BACKGROUND: During the last two decades, anthelmintic drugs have been increasingly applied against gastrointestinal parasites of sheep in Iran. OBJECTIVES: For this purpose, drug resistance to albendazole (Alb) and fenbendazole (Feb) in gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep of Saqez multiplicity was assessed. METHODS: In in-vivo experiment, a total number of 90 sheep in three groups (30 sheep/group) with EPG≤150 were examined for nematode resistance to Alb and Feb. They were treated with Alb and Feb or untreated (as a control group). RESULTS: There was significant difference between Alb and Feb treated groups and control group. The EPG in Alb, Feb and control groups was 59.8±1.93, 18.8±1.258 and 204.07±4.81, respectively. There was drug resistance against Alb in compassion with control group (R=71%). There was suspicion drug resistance for Feb in comparison with control group (R=90.66%). CONCLUSIONS: From the results of the present study, it was concluded that there was absolute and suspected drug resistance against Alb and Feb in sheep of Saqez municipality, Iran, respectively.

BACKGROUND: Application of different source of minerals and their effect on metabolic performance a current issue in animal science and research centers. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and to investigate its effect compared with other selenium sources on the blood parameters associated with the liver functional index of Holstein dairy cow. METHODS: This study was conducted in two phases: laboratory and farm. Oxidation-reduction chemical reactions were used to synthesize selenium nanoparticles. The formation and non-change of Se nanoparticles size were confirmed by particle size analyzer. In order to perform farm experiment, 6 dairy cows were allocated into three treatments and 2 replicates in a 3×3 Latin square experiment with 28 days change over the period. The animals were distributed to three treatment groups. Treatments (diets) were 1) control (sodium selenite source), 2) colloid sodium selenite and 3) selenium nanoparticles. Blood parameters associated with the liver functional index, including albumin, bilirubin and total cholesterol were measured in the present experiment. Also, dry matter intake of cows was recorded. RESULTS: The blood plasma cholesterol of cows fed the colloidal sodium selenite was higher than cows fed the selenium nanoparticles (P-Value =0.01). The blood serum albumin (P-Value =0.03) and bilirubin levels (P-Value =0.04) were lower in group 3 compared with group 1. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatments. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this experiment it seems selenium nanoparticles supplementation   improves blood parameters associated with the liver functional index, which can better improve immune system of dairy cows than two other sources of selenium.

BACKGROUND: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is widely used as a food flavoring. The essential oil of this plant has antimicrobial effects on some foodborne pathogens. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of basil essence on the microbial and sensory properties of traditional Iranian white cheese during the period. METHODS: Cheese samples were prepared from local producers with concentrations of 0, 150 and 250 ppm of basil essential oil. On day 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90, the cheese samples were tested for the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, and also on the 90th ripening day for the sensory characteristics. RESULTS: The results of microbial assays showed that concentrations of 150 and 250 ppm of basil essential oil had a significant (P<0.05) inhibitory effect on aerobic mesophilic bacteria in the 60 and 90 days of ripening; meanwhile, the significant (P<0.05) inhibitory effect on the population of coliforms was observed on days 30, 60 and 90. Moreover, the concentration of 150 ppm of basil essential oil on day 90 and the concentration of 250 ppm on days 30, 60 and 90 demonstrated a significant (P<0.05) inhibitory effect on the population of Staphylococcus aureus. Sensory evaluation revealed that concentrations of the essential oil had no significant effect on the sensory properties of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the above concentrations of basil essential oil can be used as a natural preservative in Iranian traditional White cheese.

