The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protoscolicidal activity of aqeous and70 % alcoholic extracts of the seed of the plant (Semmar) Juncus rigidus with differentconcentrations (5,10,15,20) % .The results showed that all concentrations have the ability to kill the protoscolices at 4-8 days after treatment .The aqeous extract of the concentration (20)% showed the ability to kill all theprotoscolices at the fourth day after treatment more than any concentration according toR.L.S.D. test.The aqeuos extract in all concentrations have more effect than the alcoholic extract onkilling the protoscolices at the same concentrations.Hank´s reservative solution has been proved to keep the control group alive up to (20)days.

Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepaticahas long been one of the most importanthelminthic infections of livestock in Iraq. The control of this parasite is based on the use ofanthelmintic agents, mainly triclabendazole and closantel. Sheep on a farm in Tut Aghachvillage, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq died from liver fluke disease in spite of previous treatment with triclabendazole. Thisstudy was conducted to investigate the effect of three commerciallyavailable anthelmintic agents – triclabendazole, closantel, and rafoxanide – against naturalliver fluke infection in sheep. Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determinethe efficacy of the drugs.Treatment with triclabendazole resulted in 73.9% reduction in fecalegg count (FEC) with the lower confidence interval of 61.0%. Closantel and rafoxanidereduced the FEC in the treated groups by 70.1% and 70.2%, respectively. This study confirmsthe resistance to closantel, rafoxanide, and triclabendazole of the F. hepatica from a sheepfarm in Sharazor district, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. A study of more farms from endemic areas inIraq is required to evaluate the burden of resistance development against the common

The main aim of this study was to detect non-tuberculous mycobacteria hsp65   in animal’s subclinical mastitis milk and Rheumatoid arthritis patients blood. Modified White Side Test (MWT) was used as a preliminary screening test for subclinical mastitis in 70 cows ,50 ewes and 30 goats milk samples. The results of this test revealed that 58(82.9%), 38(76%) and (46.7%) of cows, ewes and goats milk samples respectively were  positive with significant difference(P<0.05). Statistically significant (P<0.05) varying score of positivity was observed by this test, as a follow; score (+++)  in cows (37.93%) and ewes (28.9%) milk samples only , score (++)  in all cows, ewes and goats milk samples at different percentage(18.96,21.1 and14.3%, respectively) and score (+) in cows (43.11%,), ewes (50%) and goats(85.7%) milk samples. Molecular detection of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)16SrRNA gene in Milk samples revealed that 3(6%) and 11 (22%) cows and ewes milk samples respectively showed positive results with significant difference(P<0.05). The NTM hsp65 gene (441 bp) was detected in 50(71.4%) and10 (20%) milk samples  of cows and ewes respectively with significant difference(P<0.05).This gene also detected in 3) 33.3% ( rheumatoid arthritis patients blood samples with  an overall percentage of  7.5% and negative results for this genewas observed in non rheumatoid arthritis patients blood samples with significant difference(P<0.05). The hsp65 gen sequencing results confirmed high sequence similarity (99%) of the current hsp65 (441 bp ) sequences with Mycobacterium avium retrieved DNAsequences (GenBank acc. NZ_CP009360.4).

       The present study performed in 51 cows from different age, sex and breed. The blood examination of all these animals showed high level of parasitemia varied between 17-52% and observed all parasite stages. The genomic diagnosis showed a high specificity and sensitivity to whole blood PCR test for diagnosis Theileria annulata moreover recorded a high percentage of infection by Theileria annulata 88.23% and lower percentage of infection 11.76% by other Theileria spp. 

