Purpose. To study the influence of fractional composition of seed material on productive properties of spring rape seeds of the ‘Magnat’ variety and ‘MVM’ (‘Gladiator’) variety sample. Methods. Field investigations, laboratory tests, statistical analysis. Results. During 2013–2014, the influence of sown seeds of different size fractions (up to 2,5 g; 2,6–3,5 g; 3,6 g and more) on the indices of productivity of spring rape varie­ties was studied. It was found that over the years of study field germination of sown fractions of seeds in ‘Magnat’ variety averaged 83.5%, in ‘MSM’ variety sample – 86.7%. During the periods of seedling emergence and harvesting, the density of spring rape crops varied depending on relevant fraction of sown seeds. In the ‘Magnat’ variety, photosynthetic potential of crops ranged from 1.1 to 1.3 million m2/ha, in ‘MSM’ variety sample – from 1.2 to 1.6 million m2/ha. Depending on the seed fractions applied, ‘Magnat’ variety crops during the gro­wing season accumulated organic biomass from 2.05 to 2.36 g/m2 per day, ‘MSM’ sample variety – from 1.83 to 2.10 g/m2 per day. Conclusions. It was established that different fractions of spring rape seeds sown in the Northern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine affected the indices of germinating energy and laboratory germination, crop density formation, leaf surface area and intensity of photosynthesis process (crop photosynthetic potential, net photosynthesis performance). The highest indices of productivity and yield in the ‘Magnat’ variety was ensured by large-seeded fraction (3,6 g and more), in the ‘MVM’ (‘Gladia­tor’) sample variety – by small-seeded fraction (up to 2,5 g).

Мета. Вивчення динаміки формування біометричних показників, урожайності біомаси та енергетичного потенціалу рослин сортів сорго цукрового в умовах Центрального Лісостепу України. Методи. Використовували польовий, лабораторний і статистичний методи. Об’єктом досліджень слугували п’ять зареєстрованих сортів сорго цукрового, а саме: ‘Гулівер’, ‘Довіста’, ‘Зубр’, ‘Су’ та ‘Цукрове’. Вимірювання біометричних показників рослин, облік урожайності біомаси й енергетичного потенціалу здійснювали відповідно до затверджених науково-методичних рекомендацій. Результати. Найшвидший ріст сорго цукрового у висоту відмічено в такі міжфазні періоди, як сходи–вихід у трубку та вихід у трубку–цвітіння. На час закінчення вегетації рослини сортів ‘Гулівер’ (237,2–245,1 см), ‘Цукрове’ (218,0–227,2 см) й ‘Довіста’ (205,6–220,9 см) переважали над іншими за висотою. Найбільшою площею листкової фотосинтезуючої поверхні характеризувалися ‘Гулівер’, ‘Цукрове’ й ‘Зубр’, вони ж сформували найбільшу біомасу й відзначилися найвищою енергетичною ефективністю вирощування за показниками енергопродуктивності (EPс дорівнює або більше ніж 60,0 ГДж/га) та коефіцієнтом енергоефективності (Кее дорівнює або більше ніж 4,0). Висновки. Найбільшу врожайність біомаси за сухим залишком виявлено в сортів сорго цукрового ‘Гулівер’ (15,4 т/га), ‘Цукрове’ (15,2 т/га) та ‘Зубр’ (12,5 т/га). Ці ж сорти вирізнялися високою енергопродуктивністю (різницею між накопиченою в біомасі енергією та енергією, витраченою на її виробництво) – 65,3; 64,9 і 56,8 ГДж/га відповідно, зі значенням Кее 4,0 або більше, що характеризує середній рівень ефективності виробництва біомаси. | Purpose. Study of the dynamics of formation of biometric indicators, biomass yield and energy potential of sorghum varieties in the conditions of the Central ForestSteppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory and statistical methods were used. Five registered varieties of sorghum, viz: ‘Huliver’, ‘Dovista’, ‘Zubr’, ‘Su’ and ‘Tsukrove’ served as the object of research. The measurement of biometric indicators of plants, the calculation of biomass yield and energy potential were carried out in accordance with approved scientific and methodological recommendations. Results. The most rapid growth in height of sorghum was observed during the interphases of “seedling – leaf-tube formation and leaf-tube formation – flowering”. At the end of the growing season, plants of the varieties ‘Huliver’ (237.2–245.1 cm), ‘Tsukrove’ (218.0–227.2 cm) and ‘Dovista’ (205.6–220.9 cm) were the tallest. ‘Hulliver’, ‘Tsukrove’ and ‘Zubr’ were characterized by the largest photosynthetic leaf area, they produced the largest biomass and were characterized by the highest energy efficiency of cultivation in terms of energy productivity (EPс equal to or greater than 60.0 GJ/ha) and energy efficiency coefficient (Kee equal to or greater than 4.0). Conclusions. The highest biomass yield by dry residue was found in the sorghum varieties ‘Huliver’ (15.4 t/ha), ‘Tsukrove’ (15.2 t/ha) and ‘Zubr’ (12.5 t/ha). The same varieties were characterized by high energy productivity (the difference between the energy stored in biomass and the energy used to produce it) – 65.3, 64.9 and 56.8 GJ/ha respectively, with a Kee value of 4.0 or more, which characterizes the average level of biomass production efficiency.

