The review of legal regulation of state testing, registration of plant varieties based on genetically modified organisms in Ukraine and the European Union. Defined problems, namely the problem of harmonization of legislation, the actual Ukraine's lack of specific legislation in the area of biosafety for GMO handling, lack of clear procedures for registration of GMOs and others.

The review of legal regulation of state testing, registration of plant varieties based on genetically modified organisms in Ukraine and the European Union. Defined problems, namely the problem of harmonization of legislation, the actual Ukraine's lack of specific legislation in the area of biosafety for GMO handling, lack of clear procedures for registration of GMOs and others.

Purpuse. To develop scientific and methodological principles of legal protection of plant varieties in Ukraine in accordance with the requirements of the Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) and the European Union (EU), to analyze the relevant methodological and legal norms and approa­ches aimed to improve the system of legal protection of plant varieties as intellectual property objects identified during the expert determination the criteria for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability (DUS-test). Results. Determination of the criteria for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability implies the plant varieties identification by the method of phenotype morphological description (the signs of vegetative and generative organs). The morphological code formula of the variety consists of the corresponding codes of the sign and the degree of its expression that is formed according to the technical documents and DUS methods in all countries of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and CPVO. Methodological provision for the protection of breeder’s rights and new plant varieties in the EU and the CPVO protocols were analyzed by the comparative method of the general parts and the tables of signs of DUS techniques for the botanical taxons of 4 plant groups: agricultural, vegetable, fruit and decorative. Conclusions. As a result of comparative assessment of DUS methods for plant varieties (CPVO – Protocols, UPOV – TG, Ukraine – UATG) was found that the morphological des­cription of plant varieties during the field trials (qualitative (QL), quantitative (QN) and pseudo-qualitative (PQ) signs of phenotypes) is the basic technique for conducting DUS testing according to the international UPOV requirements as well as to CPVO requirements. National Methods for Plant Varieties Examination for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability are developed under mandatory requirements of the DOCUMENT TGP 7/3 DEVELOPMENT OF TEST GUIDELINES adopted by the Council at its forty-eighth ordinary session on October 16, 2014. The CPVO and EU methodological bases at the 2015 research stage included protocols for 160 botanical taxons, represented by four plant groups: agricultural (18); vegetables (46); fruit (30) and decorative (66). The CPVO protocols for 122 botanical taxons, namely: agricultural (18), vegetable (44); fruit (28) and decorative (32) are of great value for the application’s scientific and technical examination for plant variety registration inUkraine. Field tests of plant phenotypes in accordance with morpho-descriptive method for variety identification by the relevant features and their degree of expression for harmonized description of plant varieties is practically brought to the UPOV international requirements and partly to CPVO protocols of the European Union.

Purpuse. To develop scientific and methodological principles of legal protection of plant varieties in Ukraine in accordance with the requirements of the Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) and the European Union (EU), to analyze the relevant methodological and legal norms and approa­ches aimed to improve the system of legal protection of plant varieties as intellectual property objects identified during the expert determination the criteria for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability (DUS-test). Results. Determination of the criteria for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability implies the plant varieties identification by the method of phenotype morphological description (the signs of vegetative and generative organs). The morphological code formula of the variety consists of the corresponding codes of the sign and the degree of its expression that is formed according to the technical documents and DUS methods in all countries of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and CPVO. Methodological provision for the protection of breeder’s rights and new plant varieties in the EU and the CPVO protocols were analyzed by the comparative method of the general parts and the tables of signs of DUS techniques for the  botanical taxons of 4 plant groups: agricultural, vegetable, fruit and decorative. Conclusions. As a result of comparative assessment of DUS methods for plant varieties (CPVO – Protocols, UPOV – TG, Ukraine – UATG) was found that the morphological des­cription of plant varieties during the field trials (qualitative (QL), quantitative (QN) and pseudo-qualitative (PQ) signs of phenotypes ) is the basic technique for conducting DUS testing  according to the international UPOV requirements as well as to CPVO requirements. National Methods for Plant Varieties Examination for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability are developed under mandatory requirements of the DOCUMENT TGP 7/3 DEVELOPMENT OF TEST GUIDELINES adopted by the Council at its forty-eighth ordinary session on October 16, 2014. The CPVO and EU methodological bases at the 2015 research stage included protocols for 160 botanical taxons, represented by four plant groups: agricultural (18); vegetables (46); fruit (30) and decorative (66). The CPVO protocols for 122 botanical taxons, namely: agricultural (18), vegetable (44); fruit (28) and decorative (32) are of great value for the application’s scientific and technical examination for plant variety registration inUkraine. Field tests of plant phenotypes in accordance with morpho-descriptive method for variety identification by the relevant features and their degree of expression for harmonized description of plant varieties is practically brought to the UPOV international requirements and partly to CPVO protocols of the European Union.