Investigations of the Psuedomonas fluorescens proteolysis activity is the basalobjective of this study. To achieve this objective 16S rDNA and SM2F/SM3R primerswere used in the amplification of DNA extracted from raw milk bacterial isolates. Inthe present study the 92 bacterial isolates , consisted of 42( cow raw milk isolates) and50 (buffalo raw milk isolates) obtained from 240 cows and buffaloes raw milksamples (120) for each , were subjected to phenotypic and molecular identification.The results of phenotypic identification revealed that higher ratio (41.7 and42%) forbacterial isolates plating inoculation and biochemical tests based identificationrespectively was observed in buffaloes raw milk compare to the ratio observed incows milk bacterial isolates (35 and 33.3% respectively), however the differences.between cows and buffaloes raw milk in concern to bacterial identification resultsconsidered to be not statistically significant ( P>0.05).The 16SrDNA and SM2F/SM3R based PCR results, revealed that the effect ofbreed(cow only) and age on the amplification results of the 16SrDNA andSM2F/SM3R gene product of P. fluorescens in cows and buffaloes raw milk isconsidered to be not statistically significant ( P>0.05). Depending on 16SrDNA basedPCR results higher ratio of P. fluorescens identification (62.5 %) was observed in thenative cows raw milk compare to crossbreed raw milk bacterial isolates ratio (57.7%). SM2F/SM3R based PCR results showed 33.3 and 34% of raw milk P. fluorescensisolates of cows and buffaloes respectively had protease activity

       This study was conducted to determine the type of blood hemoglobin blood and its effect on biochemical parameters, which include the lipid profile and hormones of local cows in Basrah  province  by obtaining blood samples for cows from different areas of Basrah province in order to determine the type of hemoglobin and its effect on hormones and lipid parameters. Results show that hemoglobin type (B) achieved highest percentage of two types (AB and A) respectively. A significant elevation hemoglobin type (B) with the highest level of total cholesterol and triglycerides. The lipoprotein results (LDL-C, HDL-C, and VLDL-C) showed in hemoglobin type (B) was superior to that of another hemoglobin which having serum lipoprotein levels in lactation and pregnancy periods. Different hemoglobin phenotypes showed elevation of progesterone and estrogen levels in some physiological periods while hemoglobin type (B) can be seen to have a higher level in control periods and pregnancy periods when compared with other hemoglobin types. As for cortisol, it showed increase for hemoglobin type (B), while the lowest level of hemoglobin type (AB) when compared with physiological conditions (control, estrus, pregnancy, and lactation). It can concluded  that type of hemoglobin effect on sex hormones and lipoproteins that using them as indicators in improving economic production and choosing the good type of hemoglobin in breeding, improving and increasing animal production and milk production.

Chronic copper poisoning had been detected in sheep of Basrah governorate . The study wasconducted on (52) local sheep breeds. Forty two (42) local sheep breeds of different ages and ofboth sexes with the indoor system of feeding at Basrah governorate, Iraq, show different clinicalmanifestations belong to chronic copper poisoning. Ten clinical healthy local sheep breeds ofsame ages were considered as controls. Complete clinical examinations have been applied to allanimals in the study. Diseased sheep show different clinical manifestations such as complete lossof appetite (90.4%), depression, Weakness and Lethargy (78.5%), Increase abdominal respiration(78.5%), Moreover, Pale and / or icteric mucous membranes were registered in (71.4%) ofanimals when examining the vaginal mucous membranes, conjunctiva and nictitating membrane.Furthermore, discolored urine of coffee like appearance was detected in (66.6%), salivation(52.3%) and grinding of teeth (28.5%). Furthermore, clinical examinations of diseased animalsshow a significant increase (P<0.05) of respiratory and heart rate. However ruminal contractionsand capillary refill time were decreased significantly (P<0.05). Evaluation of hemogram ofdiseased sheep and controls indicated a clear anemia of macrocytic hypochromic type, whichoccur due to a significant decrease (P<0.05) of the total erythrocyte count, hemoglobinconcentration and packed cell volume. However, total and differential leukocyte count valueswere all within normal limit when compared with controls. A significant difference of copperconcentration in plasma, liver and kidneys was also indicated. Cross examinations of dead sheep reveal that the blood of dead animals was more darker than thenormal. Moreover, autopsied sheep show clear enlargement of the liver, which appear yellow,fragile and brittle. However, gallbladders was distended and contain a dense, dark bile.Furthermore, the little enlargement has been detected on both kidneys with dark appearancewhich become a gun like. In addition, The histopathological results of autopsied animalsrevealed a mild atrophied glomerulus with thickening of glomerular basement membrane.Moreover, there is an accumulation of inflammatory cells near the glomerulus and between renalcortical tubules. Additionally, a cystic like dilation in the renal interstitium was also detected.Furthermore, a coagulative necrosis appeared in some renal tubules, as well to present of hyalinelike cast in the kidney. It has been concluded that chronic copper poisoning of sheep was adangerous type of disease with both high morbidity and mortalities as well as it's considered asan economic loss.

