cytes or pneumocytes, or in the endothelial cells of liver, lung, and colon. Bacteria were observed by electron microscopy in 5% of hepatic sinusoids. Administration of a specific PAF antagonist, WEB 2086, failed to reduce severity of the observed lesions, indicating that it was not cytoprotective at the dosage used in this model of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Show more [+] Less [-]Pharmacokinetic variables and bioavailability from muscle of creatine kinase in cattle
1994
Lefebvre, H.P. | Toutain, P.L. | Serthelon, J.P. | Lassourd, V. | Gardey, L. | Braun, J.P.
Pharmacokinetic variables of skeletal muscle creatine kinase (CK) activity after IV administration of a muscle extract; CK bioavailability after IM administration of the muscle extract; and effect of IM administration of saline solution, to appreciate the possible release of CK consecutive to muscle puncture, were determined in 6 cows. A general equation for the quantitative estimation of skeletal muscle damage also was derived. Administration of saline solution IM had no effect on plasma CK activity (ANOVA, P > 0.05) in any of the cows. After IV administration of the muscle extract (150 U/kg of body weight), mean volume of the central compartment, plasma half-life, and plasma clearance of CK were 0.027 +/- 0.007 L/kg, 520 +/- 109 minutes, and 6.43 +/- 2.29 ml/kg/h, respectively. After IM administration (150 U/kg), mean bioavailability of CK was 51 +/- 17% and maximal plasma CK activity (500 +/- 97 U/L) was observed at 454 +/- 131 minutes. The rate of CK activity entry into plasma was determined by use of deconvolution analysis. Two peaks were observed; the first appeared before the 30th minute after IM administration, and the second appeared at 3.3 +/- 1.1 hours. Amplitudes were 6.31 +/- 4.45 and 6.57 +/- 3.08 U/kg/h, for the first and the second peaks, respectively. The quantity of CK liberated from control muscle was 0.69 +/- 0.12 U/kg/h, corresponding to a normal daily catabolism of 5.8 +/- 1.0 mg of muscle/kg. From these results, the following equation can be proposed to determine the corresponding mean equivalent of destroyed muscle (Qmuscle, test article) after IM administration of a test article: Qmuscle, test article (g/kg) = 4.41 X 10(-6) AUC (U/h/L), with AUC being the CK plasma activity area under the curve.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effect of in vitro and in vivo migration of bovine neutrophils on binding and expression of Fc receptors for IgG2 and IgM
1994
Worku, M. | Paape, M.J. | Filep, R. | Miller, R.H.
Binding of endogenous and exogenous homologous IgG, and IgM to bovine neutrophils before and after in vitro migration through micropore filters, and in vivo migration through mammary tissues after intramammary injection of endotoxin was evaluated by use of flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin binding to neutrophils at 4 and 37 C was also evaluated. Before and after in vitro migration, neutrophils with endogenously bound IgG, and IgM averaged 1 and 2% and 23 and 7%, respectively. Before and after in vivo migration, IgG2 and IgM binding averaged 1 and 7% and 26 and 15%, respectively. Before and after in vitro migration, binding of purified IgG2 and IgM averaged 75 and 67% and 8 and 24%, respectively. Before and after in vivo migration, percentage of neutrophils binding purified IgG2 and IgM averaged 92 and 98% and 54 and 70%, respectively. When serum was used as a source of exogenous immunoglobulins, binding of total Igg after in vitro migration increased from 5% to 28% and of IgM from 4% to 20%. After in vivo migration, binding increased from 21% to 47% and from 24% to 56%, respectively. Exogenous binding of IgG2 at 4 and 37 C averaged 75 and 84%, and binding of IgM averaged 8% at either temperature. Endogenous IgG2 was unaffected by temperature; however, binding of IgM decreased from 23% at 4 C to 2% at 37 C. These data indicate that endogenous binding was higher for IgM before migration than after migration, in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, migration in vivo through cellular matrices induced receptor upregulation for IgG and IgM. Source and concentration of ligand and serum components, other than immunoglobulins, appeared to contribute to receptor expression and availability. Neutrophils that were exposed to endotoxin and migrated into milk expressed more receptors than did unstimulated and nonmigrating neutrophils. The association of IgM with its receptor was temperature-dependent.