To create an industrial hemp variety of the Central European ecological and geographical type with a high cannabigerol content and universal application. Methods. Breeding (self-pollination, creation of artificial populations, selection), field, biochemical (thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography of cannabinoid compounds), instrumental and technological assessment of fibre quality, and statistical methods. Results. Variety ‘Vik 2020’ was obtained as a result of creation of artificial populations. The plants are characterized by higher content of cannabigerol (1.034 ± 0.0323%), and almost zero of other secondary metabolites, such as cannabidivarin, cannabidiol, cannabichromene and psychotropic tetrahydrocannabinol (0.003 ± 0.0011; 0.018 ± 0.0080; 0.012 ± 0.0027, and 0.005 ± 0.0012%, respectively). The t rait of cannabigerol content is quite stable within the population and is not correlated with the trait of tetrahydrocannabinol content (r = -0.23). TLC showed that cannabigerol accumulated mainly in the form of cannabigerolic acid and to a lesser extent as a neutral compound, which is consistent with the theory that this substance is a precursor for the synthesis of other cannabinoids. According to the results of the competitive variety test, when growing to obtain fibre and seeds, the variety features short height, specifically significantly lower total (206.4 cm) and technical stem length (135.6 cm) compared to the standard variety, significantly higher inflorescence length (70.8 cm), which determine the formation of the significant yield of biomass suitable for pharmaceutical use and high seed yield (0.98 t/ha). The yield of total fibre was the same as in the standard variety (29.0%), but its quality and technological value for primary processing were higher. The variety had a homogeneous sex structure, resistance to bioltic and abiotic environmental factors. Plants reached biological maturity in 116 days (BBCH 89). This cultivar is recommended for obtaining seeds, quality fiber and potentially cannabigerol (on condition of changes in legislation). Conclusions. The efficiency of using self-pollinating lines in breeding with their subsequent combining into a synthetic population and improving selection was proved by the case of a new variety of industrial hemp ‘Vik 2020’, characterized by an increased content of cannabigerol and the absence of psychotropic properties

Цель. Установить особенности накопления каннабидиола и других каннабиноидных соединений в онтогенезе технической (промышленной) однодомной конопли, определить оптимальную фенологических фазу конопли, в которую целесообразно проводить уборку растений с целью получения каннабидиола для нужд фармацевтической отрасли. Методы. Полевые, лабораторные (тонкослойная хроматография), математической статистики (корреляционно-регрессионный анализ). Результаты. Приведены результаты трехлетних исследований накопления биомассы в онтогенезе растений конопли сортов ‘Гляна’, ‘ЮСО 31’ и ‘Золотоніські 15’, проявления содержания каннабидиола, тетрагидроканнабинола и канабинола в средневзвешенном образце вегетативной массы всех живых листьев и соцветия. Выводы. Наличие и интенсивность накопления определенного каннабиноидного соединения являются наследственно обусловленными признаками. Небольшое количество каннабиноидов у конопли можно идентифицировать уже на ранних стадиях развития, в частности в фазе 1–3 пар настоящих листьев. На основе теоретических расчетов и согласно проведенных исследований установлено, что оптимальным периодом для сбора биомассы конопли медицинского направления использования с последующим выделением из нее каннабидиола является период от полного цветения до фазы биологической спелости. В отдельных семей сорта ‘Гляна’, с которыми проводилась селекционная работа в направлении повышения содержания каннабидиола, можно получить около 5,808 г/м2, сорта ‘ЮСО 31’ – 1,528 г/м2, сорта ‘Золотоніські 15’ – 1,563 г/м2 данного вещества. Соцветия конопли содержат гораздо больше каннабиноидных соединений по сравнению с листьями, но ввиду их доли в общей биомассе растений можно утверждать, что и соцветия, и листья в равной степени пригодны для использования в