Objective: Cannabis sativa L. is aware of a rich source of bioactive substances with various struc¬tures that exhibit pharmacological activity in the central nervous system, cardiovascular, cerebro¬vascular, respiratory, reproductive, and gastrointestinal systems. Materials and Methods: In this study, cannabis sugar leaves were soaked in 99% ethanol, followed by evaporation. The antibacterial effect of the cannabis sugar leaf extract was then evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth dilution. Results: The results of this study indicated that the cannabis sugar leaf extract inhibited Bacillus cereus, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis when compared to tetracycline, but it did not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC and MBC of the cannabis sugar leaves extract against B. cereus, V. cholerae, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis were 0.977, 1.953, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 250, 500, 250, and 500 mg/ml, respectively. The bioactive compounds in cannabis sugar leaf extract were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Conclusion: The results indicated that the major bioactive compounds were Δ-9- tetrahydrocan-nabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). While minor bioactive compounds included gallic acid and tannic acid. These results support the benefits of cannabis sugar leaf extract, which has been used for its pharmacological properties and may be useful as an alternative antimicrobial agent in medicine. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 44-52]

Objective: This study aims to assess the impact of aging time on the quality of meat, fatty acid profiles, and volatile compounds in cooked Thai native beef. Materials and Methods: The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design, where the aging time (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) served as the treatment and the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle from Thai native cattle (n = 4) was considered a block. Results: Meat color and Warner-Bratzler shear force values decreased as the aging time increased. Furthermore, the moisture content decreased while the protein and ash content increased with a longer aging time. The proportions of fatty acids showed significant differences with varying aging times. These fatty acids exhibited the highest proportions in the 14-day dry-aged beef samples. The levels of short-chain aldehydes (pentanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, and 2-non¬enal) and alcohols (1-hexanol and 1-octanol) decreased as the aging time increased. However, there was an increase in long-chain aldehydes (tetradecanal, hexadecanal, heptadecanal, and octadecanal) with longer aging time. In addition, the levels of toluene, dodecane, tridecane, methyl-pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, trimethyl-pyrazine, and dimethyl trisulfide were higher in 14-day dry-aged beef compared to beef that had not been aged. Furthermore, a correlation was found between the number of the 6 significant fatty acids in the dry-aged beef samples and the 12 volatile compounds in cooked beef. Conclusion: Our results suggest that aging times significantly influence the fatty acid profiles of Thai native beef, which in turn are correlated with the characteristic volatile compounds. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 179-191]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feed supplementation on the body condition of cows suffering from foot and mouth disease (FMD) and the birth weight of their calves. Materials and Methods: The study involved 30 pregnant cows (6–7 months gestation), divided into five groups of six cows each. Groups A, B, C, D, and group E were supplemented with concentrates at levels of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% of body weight, respectively. The concentrates comprised cassava peels (60%), corn mill (40%), urea (3% of total feed needed), and minerals (25% of total feed needed). Variables: Following the onset of FMD symptoms, observations were made on the duration of hypersalivation, nasal discharge, snout and nose erosion, tongue and lip erosion, foot swelling, refusal to eat, and return to normal feed consumption. Results: The results showed that feed supplementation accelerated recovery such as time from hypersalivation, nasal discharge, muzzle erosion, and tongue (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in interdigital wounds and duration of reluctance to eat due to FMD. Providing nutri¬ent-rich feed also increases the body condition scores after FMD infection and the calf birth weight (p < 0.05) of Bali cattle. Conclusion: It was concluded that nutrient-rich feed supplementation accelerates cow recovery from FMD, maintains body condition, and increases the calf birth weight of Bali cattle. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 106-116]

Microplastics (MPs) are tiny particles derived from plastic, and their high fragmentation poses a significant threat to the marine environment. MPs can originate from various sources, such as primary or secondary sources as well as internal or external sources. However, in marine environments, MPs mainly enter from external sources, such as plastic waste, debris from land-based activities, tourism, shipping, and atmospheric deposition. MP accumulation in marine ecosystems is also influenced by the use of plastic equipment, aquaculture feed, health products, and particular environmental conditions. Understanding the ecotoxicological effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs on the health of marine organisms is crucial. The effects of MPs on the health of marine organisms are well reported by different studies, highlighting their interactions with a wide range of marine life, including plankton, invertebrates, crustaceans, corals, seagrass, fish, and even humans. Thus, MPs have been reported as a notorious pollutant because of their deleterious impacts on the morphology, physiology, immunology, behavior, reproduction, and heredity of marine organisms. Moreover, most MPs are slowly degradable, and degradation is dependent on various biotic and abiotic factors, resulting in continuous accumulation in the marine environment. This review provides an in-depth explanation of the sources of MPs, along with their impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, aquaculture, and human health. In addition, it will discuss the degradation of MPs in the marine environment to explore the potential strategies for reducing the harmful impacts of MPs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 260-279]

