Coral reefs are one of the most important marine ecosystems around the world. This ecosystem is the breeding and living ground for vastof animals including corals, fish, mollusks and even sea turtles and dolphins. There is a disaster which is raising more and more by naturaleffects and more importantly by human origin. Global warming and consequently raising heat endangers the life of living organisms especiallyimmobile ones. Coral reefs belong to the sessile animals that cannot move, migrate or defend themselves as strongly as advanced organisms.Different stressors such as thermal shock result in bleaching coral reefs so that the symbiont algae (zooxanthellae) does not return to the colonywhich ends to corals’ death. Coral Reefs of the Persian Gulf are not the exception and they have been bleached severely during last few years.The study was done by direct observation and via SCUBA diving and photography. The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data were achievedby NOAA satellite and they were analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2010. Typically, water temperature rises from March to middle of August anddecreases again toward December. The most severe bleaching happened in August 2015 in Northern Larak Island while the water temperaturewas 32.60 ᵒC. However, the water temperature was high even in January, February and March to 22.84 ᵒC. The highest temperature duringAugust 2017 (32.81 ᵒC) was another bleaching peak for North and Eastern Larak Island corals. During this catastrophe in 2017, more than90% of genus Acropora and more than 80% of genus Porites were bleached. There was a recovery status in bleached corals in 2018 but deadcorals never recovered. Although there are resistant corals in the coral reef ecosystem, heat is a certain stress which can ruin the ecosystem.

This study was conducted between March 2017 and February 2018 to determine the rotifer fauna of Hazar Lake provide clear diagnosis ofsuspected rotifers in electron microscopy. Totaly 24 species from Rotifera, were identified in our this study. In this study, scanning electronmicroscope photographs of some Rotifera species were taken. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the trophi structure (SEM), which is animportant part of the species identification of monogonont rotifers, has also been performed in this study.

A large number of biomarkers and indicator organisms have been suggested for the assessment of ecotoxicity of man-made compounds onaquatic environments. The physiological and biochemical indices in fishes are sensitive for detecting potential toxic effects, and also are obviousfrom the same reports that studies on the impact of pollutants on the physiological and biochemical status of aquatic organisms. In anattempt to define and measure the effect of pollutants on an ecosystem, biomarkers have attracted a lot of interest. The underlying principleof the biomarker approach is the analysis of an organism’s physiological or biochemical response to pollutant exposure. The measurement ofbiochemical and physiological parameters is a diagnostic tool commonly used in aquatic toxicology and bio-monitoring, so Hematologicaland immunological parameters are suitable biomarkers in mercury studies. During stress, fish respond in a number of ways in order to regainhomeostasis and two important physiological processes which are modulated when fish are exposed to stress, are hormonal status and immunefunction. In this paper, our previous research's on effects of different pollutants (heavy metals, pesticides, nano particles, organic pollutants andetc.) on many fish species (marine and freshwater) was studied to detect new biomarkers (enzymatic, hormonal, immunological, hematological,histopathological and etc.) for water quality monitoring. In this study we examined markers of hematology, enzyme, hormone and histopathologyin different fishes. The aim of this study was to test a multi-trial biomarker approach for evaluating toxicological risk due to the majortoxicant in the water, using fishes as bio-indicator organism. The main objectives of this researches were: to identify the tissues and biologicalmaterials useful for biomarker studies; to evaluate various biochemical biomarkers in different tissues; to identify the most suitable biomarkersfor evaluating chemical stress due to the contaminants explored in this study.

The present study was aimed at the determination of the effects of propofol and sevoflurane administration on blood malondialdehyde levels and certain antioxidant parameters in goats. The study was conducted on 7 healthy Angora goats. Blood samples were taken from all of the animals prior to the administration of propofol, following the induction of anaesthesia, and 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes and 24 hours after sevoflurane administration. The collected blood samples were used to measure plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin A and beta-carotene, vitamin E levels and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. In the Angora goats, which were anaesthetized with propofol and sevoflurane, neither plasma MDA, vitamin A and β-carotene, vitamin E levels, nor erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities displayed any statistically significant difference during and after anaesthesia. In result, it was determined that propofol and sevoflurane anaesthesia did not induce any adverse effect on blood MDA levels or the antioxidant parameters investigated in the Angora goat.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of different levels of chicken egg lecithin in diets on growth and feeding parameters, lipoprotein fractions and histological changes in gut and liver of binni juveniles (Mesopotamichthy Sharpeyi). The experimental fish with initial mean weight of 3.1 ± 0.17 g were fed to satiation 3 times a day with four experimental diets containing different levels of egg lecithin (0, 2, 4 and 6%) for 8 weeks. Fish were fed 4 and 6% chicken egg lecithin showed significantly higher final growth, specific growth rate, improved feed conversation ratio, protein efficiency and survival compared with control group. Fish were fed the diet containing 4-6% lecithin showed significantly higher high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) than fish fed 2% chicken egg lecithin and control. Fish were fed the diet containing 4-6% lecithin showed higher goblet cells and lower lipid vacuoles in anterior intestine enterocytes than control group. Also, the livers of fish were fed chicken egg lecithin showed normal structure and hepatocyte with clear central nucleus compared with control group, visually. So, it appears phospholipids (PLs) have a specific role for lipid transport and absorption. Therefore, the use of 4-6% chicken egg lecithin as PLs source in diet of juvenile binni fish for improvement growth performance is recommended.

