The efficacy of Leishmania donovani-derived lipophosphoglycan (LPG) plus Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniosis in susceptible BALB/c mouse and Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) models was investigated. Following a triple vaccination with a total dose of 150 µl BCG plus 60 µg or 30 µg of LPG for hamsters and BALB/c mice respectively, there were no noticeable side effects both locally and systemically; implying that the molecule was safe at this dosage level. Vaccinated animals demonstrated an activation of both the humoral as well as cell-mediated responses to LPG, which correlated with resistance against the disease. Protection by LPG plus BCG, was however, poor as the remaining immunized animals showed disease progression leading to severity of the disease as illustrated by emaciation, mass loss and heavy splenic parasitaemia in hamsters. These data nevertheless suggest that it may be rewarding to further evaluate the potential of LPG as a vaccine candidate in leishmaniosis using other adjuvants, which may enhance its immunogenicity.

Memory is a property common to a diverse range of tissues. Cardiac memory has been demonstrated in the human, dog, rat and rabbit. This is a peculiar phenomenon, reflected in the T wave of the electrocardiogram. The heart is able to remember periods of alterations in the sequence of ventricular activation and once there is a return to a normal sequence of ventricular activation the T waves may manifest memory. Cardiac memory is noted when the T wave during normal ventricular activation retains the vector of the previous abnormal QRS complex, caused by a period of altered ventricular activation. Possible mechanisms of memory in the heart are alterations of the transient outward potassium current (Ito) in ventricular myocytes and new protein synthesis inside myocytes. These two mechanisms operate in short- and long-term cardiac memory respectively. Currently, it is unknown whether memory may have adverse structural consequences in the heart. We were able to demonstrate memory in the hearts of Dorper wethers and this is the first report of cardiac memory in Dorper sheep.

The presence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in South Africa has been confirmed by several serological surveys. However, little is known about its biological properties. Twenty five isolates obtained by isolation in tissue culture and detected by means of the antigen capture ELISA from clinically sick cattle and from foetal calf serum in South Africa were characterized on the basis of analysis of the 5' non-translated (NTR) region of the genome. A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify specific sequences from the 5'NTR of the genome. The oligonucleotide primers corresponding to positions 105-125 and 399-378, respectively, in the sequence of BVDV strain NADL were used to generate the PCR products. Both strands were sequenced directly with these primers and fluorescence-labelled dideoxynucleotides in an automated nucleic acid sequencer. Reference strains of pestiviruses [(BVDV type I, BVDV type II, border disease virus (BDV) and hog cholera virus (HCV)] and isolates from a previous investigation on BVDV in southern Africa were included for comparative purposes. All the BVDV strains obtained during this study belong to subgroups of BVDV genotype I. No association could be demonstrated between the geographic origin of the isolates. A number of isolates formed another branch separate from the existing branches Ia, Ib and Ic. These findings suggest that extensive genetic diversity can be found within BVDV type I isolates from southern Africa. Isolates that group with the classical BVDV type I strains, particularly of American origin, coexist with variants that appear to represent a local genetic pool and or variants evolving from the classical strains.

Oligodendrocytes and myelin in the corpus callosum of black tremor and normal hamsters aged over 1.5 years were ultrastructurally examined to determine the myelination index (ratio of myelin thickness/diameter of axon), percentage of naked axons, and proportions of oligodendroglial subtypes (light, medium and dark). The mutant hamsters were remarkably hypomyelinated, with a low myelination index and a high proportion of naked axons, and high proportions of the dark subtypes. Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones (T sub(3) and T sub(4)) in 6-week-old mutant hamsters were 2-fold (T sub(3)) to 3-fold (T sub(4)) higher than those of age-matched normal animals. However, in the aged animals (over 1.5 years old) only T sub(4) levels of the mutant hamsters were higher in the mutant than normal hamsters. The black tremor hamsters were hypomyelinated throughout their life and high serum level of thyroid hormones might have played a role in the hypomyelination.

This study was conducted to determine the optimum storage temperature for Rinderpest vaccine prepared on vero cells to know the shelf life of the vaccine. The vials were randomly selected from one batch of the vaccine, titrated and stored at minus 20 degree centigrade (Freezer), 4 degree centigrade (refrigerator) and room temperature. The titre was found to be 105.1 per ml. The vials stored at minus 20 degree centigrade & 4 degree centigrade were subjected to titration after an interval of six months for 3 and 2 years respectively. The vials stored at room temperature were tested after 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks. Titration results indicated that the titre of the vaccine vials stored at room temperature decreased by 100.9 101.2 and 101.6 after storage time of 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks respectively. The vials stored at 4 degree centigrade maintained their titre for a period of six months but after that the loss in titre was 100.4, 101.0, and 102.4 after storage time of one, one and half and two 2 years respectively. The vaccine vials stored at minus 20 degree centigrade maintained their original titres (initial titre of the vaccine) even after the storage for three years. It is concluded that vero cell adapted Rinderpest virus vaccine can be stored at 4 degree centigrade for a period of six months, however, at 20 degree centigrade it can be stored for three years without any adverse effect on titre.

An inactivated oil-based Newcastle disease vaccine was prepared using Mukteswar vaccine strain. The virus was propagated in 10-day old embryonating eggs and inactivated by 0.12% formalin for 48 hours at 37 degree C. The vaccine was formulated with 1 part antigen (aqueous phase) and 4 parts oil base. The oil base contained Tween-80 1%, Arlacel-A 10% and Mineral oil 89%. The stability of the vaccine was found satisfactory after 6 months and its viscosity and injectability was fairly ideal. The antigenicity of the vaccine was determined in 16 week-old pullets. The seromonitoring of the vaccinated and the control pullets was carried out for three months post- vaccination by Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Blood samples were taken at fortnightly intervals. The Geometric mean HI titre of the vaccinated pullets on the day of vaccination 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days post- vaccination was 18.4, 4.9, 87.5, 192.3, 257.6, 111.4, 91.7, 63.9 and 30.0. However, in non-vaccinated control pullets it was found to be 18.4, 3.7, 3.7, 4.3, 3.8, 4.0, 3.5, 2.8 and 2.3 respectively. The inactivated oil-based vaccine induced a marked antibody response which continued upto three months.