Цель. Разработать научно-методические основы правовой охраны сортов растений в Украине в соответствии с требованиями CPVO (Community Plant Variety Office) Европейского Союза (ЕС), проанализировать соответствующие методически-правовые нормы и подходы, направленные на совершенствование системы правовой охраны сортов растений, как объектов интеллектуальной собственности, идентифицированых при экспертизе по определению критериев отличия, однородности и стабильности (ВОС-тест).Результаты. Определение критериев отличия, однородности и стабильности предполагает идентификацию сортов растений методом морфологического описания признаков вегетативных и генеративных органов фенотипов. Морфологическая кодовая формула сорта состоит из соответствующих кодов признака и степеней их проявления и формируется в соответствии с техничес­кими документами и методиками на ВОС всеми странами Международного союза по охране новых сортов растений (UPOV) и CPVO в частности. Промониторено методическое обеспечение охраны прав селекционера и новых сортов растений в странах ЕС, проанализированы протоколы CPVO методом сравнительной оценки общей части и таблицы признаков методик на ВОС для ботанических таксонов 4 групп: сельскохозяйственные, овощные, плодовые и декоративные.Выводы. Вследствии сравнительной оценки Методик по экспертизе на отличие, однородность и стабильность сортов растений (CPVO – протоколы; UPOV – TG; Украина – UATG) установлено, что морфологическое описание сортов растений во время полевой диагностики качественных (QL), количественных (QN) и псевдокачественных (PQ) признаков фенотипов является основным для проведения экспертизы на ВОС-тест как по международным требованиям UPOV, так и CPVO. Нацио­нальные Методики проведения экспертизы сортов растений на отличие, однородность и стабильность разрабатываются с обязательным учетом требований DOCUMENT TGP 7/3 DEVELOPMENT OF TEST GUIDELINES adopted by the Council at its forty-eighth ordinary session on October 16, 2014. Методическая база CPVO ЕС на этапе исследований в 2015 году включала протоколы для 160 ботанических таксонов, представленные четырьмя группами: сельскохозяйственные (18), овощные (46), плодовые (30) и декоративные (66). Для проведения научно-технической экспертизы заявки на сорт растений в Украине профессиональный интерес представляют протоколы CPVO для 122 ботанических таксонов, а именно: сельскохозяйственные (18), овощные (44), плодовые (28) и декоративные (32). Полевая диагностика фенотипов растений методом морфологического описания для идентификации сортов по соответствующим признакам и степеням их проявления для подготовки гармонизированных описаний сортов растений практически приведена к международным требованиям UPOV и частично к протоколам CPVO ЕС. | Purpuse. To develop scientific and methodological principles of legal protection of plant varieties in Ukraine in accordance with the requirements of the Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) and the European Union (EU), to analyze the relevant methodological and legal norms and approa­ches aimed to improve the system of legal protection of plant varieties as intellectual property objects identified during the expert determination the criteria for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability (DUS-test).Results. Determination of the criteria for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability implies the plant varieties identification by the method of phenotype morphological description (the signs of vegetative and generative organs). The morphological code formula of the variety consists of the corresponding codes of the sign and the degree of its expression that is formed according to the technical documents and DUS methods in all countries of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and CPVO. Methodological provision for the protection of breeder’s rights and new plant varieties in the EU and the CPVO protocols were analyzed by the comparative method of the general parts and the tables of signs of DUS techniques for the  botanical taxons of 4 plant groups: agricultural, vegetable, fruit and decorative.Conclusions. As a result of comparative assessment of DUS methods for plant varieties (CPVO – Protocols, UPOV – TG, Ukraine – UATG) was found that the morphological des­cription of plant varieties during the field trials (qualitative (QL), quantitative (QN) and pseudo-qualitative (PQ) signs of phenotypes ) is the basic technique for conducting DUS testing  according to the international UPOV requirements as well as to CPVO requirements. National Methods for Plant Varieties Examination for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability are developed under mandatory requirements of the DOCUMENT TGP 7/3 DEVELOPMENT OF TEST GUIDELINES adopted by the Council at its forty-eighth ordinary session on October 16, 2014. The CPVO and EU methodological bases at the 2015 research stage included protocols for 160 botanical taxons, represented by four plant groups: agricultural (18); vegetables (46); fruit (30) and decorative (66). The CPVO protocols for 122 botanical taxons, namely: agricultural (18), vegetable (44); fruit (28) and decorative (32) are of great value for the application’s scientific and technical examination for plant variety registration inUkraine. Field tests of plant phenotypes in accordance with morpho-descriptive method for variety identification by the relevant features and their degree of expression for harmonized description of plant varieties is practically brought to the UPOV international requirements and partly to CPVO protocols of the European Union. | Мета. Розробити науково-методичні засади правової охорони сортів рослин в Україні відповідно до вимог CPVO (Community Plant Variety Office) Європейського Союзу (ЄС), проаналізувати відповідні методично-правові норми та підходи, спрямовані на вдосконалення системи правової охорони сортів рослин, як об’єктів інтелектуальної власності, ідентифікованих під час експертизи з визначення критеріїв відмінності, однорідності та стабільності (ВОС-тест).Результати. Визначення критеріїв відмінності, однорідності та стабільності передбачає ідентифікацію сортів рослин методом морфологічного опису ознак вегетативних і генеративних органів фенотипів. Морфологічна кодова формула сорту складається з відповідних кодів ознак та ступенів їхнього прояву і формується згідно з технічними документами та методиками на ВОС усіма країнами Міжнародного союзу з охорони нових сортів рослин (UPOV) та CPVO зокрема. Промоніторено методичне забезпечення охорони прав селекціонера та нових сортів рослин у країнах ЄС, проаналізовано протоколи CPVO методом порівняльного оцінювання загальної частини та таблиці ознак методик на ВОС для ботанічних таксонів 4 груп: сільськогосподарські, овочеві, плодові та декоративні.Висновки. Унаслідок порівняльного оцінювання Методик з експертизи на відмінність, однорідність і стабільність сортів рослин (CPVO – протоколи; UPOV – TG; Україна – UATG) установлено, що морфологічний опис сортів рослин під час польової діагностики якісних (QL), кількісних (QN) та псевдоякісних (PQ) ознак фенотипів є основним для проведення експертизи на ВОС-тест як за міжнародними вимогами UPOV, так і CPVO. Національні Методики проведення експертизи сортів рослин на ВОС розробляються з обов’язковим урахуванням вимог DOCUMENT TGP 7/3 DEVELOPMENT OF TEST GUIDELINES adopted by the Council at its forty-eighth ordinary session on October 16, 2014. Методична база CPVO ЄС на етапі досліджень у 2015 р. містила протоколи для 160 ботанічних таксонів, які представлено чотирма групами: сільськогосподарські (18), овочеві (46), плодові (30) та декоративні (66). Для проведення науково-технічної експертизи заявки на сорт рослин в Україні професійний інтерес становлять протоколи CPVO для 122 ботанічних таксонів, а саме: сільськогосподарські (18), овочеві (44), плодові (28) та декоративні (32). Польова діагностика фенотипів рослин методом морфологічного опису для ідентифікації сортів за відповідними ознаками та ступенями їхнього прояву для підготовки гармонізованих описів сортів рослин практично приведена до міжнародних вимог UPOV та частково до протоколів CPVO ЄС.