In this study, seminal plasma proteins were seperated by sodium doedosil sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the relationship between obtained protein bands and motility, abnormal number of spermatozoa, abnormal number of dead spermatozoa and spermatozoa density indicating the quality of spermatozoa were examined before and after frozen samples of sperma. Ejaculate samples from 18 holstein bulls were taken and transported to the laboratory in cold conditions. After the examinations of the sperma samples, some of the samples were diluted and frozen. Some other sperma samples were centrifuged to obtain seminal plasma. Proteins of seminal plasma and frozen sperma samples were seperated by SDS-PAGE. Protein bands on the polyacrylamide gel from both seminal plasma and frozen sperma were evaluated as percentage distribution of proteins using densitometer. The percentage distribution of protein bands were compared with statistically the parameters of sperma. Results of this study showed that the protein band with 22 kDa has a relation with the motility and the number of dead spermatozoa. Moreover, the protein band with 29 kDa has a statistically significant relation with the number of abnormal spermatozoa. These results may suggest that seminal plasma proteins have a role on the functions of spermatozoa and its quality of life and on the physiologic role of seminal plasma.

Every day; many chemical agents, materials or medicines whether in the pharmaceutical industry or daily life are offered for consuming for human beings. At this point, it has great importance that if the substances threaten heath or not. Because the toxicity of materials can lead to many target organ damage. The eye, together with many anatomical layers that make it up is among the target organs exposed to toxicity. In this review, we handled the classification, effects and treatment methods of toxic materials on the corneal layer of the eye.

The purpose of this study is determining the in vitro true digestibility values and nutritional content for tea (Camelia Sinensis)  factory waste (TFW) produced by organic and conventional methods. Fresh tea plants and the TFW are collected from tea factories in the Blacksea Region of Turkey on the seasons of tea production which are the beginning and end of May (1st season), July (2nd season) and August (3rd season).  In this study the nutrient composition of TFW, digestible organic material and metabolic energy values were determined in 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 48th, 72nd and 96th hours by in vitro gas production technique. The nutrient values of TFW varied with seasons and periods. Values found are: dry matter (DM) 92-95%, ash values 3.56-4.59%, neutral detergant fiber (NDF) 51.10- 57.23%, acid detergant fiber (ADF) 40.93 – 49.27%,  digestible organic material (DOM) 25.47 – 44.79% and metabolic energy (ME) 4.65 – 8.79 MJ/kgDM. DOM and ME values were found highest at the 3rd season followed by the 2nd season and 1st season (P<0.05). There is no statistical significant difference between   TFW produced by organic and conventional methods for DOM and ME (P>0.05). It was concluded that, after the determination of the percentage of tannin and polyphenol contents in TFW; the 3rd season TFW can be added to ruminant rations which have high feed efficiency.

This study was carried out to compare the number of honeycombs with full of bees (wax building activity) (frame count), survivability, swarm condition and honey yield for the thermo plastic (plastic) and wooden Langstroth honey bee hives. A total of 23 hives (10 plastic and 13 wooden hives) were used. The mean frame count for the plastic and wooden hives, respectively, were 13.25±0.28 and 14.77±0.48 (Z= -1.24, p=0.22). Survivability rates for the plastic and wooden hives, respectively, were 90.00% and 53.85% for at the end of first year (Fisher’s exact test p=0.089) and 30.00% and 15.38% (Fisher’s exact test, p=0.618) for at the end of the study. The plastic hives decreased the death incidence at the end of the study [relative risk ratio (RR)=0.82]. Swarm rates were 40.00% and 15.38% (Fisher’s exact test p=0.341) for the plastic and wooden hives, respectively at the end of first year. Swarm condition increased about 3 times more in the plastic hives as compared to the wooden hives (RR=2.60). Mean honey yield per honeycomb was higher in the plastic hives (2264.65±182.39 g) than in the wooden hives (1634.20±191.08 g) (t=2.39, p=0.028). As a result, it was thought that thermo plastic hives can be efficiently and successfully used by bee keepers since they may increase survivability and honey yield and are easy to use.

The treatment of skin wounds with tissue-loss is one of the most important issues in the field of veterinary medicine. It is aimed to improve the wound faster and without contamination by doing various studies in this subject. In this study, laser phototherapy was preferred considering the same target.      This study was carried out on 20 cats and 20 dogs of different ages, races, and genders, who were brought to Surgery clinic of Animal Hospital at Kirikkale University. These patients were divided into 4 groups, two of which were study and two of which were a control group. In the study group, 10 cats and 10 dogs were subjected to laser phototherapy, and the rest were routinely performed as a control group. The clinical and laboratory results of the animals treated with phototherapy were compared by routine applications. During the study, a patient follow-up form was created to record data such as physiological parameters of the animals, wound sizes, and clinical recovery process of the wound. Besides, the data were transferred to the computer environment for statistical analysis. Animals that are too aggressive and do not allow the application was treated with laser phototherapy or dressing by applying a routine sedation or anesthesia protocol with the permission of the owner. The wound was taken in follow-up data daily. For 21 days, wound sizes were drawn on transparencies film. Then these measurements were made using the area calculation graph paper.      In the obtained clinical data, both infection control and wound closure rates were found to be faster in the study groups than the control groups (P<0,05).      In conclusion, low-intensity laser phototherapy has been suggested to be a treatment option, especially in cases of tissue-loss infected skin injuries, which may be an adjunct to classical applications in both cats and dogs.