Objective: The present study was designed to conduct molecular and morphological identification of cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) from Bangladesh along with nucleotide polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from two hosts (cat and human). The species was identified through morphological studies first, and then DNA was extracted for subsequent molecular analysis. A part of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using extracted DNA as a template. The amplified region was sequenced using the Sanger dideoxy method. The sequence was subjected to NCBI BLASTn search. BioEdit and MEGA 11 software were used for multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and generating a phylogenetic tree. Results: Morphological features such as shape, size, and appendages showed similarity with C. felis. The metatibial formula of chaetotaxy (2-2-2-2-1-3) was confirmed for species-level identification. NCBI BLASTn search showed the highest sequence identity with the available sequence of C. felis such as 99.78% (NC_049858.1) and 99.12% (MW420044.1 and MK941844.1) with 100% query coverage. MSA of C. felis sequences from different geographical distributions show their sequence affinities with each other, and the phylogenetic tree presents their relationship with each other. Conclusion: Both morphological and molecular studies clearly indicate the identity and confirmation of cat flea (C. felis) from Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 280-286]

Objective: This study aimed to assess Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) nest's mineral content, cytotoxicity effects, and antioxidant activity. The Edible birds' nests (EBNs) were obtained from Tanah Merah (TM), Tumpat (TU), and Jeli (JE) districts in Kelantan, Malaysia. Materials and Methods: The mineral content was assessed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The cytotoxicity effect was evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and brine shrimp lethality assays. The antioxidant activity was investigated by 2,2´-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Valuable macro- and microelements, including sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and selenium, were detected in the EBN samples. The cytotoxicity test revealed that JE hydrochloric acid (HCl) extract had promising efficacy against HeLa cell lines, with IC50 values of 20.00 ± 0.57 μg/ml. Similarly, TU sodium hydroxide (NaOH) extract inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cell lines (IC50 0.03 ± 0.01 μg/ml). Based on the BSL assay, the EBNs were considered safe for consumption as the LC50 values of all the samples were below the toxic level (>1,000 μg/ml). TM EBNs aqueous, TU aqueous, and HCl extracts showed promising antioxidant activity at IC50 values (10 μg/ml) in the DPPH assay. However, the NaOH extract from TU exhib¬ited the highest FRAP value (1.38 ± 0.00 mM gallic acid equivalents gm⁻¹) compared to all other extracts. Conclusion: This study's findings demonstrated the potential of EBN as an alternative anticancer agent and natural antioxidant. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 132-140]

Objective: This study investigates the effects of dietary nano-zinc (ZnNPs), probiotics (P), and their combined use such as growth promoters, antibacterial agents, and organic antioxidants on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, meat quality, and cecal micro¬biota of broiler chicks. Materials and Methods: The trial was conducted from 7 to 35 days of age using a randomized complete trial design with 240 unsexed Ross 308 chicks (initial body weight 104.37 ± 0.16 gm). The chicks were allocated into four treatment groups, each containing 60 chicks, with six repli-cates (4×6×10). The treatments were as follows: a control group fed a standard diet and three experimental groups receiving diets supplemented with ZnNPs (3.0 cm³/kg), probiotics (P, 2.0 cm³/ kg), or a combination of ZnNPs + P (3.0 + 2.0 cm³/kg). Results: The study revealed that ZnNPs and probiotics exhibited significant antibacterial activ-ity against harmful bacteria and mold, effectively suppressing microbial growth at concentra-tions ranging from 50 to 95 μg/ml. The inclusion of ZnNPs and probiotics in the diets resulted in improved growth performance, with a higher body weight compared to the control group (p < 0.05). All carcass characteristics were positively influenced by the treatments, showing significant improvements compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of malondial¬dehyde (MDA) were significantly reduced in the ZnNPs and probiotics-treated groups, suggesting enhanced antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). Blood biochemical indicators, including immunoglobulin concentrations, were higher in the treated groups, pointing to an improved immune response. The meat quality of the broilers also significantly improved in terms of texture, juiciness, and tenderness. Additionally, the number of harmful cecal microorganisms decreased in the supple¬mented groups, leading to a healthier gut microbiota and overall improved animal health. Conclusion: The study shows that dietary supplementation with ZnNPs and probiotics has a posi¬tive impact on broiler growth, carcass traits, meat quality, blood parameters, and microbial status. These results suggest that incorporating ZnNPs and probiotics into broiler diets can be an effective strategy for enhancing productivity, meat quality, and overall health status, ultimately improving the sustainability of poultry production systems. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 19-32]