Purpose. To study Ukrainian potato market at the current stage of the development and determine its future prospects. Results. The features of Ukrainian potato market were determined. Production is almost fully provided by private households, meeting the needs of the domestic market. Main regions with the highest gross output and production of potatoes were defined. Ukraine is one of the major potato producing countries in the world. Today our country is not a key supplier or importer of this product because of the low export orientation of the industry, its technological backwardness, limited product range and the large number of small producers. Ukraine exports potato mainly to CIS countries, the highest share of potato import comes from the European Union. Now there are only a few large manufacturing companies in the market, which can be classified as industrial. Most potato varieties, officially permitted for dissemination in Ukraine, are classified as table ones and recommended for cultivation in the Forest-Steppe and Polissia zones. Achievements of the industry include the development of such very popular and promising trend as organic potato growing, which area in our country is one of the largest in the world. Conclusions. Potato produced in Ukraine is used for human consumption, animal feeding, planting and processing, its volumes are relatively stable. Large-scale industrial production of potato is not widely practiced because of low wholesale prices and high labor intensity of the cultivation process. During next few years, in view of current trends, production of potato and severe limitations of the domestic market for foreign operations will remain unchanged. A shift in emphasis in the product range – from fresh potato to processed food products should be a prospect for domestic industrial producers to improve their position in Ukraine and abroad.