BACKGROUND: Parasite effects on biometric characteristics of common carp, C. carpio from Anzali Wetland. OBJECTIVES: Identifying parasites in C. carpio and evaluating their effects on biometric characteristics of fish. METHODS: A total of 78 individuals were collected on the seasonal basis (from spring through winter 2016) from the wetland, transported to the laboratory and after biometry, dissected to recover parasites. Cestodes and trematodes were stained with alum carmine and nematodes were cleared with glycerin alcohol, then their prevalence, abundance and mean intensity were determined. RESULTS: Thirteen parasite species including Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina sp., Epistilis sp., Gyrodactylus sp., Dactylogyrus extensus,  Diplozoon nipponicum, Diplostomum spathaceum, Posthodiplostomum cuticola, Asymphlodora sp., Caryophyllaeus fimbericeps, Raphidascaris acus, Pseudocapillaria tomentosa and Lernea cyprinacea were identified. Epistylis sp., P. cuticola, Asymphlodora sp. and P. tomentosa are reported for the first time from C. carpio in Anzali Wetland. The average weight in healthy and infected fish were recorded to be from 23.68 ± 3.54g to 686.73 ± 100.28 g, and from 32.47 ± 4.51 to 633.62g ± 64.64 g respectively. The condition factor in healthy and infected fish was from 1.09 ± 0.50 to 1.17±0.03, and from 1.24 ± 0.13 through 1.19 ± 0.03 respectively. It was also true for gonadosomatic index which was recorded in healthy and infected fish from 0.45 ± 0.16 through 3.56 ± 3.54, and from 1.78±0.67 through 2.74 ± 0.62. The instantaneous growth rate was 1.25 in healthy  2+ and 1+ year old individuals, and 0.72 in 3+ and 2+ year olds, while it was 0.94 and 0.65 in the same-aged infected fish, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Parasites could induce some negative influences on the biometric characteristics of infected fish, decreasing their growth rate. So that, it is necessary to monitor the parasite communities continuously in the native and commercially important fish species in Anzali Wetland to protect them and prevent introducing infected fish into the adjacent fish farms.

BACKGROUND: Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram negative pathogen of the respiratory tract in dogs, pigs, cats, horses, laboratory animals and human beings. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica in oropharynx region of pet and kenneled dogs by PCR and culture and evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates in Iran. METHODS: The samples were collected by sterile swabs from oropharynx region of 62 pet dogs (including 31 dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 31 dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs) and 62 kenneled dogs (including 31 dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 31 dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs). Bordetella bronchiseptica was detected by PCR and culture and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were evaluated. RESULTS: Based on the PCR results, Bordetella bronchiseptica was detected in 16.1% of pet dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs, 9.6% of pet dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs, 22.5% of kenneled dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 16.1% of kenneled dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs. On bacterial culture, Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from 3.2% pet dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs, 3.2% kenneled dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 6.4% kenneled dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs, none of the pet dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs was positive on bacterial culture. The isolates tested by the agar dilution method were susceptible to tetracycline, enrofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and doxycycline, moderately susceptible to ceftriaxone and resistant to ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown the high prevalence of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in dogs in Iran. Bordetella bronchiseptica can infect the people who have contact with the affected pet dogs and those kept in overcrowded shelters.

BACKGROUND: Flufenamic acid is a member of the fenamates and is used as an analgesic and NSAID drug. According to the ability of this drug on blocking connexin and preventing leakage of substances such as ATP from cells, it seems to be beneficial in healing diabetic wounds. OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the effects of topical flufenamic acid as a connexin-channel blocker on skin wound healing in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. METHODS: In this study diabetics was induced in 40 male rats by IP injection of 150mg/kg of alloxan and they were divided to 4 groups. After anesthesia, 2×2 cm incision was made on the back of the rats and the skin was separated completely. Three groups were treated by 2, 5 and 10 percent concentration of flufenamic acid ointment separately, and one group was treated by Vaseline and ucerine ointment as control. Bandage and ointment were changed daily and the procedure was carried out for 21 days. The wound surface was measured on odd days. Half of the rats of each group on day five and half of them on day 21 were euthanized to get pathologic slides. RESULTS: Process of healing, fibroblast concentration, epithelialization, angiogenesis, collagen formation and wound closure in 2 percent group were better than other groups and in control, 5 and 10 percent groups had a decreasing trend respectively and had a significant difference. In the last two groups, the healing process was disrupted. CONCLUSIONS: The 2 percent concentration of drug not only did not show potent anti-inflammatory effects, but also improved the process of healing by blocking the connexin 43 and inhibition of ATP release, while in the concentration of 5 and 10 percent, anti-inflammatory effects of the drug predominated and delayed the healing process.

Cardiac thrombosis normally occurs in old Syrian hamsters and according to the research it has a higher incidence rate in females than males. The most frequent site of thrombus formation has been reported to be the left atrium and it usually occurs secondary to degenerative cardiomyopathy and amyloidosis. In this study during a period of 2 years, 22 pet Syrian hamsters aged between 1-3 years-old with signs of cardiovascular disease and referred to the small animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital of University of Tehran were examined in order to evaluate for cardiac diseases as well as atrial thrombosis. During the examinations and observations clinical signs such as lethargy, anorexia, hyperpnoea, reduced daily activity, tachycardia, cyanosis, and vaginal discharge were observed. Based on the clinical sings, the initial diagnosis of cardiac disease was made and for more accurate evaluation of cardiac disease, the cases were referred to the radiology department. For detection of specific signs of cardiac disease echocardiography was performed on all patients. in some cases, sampling of vaginal discharge was taken as well and transferred to the lab for bacterial culture. Cardiac thrombosis and especially atrial thrombosis in all cases were diagnosed by echocardiography so that 9 cases showed pyometra concurrently.