качестве источника каннабидиола. Использование технической (промышленной) конопли в медицинской (фармацевтической) отраслях является перспективным, но при условии целенаправленной селекционной работы. | Purpose. To find out the specifics of cannabidiol and other cannabinoid compounds accumulation during the ontogenesis of industrial monoecious hemp (i); to determine the optimal phenological stage of harvesting for the purpose of obtaining cannabidiol for pharmaceutical purposes (ii); to find out the prospects of using hemp for the needs of pharmaceutical industry (iii).Methods. Field, labo­ratory (thin-layer chromatography), statistics (correlation and regression analysis).Results. The results of three-year research on the dynamics of biomass accumulation in the ontogenesis of hemp plants of the ‘Hliana’, ‘USO 31’ and ‘Zolotoniski 15’ varieties are presented. The manifestation of the content of cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol is given not in terms of their maximum content (using the analysis of apical parts of plants or female flo­wers) but using a weighted average sample of the vegetative mass from all live leaves and inflorescences.Conclusions. The presence and intensity of certain cannabinoid compound accumulation are the hereditary signs. A small number of cannabinoids in hemp can be identified already at early stages of development, in particular at the 1–3 true leaf pairs stage. On the basis of theoretical calculations and in accordance with the described research methodology, it was found that the optimal period for harvesting biomass of pharmaceutical hemp with subsequent release of cannabidiol is the period from full flowering to the stage of biological maturity. Certain families of the ‘Hliana’ variety involved into selection for increasing cannabidiol content can produce about 5.808 g/m2 of the active substance. The families of variety ‘USO 31’ can produce 1.528 g/m2 and the ‘Zolotoniski 15’ 1.563 g/m2 of the active substance. Inflorescences of hemp contain much more cannabinoid compounds compared to leaves; however, taken into account their shares in the total biomass of plants, it can be argued that inflorescences and leaves are equally suitable for use as a source of cannabidiol. The use of industrial hemp in the pharmaceutical industry is promising but on the assumption of the target breeding | Мета. Встановити особливості накопичення канабідіолу та інших канабіноїдних сполук під час онтогенезу технічних (промислових) однодомних конопель, визначити оптимальну фенологічну фазу конопель, у яку доцільно проводити збирання рослин з метою отримання канабідіолу для потреб фармацевтичної галузі.Методи. Польові, лабораторні (тонкошарова хроматографія), математичної статистики (кореляційно-регресійний аналіз).Результати. Наведено результати трирічних досліджень із вивчення накопичення біомаси в онтогенезі рослин конопель сортів ‘Гляна’, ‘ЮСО 31’ і ‘Золотоніські 15’, вмісту канабідіолу, тетрагідроканабінолу і канабінолу в середньозваженому зразку вегетативної маси усіх живих листків і суцвіття.Висновки. Наявність та інтенсивність накопичення певної канабіноїдної сполуки є спадково обумовленими ознаками. Невелику кількість канабіноїдів у конопель можна ідентифікувати вже на ранніх стадіях розвитку, зокрема у фазі 1–3 пар справжніх листків. На основі теоретичних розрахунків і згідно проведених досліджень установлено, що оптимальним періодом для збирання біомаси конопель медичного напряму використання та подальшого виділення канабідіолу є період від повного цвітіння до фази біологічної стиглості. У окремих сімей сор­ту ‘Гляна’, з якими проводилась селекційна робота у напрямі підвищення вмісту канабідіолу, можна отримати близько 5,808 г/м2, сорту ‘ЮСО 31’ – 1,528 г/м2, сорту ‘Золотоніські 15’ – 1,563 г/м2 даної речовини. Суцвіття конопель містять набагато більше канабіноїдних сполук, порівняно з листками, але зважаючи на їх частку в загальній біомасі рослин, можна стверджувати, що і суцвіття, і листки однаковою мірою придатні для використання як джерела канабідіолу. Використання технічних (промислових) конопель у медичній (фармацевтичній) галузях є перспективним, але за умови цілеспрямованої селекційної роботи.