Abstract Forests are a natural source of airborne bolete spores. The timing of sporulation and its intensity as well as the dispersal of airborne spores and in consequence their concentrations depend in particular on the type of land use determining the availability of matter on which they develop and on meteorological factors. The aim of this study was to perform a spatial and temporal analysis of the occurrence of Boletus-type spores in the warm temperate climate of the Northern Hemisphere. An assumption was made that the spore concentrations depend on the type of land cover and weather conditions. The volumetric method was applied to investigate differences in spore concentrations and using spore traps installed at different heights and at locations with different land cover types. Boletus-type spores occurred in the air at high concentrations in late summer and in the autumn. The season start dates and maximum concentrations did not differ significantly between sites and seasons, but the season intensity varied. Higher spore concentrations were usually found in the region with a larger proportion of green areas, including forests. An analysis of the diurnal cycles showed that within 24 h spore concentration reached high levels twice, which was especially noticeable in ground level monitoring. Air temperature and air humidity were the main weather factors affecting the occurrence of airborne spores. This research indicates that when studying the effects of different factors on the concentration of airborne basidiospores, many environmental elements should be analyzed, including the characteristics of habitats in which basidiomycetes grow. Climate, weather, geobotany, and land use type should be taken into account in analysis and interpretation of aeromycological phenomena.

Purpose. Reviewing the EU legislation on plant varie­ties protection including documents of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) that related to the national laws of its member states. Results. Based on the sources processed, the authors give a brief analysis of the basic EU Council Regulation № 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights and regulations of the European Commission adopted to implement it. Basic copyright concepts, features of plant varieties protection in the EU, including those under the UPOV Convention, are also considered. Conclusions. For Ukraine, obtaining full membership in the EU, on the one hand, requires harmonization of its laws with the re­levant EU legislation, on the other – improvement of the present system of plant varieties protection taking into account national interests of Ukraine.

Purpose. Reviewing the EU legislation on plant varie­ties protection including documents of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) that related to the national laws of its member states. Results. Based on the sources processed, the authors give a brief analysis of the basic EU Council Regulation № 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights and regulations of the European Commission adopted to implement it. Basic copyright concepts, features of plant varieties protection in the EU, including those under the UPOV Convention, are also considered. Conclusions. For Ukraine, obtaining full membership in the EU, on the one hand, requires harmonization of its laws with the re­levant EU legislation, on the other – improvement of the present system of plant varieties protection taking into account national interests of Ukraine.