Show more [+] Less [-]Comparison of ethanol and 4-methylpyrazole as treatments for ethylene glycol intoxication in cats
1994
Dial, S.M. | Thrall, M.A.H. | Hamar, D.W.
The efficacy of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) and ethanol as treatment for ethylene glycol (EG) intoxication in cats was compared. Twenty-two cats were assigned at random to 6 experimental groups. Cats of 1 experimental group were given only 4-MP; those of another experimental group were given only EG. Cats of 3 experimental groups were intoxicated with EG and given 4-MP at 0 hour or 2 or 3 hours after EG ingestion, and those of 1 experimental group were given EG and treated with ethanol 3 hours after EG ingestion. Physical, biochemical, hematologic, blood gas, serum and urine EG concentrations, and urinalysis findings were evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, 1 week, and 2 weeks after EG ingestion, or 4-MP treatment in cats of the 4-MP only group. The half-life of EG and percentage of ingested EG excreted unchanged were determined for each group. 4-Methylpyrazole treatment at 0 hour was most effective at preventing metabolism of EG. 4-Methylpyrazole was not effective in preventing development of renal failure when given 2 or 3 hours after EG ingestion. Ethanol given 3 hours after EG ingestion was successful in preventing development of renal dysfunction in 2 of the 6 cats treated 3 hours after EG ingestion. Of the remaining 4 cats treated with ethanol, 2 developed transient renal dysfunction and 2 developed acute oliguric renal failure and were euthanatized. 4-Methylpyrazol given 2 or 3 hours after EG ingestion was less effective in preventing EG metabolism than was ethanol given 3 hours after EG ingestion. Therefore 4-MP, at the dose found to be effective in dogs, cannot be recommended as an alternative to ethanol for treatment of EG intoxication in cats.
Show more [+] Less [-]Efficacy of 4-methylpyrazole for treatment of ethylene glycol intoxication in dogs
1994
Dial, S.M. | Thrall, M.A.H. | Hamar, D.W.
4-Methylpyrazole (4-MP), an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, was administered to dogs to treat ethylene glycol (EG) intoxication. Eleven dogs were given 10.6 g of EG/kg of body weight; 5 dogs were treated with 4-MP 5 hours after EG ingestion and 6 dogs were treated with 4-MP 8 hours after EG ingestion. 4-Methylpyrazole was administered IV as a 50-mg/dl solution in 50% polyethylene glycol: initial dose, 20 mg/kg; at 12 hours after initial dose, 15 mg/ kg; at 24 hours after initial dose, 10 mg/kg, and at 30 hours after initial dose, 5 mg/kg. Physical, biochemical, hematologic, blood gas, serum and urine EG concentrations, and urinalysis findings were evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours, and at 1 week and 2 weeks after EG ingestion. Dogs of both groups developed clinicopathologic signs associated with EG intoxication, including CNS depression, hyperosmolality, high anion gap metabolic acidosis, polydipsia, polyuria, calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate crystalluria, and isosthenuria. Fractional excretion of sodium was increased in all dogs between 1 and 9 hours after EG ingestion, but remained increased beyond 24 hours only in the 2 dogs treated at 8 hours after EG ingestion that developed acute renal failure. All dogs treated 5 hours after EG ingestion recovered without morphologic, biochemical, or clinical evidence of renal impairment. Of the 6 dogs treated 8 hours after EG ingestion, 2 developed acute renal failure. One of the dogs treated 8 hours after EG ingestion remained isosthenuric for 2 months, but did not manifest any other signs of renal impairment. Of the dogs treated 8 hours after EG ingestion, 3 recovered without morphologic, biochemical, or clinical evidence of renal impairment. Serum half-life of EG was prolonged in the dogs treated 8 hours after EG ingestion. Percentage of EG excreted unchanged was 84 +/- 2% in the dogs treated 5 hours after EG ingestion, and was 40 +/- 10% in the dogs treated 8 hours after EG ingestion. 4-Methylpyrazole was effective in preventing renal failure in all dogs given 10.6 g of EG/kg when treatment was initiated by 5 hours after EG ingestion, and in 4 of 6 dogs when treatment was initiated by 8 hours after EG ingestion.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effects of subject stance time and velocity on ground reaction forces in clinically normal Greyhounds at the walk