Objective: This research aims to isolate, screen, and identify some candidates for endophytic fungus-producing cellulase and cyanidase. Materials and Methods: Fungi were isolated from cassava leaves that had undergone surface sterilization. The fungal isolates were qualitatively tested for their ability to produce cellulase and cyanidase enzymes by adding carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and KCN to the media. Enzyme production was indicated by the formation of clear zones around the growing colonies. Isolates that tested positive for cellulase and cyanidase production underwent further quantitative screening to measure enzyme activity using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 540 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The isolates showing the highest cellulase and cyanidase activity were identified through 18S rRNA analysis using the Sanger DNA sequencing method. Results: The research obtained six pure isolates of endophytic fungus, namely Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four isolates had the ability to degrade CMC with a clear zone between 0.1 until 0.5 mm, and three isolates had the ability for KCN degrade. The highest activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes was produced by isolate Y2. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. Conclusion: Six isolates of endophytic fungi were obtained, Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four iso¬late the ability of to degrade CMC and three isolate the ability for KCN degrade. Isolate Y2 is the isolate with the best activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes, namely 2.99 U/ml and 2.19 U/ml. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 169-178]

Objective: This research was designed to explore the potential of mycotoxin binders derived from zeolite and bioherbal formulations as natural feed additives to enhance growth performance and intestinal characteristics in broilers. Materials and Methods: The study utilized 320 Lohmann MB 202 broilers, sourced from PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia, commencing from day 1 and extending over a period of 35 days. The methodological framework employed a completely randomized design, incorporating two factors. The primary factor analyzed was the type of feed additive, designated as Zeolite (A1) and Bioherbal (A2). The secondary factor considered was the level of mycotoxin binder inclusion in the feed, set at four increments: 0% (T1), 0.2% (T2), 0.4% (T3), and 0.6% (T4), resulting in a total of eight treat¬ment combinations, each replicated four times. The observational metrics focused on production performance and specific intestinal characteristics of the broilers. Results: The findings indicated that while the interaction between feed type and the level of additive use did not significantly influence feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or villi length (p > 0.05), there was a notable impact on the villi surface area (p < 0.05) and a pronounced effect on villi count and crypt depth (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The study concluded that mycotoxin binders containing zeolite effectively reduce mycotoxin levels in feed, whereas bioherbal additives significantly improve intestinal health. Thus, a 0.6% inclusion level of these additives is recommended as a viable alternative to antibiotics in broiler chicken diets. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 149-156]

Objective: This study aimed to find a quality probiotic ice cream formula by adding dadih, which is a result of the fermentation of buffalo milk in a bamboo tube. Materials and Methods: This study began with making dadih using 2 types of bamboo (Gigantochloa verticillata and Gigantochloa auriculata Kurz) to obtain dadih with the highest total probiotic colonies. Dadih with the highest colonies was used to continue the study. Furthermore, dadih was isolated to obtain the dominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which was identified molecularly using the 16S rRNA gene with the Polymerase polymerase chain reaction technique. The application of dadih into probiotic ice cream was conducted using a factorial completely randomized design with 2 factors. The first factor was the level of dadih, namely ICD 0 (ice cream without dadih), ICD 1 (5%), ICD 2 (10%), and ICD 3 (15%). The second factor was the length of ice cream storage (week), namely T0 (0), T1 (1), T2 (2) and T3 (3). Examination of pH, protein, fat content, and total bacterial colonies in ice cream was conducted. The research continued with sensory testing with 30 panelists. Results: The highest total probiotic colonies were 1×107 obtained in dadih fermented by Gigantochloa auriculata Kurz bamboo dominated by Weisselia paramesenteroides strain JCM 9890. pH of dadih was 4.52. Antimicrobial zones of dadih against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus were 6.6, 8.1, and 7.7, respectively. The chemical quality test of ice cream showed that the pH was in the range of 6.21–5.61. Protein content ranged from 4.62 to 6.12, while fat content ranged from 6.03 to 8.12. Total ice cream colonies were in the range of 1×104 to 2.9×106. There was no interaction between the percentage of dadih and the length of ice cream storage time on the parameters of pH, protein, fat content, total LAB colonies, and sensory test result. The higher the dadih concentration, the more acidic the ice cream, and the higher the protein, fat content, and total LAB colonies. The sensory test showed that 15% of dadih was the most preferred by panelists. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that ice cream with a 15% dadih addition is the most preferred and proven probiotic ice cream. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 214-221]