The current study was designed to study the genetic effects of Mus musculus L. on male and female laboratory mice. The study included the following: Cyclophosphamide's effects on chromosomal changes in bone marrow cells and testes, as well as a study of Cyclophosphamide's effects on the mitotic index of bone marrow cells and germ cells (testes). Cyclophosphamide dosing resulted in a (0.006mg/kg body weight) for 30 days . Chromosomal changes appear in bone marrow cells (chromatid gap, chromatid break, centromere gap, ring chromosomes, centromere break, deletion) within a statistically significant difference (0.004). Cyclophosphamide also led to the occurrence of chromosomal changes in testicular cells (chromatid gap, centromere break, centromere gap, ring chromosomes, polyploidy) at a statistically significant difference (0.046). The results of the study also showed that the activity of cyclophosphamide caused a significant decrease in the mitotic index of bone marrow cells at the duration of the dose . at a statistically significant difference (0.016). For calculating the mitotic factor of the germ cell (testes), the results showed a decrease in the dose while there were no significant differences (p≥0.05).

      Experiment  aims to investigate the effect of ketoconazole on certain sperm characteristic of Arabi rams .fifteen adult rams were randomly assigned in 3 groups, 5 animals in each group which treated daily as the following : control group, ket group received orally (25 mg/kg body weight of ketoconazole and ket-E group received (25 mg/kg body weight of ketoconazole+50 mg vit E / head). The study lasted 28 days.  Collection of semen was done each week by artificial vagina. Sperm traits were estimated in addition to assessment the level of testosterone and some anti_oxidative enzyme and oxidative marker (MDA ). It was concluded that orally administered Ketoconazole has a negative impact on fertility of Arabi rams and vit E at 50 mg/head can prevent adverse effect of ketoconazole on sperm characteristic of Arabi rams.

Canine trypanosomiasis is caused by a parasite of the genus trypanosome. It can be transmitted to different animals such as ruminants, horses, cats, in addition to human. Dogs play a crucial role in transmission of trypanosome, as they are the primary domestic animals that contribute to the parasite's transmission and maintenance cycles. Thus, the aim of this research was to estimate the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in dogs in Mosul city, Iraq using routine laboratory techniques and molecular approaches. The results of study showed that a total prevalence rates of Trypanosome spp. in 85 dogs were 18.8%, 24.7%, 38.8%,7.05% using blood staining smear, microhaematocrit centrifugation technique(MHCT) and conventional PCR technique (ITS-1 gene and RoTat 1.2 VSG gene) respectively. A significant differences in the  prevalence rate between males (18%) and females (20% ) at P≤0.05, based on blood staining smear. While,  no significant differences in the  prevalence rate between males(24%, 36%, 16.6%) and females (25.7%, 42.8%, 20% ) at(P≤0.05), based on MHCT, conventional PCR (ITS-1gene and RoTat 1.2 VSG gene) respectively. The results finding indicated presence of significant differences among different ages of dogs using microscopical and conventional PCR (P≤0.05),A dogs from four to five years old have the highest prevalence rate(68.7%) when compared with others, and Trypanosoma evansi was determined in old dogs(3-5 years) only. results revealed that a perfect agreement between blood staining smear method and MHCT, and substantial agreement between blood staining smear method and conventional PCR and moderate agreement between MHCT and conventional PCR. In conclusion the prevalence of trypanosome infection in dogs(stray and housed) is very high in Mosul city, Iraq.