Purpose. To analyze the level of cross-resistance of obtained salt- and osmotolerant cell lines and plants regenerants of winter triticale to osmotic and salt stresses. Methods. Cultures of tissue and organs in vitro, in vitro breeding, biochemical, statistical analysis. Results. It was established that the stability of cross-resistance trait display to saline and osmotic stresses in obtained cell lines of winter triticale was rather high – from 50 to 76% of calli have survived to the end of the sixth passage. It has been shown that despite the presence of sublethal concentrations of the stress-factor (mannitol/sodium chloride) in selective medium, stable cell lines of the triticale actively continued to grow and accumulate biomass. It was found that in the line ‘38/1296’ cell lines 5L/sl and 5L/os respectively were the most resistant to osmotic and salt stresses, and lines 1C/s1 and 1C/os respectively in the ‘Obrii’ variety, since they had the highest percent of living calli and biomass increment under the selective conditions and their plant regenerant – the highest level of survival after the impact of the abiotic stressors complex. The salt-resistant cell lines of both genotypes of winter triticale as compared to the control were also characterized by significantly higher free proline content under the selective factors impact. The results obtained may indicate that the cell lines and triticale plant regenerants have a genetically determined trait of resistance to stress factors. Conclusions. Verification of traits of resistance to abiotic stressors has shown a significantly high level of cross-tolerance of the obtained cell lines of both triticale genotypes for saline and osmotic stresses. Resistance to saline and osmotic stresses of cells separated in vitro was preserved in induced plants and at the organism level has increased tolerance to abiotic environmental factors. It is shown that due to the general non-specific mechanisms of resistance, the capacity of the callus cultures of triticale to resist to one abiotic stressor can lead to increased tolerance for another one.

Purpose. To reveal the features of agrobiological parameters formation of sweet sorghum various varieties and hybrids in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. During 2018–2020 twenty-one varieties and hybrids of sweet sorghum of various ecological and geographical origins (Ukraine, Russia, USA, France, Germany, Hungary, Brazil) were studied in the field. Parameters like plant height and indices of their individual productivity (grain weight per panicle, 1000 grain weight, etc.), yield of dry biomass and grain, content of sugar in juice and protein in grain, as well as estimated sugar and protein yield in a crop. The counts were carried out in the phase of physiological ripeness of the culture. Results. In the group of Ukrainian varieties and hybrids, the plants were from 272 to 306 cm high, in the foreign group – from 274 to 412 cm. Varieties ‘Red Amber’, ‘Sioux’, ‘Affas CJ 899’, ‘Freed’ and ‘Early Orange’ are of high value for breeding practice, their plants were the tallest – from 388 to 412 cm. The panicle length of sweet sorghum cultivars of Ukrainian breeding ranged from 16.0 to 17.3 cm, foreign – from 11.0 to 19.4 cm. Grain weight from one panicle varied from 32.8 to 41.6 g and from 29.2 to 43.5 g, respectively. In a wide range, depending on the varietal characteristics, the indicator of the number of grains per panicle also varied from 1338 to 1708 pcs. The mass of 1000 grains of sweet sorghum ranged from 28.0 to 31.0 g in varieties and hybrids of Ukrainian breeding, in foreign ones – from 19.3 to 31.0 g. The yield of dry vegetative mass of cultivars of Ukrainian breeding was at the level of 8.24–9.11 t/ha. The