1994
Roush, J.K. | McLaughlin, R.M. Jr
Force plate gait analysis was used to study the effects of subject stance time and velocity on ground reaction forces in 5 adult Greyhounds at the walk. Data from 146 valid trials were obtained. Stance time and velocity were linearly related, and stance time had a strong, negative correlation with velocity k = -0.72 for the forelimbs, r = -0.56 for the hind limbs). Stance time correlated more closely with changes in peak vertical force and impulse than did velocity. Stance time and velocity correlated less strongly with braking and propulsion forces and impulses. The trials were divided into 2 distinct velocity ranges (V1 = 0.92 to 1.03 m/s, V2 = 1.06 to 1.17 m/ s), 2 distinct forelimb stance time ranges (FST1 = 0.43 to 0.48 second, FST2 = 0.50 to 0.55 second), and 2 distinct hind limb stance time ranges (HST1 = 0.40 to 0.45 second, HST2 = 0.46 to 0.51 second). Five trials from each dog were included in each range, and the mean values were used to evaluate changes in ground reaction forces between groups. Peak vertical force in the forelimbs decreased significantly (P = 0.048) as FST increased; however, difference was not detected in vertical force between velocity groups. Peak vertical force in the hind limbs decreased significantly (P = 0.001) as HST increased and increased significantly (P = 0.000) as velocity increased. Differences were not observed between groups in forelimb or hind limb braking and propulsive forces. Vertical impulse in the forelimbs and hind limbs decreased as velocity increased and increased as stance time increased. Braking impulse in the forelimbs decreased as velocity increased and increased as FST increased. Braking force in the hind limbs did not change between velocity or stance time groups. Propulsive impulse in the hind limbs decreased as velocity increased and increased as HST increased. Stance time was a sensitive and accurate indicator of subject velocity in clinically normal dogs at the walk and correlated more closely with changes in some ground reaction forces than did velocity measurements. Stance time measurements could be used to normalize trial data within a sampling period and document consistency in velocity during force plate analysis of clinically normal dogs at the walk.
Show more [+] Less [-]Quantitative renal scintigraphic determination of effective renal plasma flow in dogs with normal and abnormal renal function using 99m-Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine
1994
Itkin, R.J. | Krawiec, D.R. | Twardock, A.R. | Gelberg, H.B.
Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) was evaluated, using the measurement of p-aminohippurate clearance (CLPAH) and quantitative renal scintigraphy (QRS) with 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc-MAG3). The CLPAH and QRS determinations were made in 6 dogs: 2 determinations for each dog before, and 1 determination after induction of renal failure by administration of amphotericin B. Least-squares regression analysis was used to derive an equation to estimate ERPF from QRS data. The results indicated that QRS, using 99mTc-MAG3, correlated reasonably well (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) with ERPF determined from the CLPAH value. The right kidney contributed 53.3% of global ERPF (P = 0.002). Hepatobiliary excretion of 99mTc-MAG3 was variable within each dog. There was not a consistent pattern with respect to time or renal function. All dogs had nausea or emesis, or both, after IV administration of 99mTc-MAG3. The QRS method with 99mTc-MAG3 provides an adequate means to estimate ERPF in healthy dogs and dogs with renal failure.
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