BACKGROUND: Heavy metals and metalloids are among the most stable and resistant to decomposition elements that, in the presence of high concentrations in aquatic tissues, threaten their own and human health. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the composition and order of the elements accumulation in the edible muscle tissue of pike from Siah Darvishan River as one of the most valuable and economical fish and also to evaluate its health for human nutrition. METHODS: In the present study, concentration of eleven elements (As, Fe, Hg, Zn, Pb, Se, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni) in the muscle tissue of 25 pike (Esox lucius) collected with the Cast net in the summer of 2016 from Siah Darvishan River, Guilan province, Iran were surveyed by Varian Atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS: The lowest and highest mean accumulation of elements were obtained as follows: Zinc 25.89 - 28.80, Iron 21.85 - 24.26, Copper 6.78 - 8.15, Manganese 1.77 - 2.12, Lead 0.68 - 0.73, Selenium 0.59 - 0.62, Arsenic 0.53 - 0.62, Cadmium 0.38 - 0.41, Nickel 0.24 - 0.28, Chromium 0.17 - 0.19 and Mercury 0.087 - 0.098 microgram per gram dry weight, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this study, mean concentrations of all elements in the muscle tissue of pike, except the four elements Manganese (1.956 ± 0.178), Lead (0.698 ± 0.028), Arsenic (0.572 ± 0.044) and Cadmium (0.393 ± 0.018) were observed to be lower than explained threshold limit value (TLV) of FAO/WHO international standard.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays due to the extensive use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance is recognized as a global concern for the health of animals and humans. The consequences of antimicrobial resistance are resistance of zoonotic pathogenic factors and reductions in the effectiveness of treatment for many diseases. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are the monitoring and prevalence of antimicrobial residues of the poultry carcasses in Kerman poultry abattoirs. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted from June 2015 to October 2016. A total of 474 samples were collected from Kerman province poultry abattoirs and tested with four plate test (FPT) method. Data were analyzed  using Descriptive statistics for qualitative data with 95 % confidence interval. RESULTS: A total of 38 samples were positive (8/02 %), Antibiotics isolates included: Fluoroquinolone, Macrolide, Cephalosporin, β-lactam, Tetracycline, Sulfonamide and Amino glycoside. The highest rate of antibiotics isolated in positive samples was Fluoroquinolone (36/1 %) and the lowest rate was cephalosporin (4/1 %). Half of the samples were positive for one type of antibiotic (Fluoroquinolone), 28/9 % for two types of antibiotics, 13/1 % for three types of antibiotics, 5/2%  for five kinds of antibiotics and 2/6 % for six kinds of antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study showed that about 10 percent of the meat consumed in this province has antimicrobial residues. Therefore, it can be suggested that proper management strategies for controlling the veterinary drug usage in poultry farms be implemented.

BACKGROUND: Many herbs such as fenugreek and orange have compounds with antioxidant properties, which can increase the shelf life of foods. Considering that fish are a popular food among consumers, they are susceptible to rapid corruption. OBJECTIVES: In this study, to improve rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillet shelf life at refrigerated condition, orange juice concentrate and chitosan coating enriched with Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) essential oil was used. METHODS: In the present study, 8 treatments were evaluated for 12 days at refrigerator temperature for Chemical indicators PH value, Total volatile nitrogen (TVN), Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA), Peroxide value (PV), Free Fatty Acid (FFA), and Sensory Properties. RESULTS: According to statistical results, fish fillets coated with chitosan enriched with 2% fenugreek essential oil and immersed in orange juice concentrate were lower than other groups for all chemical indicators and had a significant difference with the control group (P<0.05). In the DPPH test, the most inhibitory effect after BHT (butylated hydroxy toluene) was orange juice with 1.39 brix and then black pepper 2%, respectively. In the RP test, the absorbance of the coated sample with chitosan containing fenugreek essential oil and orange juice concentrate with BHT did not show any significant difference (P>0.05). Sensory evaluation also showed that the chitosan-coated sample containing fenugreek essential oil and orange juice concentrate improved the sensory index during storage compared to other groups, especially the control group. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, it can be stated that the use of orange juice concentrate, chitosan coating and fenugreek essential oil have a significant effect on reducing the oxidation process of rainbow trout fillet at refrigerator temperature.