highest rates were shown in hybrid ‘Mamont’ and ‘Huliver’ variety – 9.05 and 9.11 t/ha, respectively. For cultivars and hybrids of foreign breeding, this indicator varied from 7.00 to 12.17 t/ha. Significantly higher biomass in comparison with the standard variety (‘Sylosne 42’) was produced by ‘Vorai Sumac’, ‘Sorgo Cucre’, ‘Sioux’, ‘Freed’, ‘Red Amber’, ‘Mohavk’, ‘Affas CJ 899’, ‘Early Orange’ – 9.03–12.17 t/ha. The sugar content in sweet sorghum juice varied from 15.2 to 17.2%. The estimated sugar yield in Ukrainian cultivars was at the level of 0.82–0.89 t/ha, in foreign ones – from 0.72 to 1.18 t/ha. In all studied varieties it was the highest in ‘Sorgo Cucre’, ‘Sioux’, ‘Freed’, ‘Red Amber’, ‘Mohavk’, ‘Affas CJ 899’, ‘Early Orange’ – 0.94–1.18 t/ha. Conclusions. The productivity of sweet sorghum varies greatly depending on the origin of the variety and hybrid. In the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, in order to obtain a high sugar yield, it is advisable to grow ‘Sylosne 42’, ‘Favoryt’, ‘Troistyi’, ‘Dovista’, ‘Huliver’ varieties and ‘Ananas’, ‘Medovyi’, ‘Mamont’ hybrids. Varieties ‘Vaconia Orange’, ‘Vorai Sumac’, ‘Sorgo Cucre’ and hybrids ‘Ald Sorghum’, ‘Sioux’, ‘Freed’, ‘Red Amber’, ‘Mohavk’, ‘Affas CJ 899’, ‘Early Orange’ provide high yields of vegetative masses. Hybrids ‘Freed’, ‘Affas CJ 899’ and ‘Early Orange’ produce a large vegetative mass (11.08–12.17 t/ha), grain yield (8.00–8.15 t/ha) and a high protein content (9.8–11.3%).

Purpose. To study the impact of clonal micropropagation and sanitation in vitro by viricide Ribavirin on ex vitro plant productivity, quantitative content and qualitative composition of peppermint essential oil components obtained from four breeding samples of peppermint plants (Mentha piperita L.) and the ‘Chornolysta’ variety. Methods. The study used methods of field agrotechnical one-factor experiment, essential oil distillation with water vapor according to the Ginzberg method, capillary gas chromatography and statistical analysis. Results. Due to the sanitation process in vitro, the yield of air-dried leaves of breeding samples increased by 2.9–7.1%, the ‘Chornolysta’ variety by 51.4% and rhizomes by 2.2–3.8% and 28.5% respectively, which amounted 0.35–2.74 t/ha. A significant increase of essential oil yield of breeding samples from 4.0 to 9.9 kg/ha was shown, and of the ‘Chornolysta’ variety – up to 28.6 kg/ha. After in vitro sanitation and clonal cropropagation of the breeding sample M 01-12, the content of essential oil was more than 4%. The following components of peppermint essential oil were identified: limonene, cineole, menton, mentofuran, isomenton, menthyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, isomenthol, menthol, pulegon, piperitone and carvone. A clear tendency to a decrease in the amount of menton and isomenthol with isomenton and menthol increase in plants, sanitated and propagated in vitro, was revealed. Conclusions. The use of tissue and organ culture methods and in vitro sanitation improves the qualitative composition of terpenoids by increasing the amount of menthol and menton reducing. The data obtained on the composition of terpenoids should be considered in peppermint selection as one of the integral criteria, which should be included in the list of economically valuable characteristics of peppermint plants, such as foliage, biomass of air-dried leaves, plant rhizomes and the amount of peppermint essential oil. Six indicators of the essential oil of the breeding sample M 01-02, namely citric acid, cineole, mentofuran, isomentone, pulegon, carvone, as well as the cineole / limonene ratio, meet the criteria of the European Pharmacopoeia, so it can be considered as promising for cultivation among the studied samples.