Purpose. To establish the optimal seeding time and depth of ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ and ‘Vinets’ sorghum varieties, to prove their effect on the crop photosynthetic capacity in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative, analytical, generalizing, mathematical and statistical. Results. It was proved that the best results of crop photosynthetic capacity of sorghum were obtained by sowing in the first decade of May (the second sowing period) at a seeding depth of 4–6 cm. Accordingly, the leaf surface area in these variants reached its maximum during the “panicle-blooming” period and equated 36.13–38.81 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 34.23–36.91 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety. By sowing seeds in the third decade of April (the first sowing period) at the seedining depth values described above the leaf surface area of the varieties was slightly smaller and amounted to 29.56–31.20 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 27.76–29.40 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety. By sowing seeds in the second decade of May (the third sowing period), the leaf surface area was 30.68–32.92 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 29.08–31.32 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety. The highest photosynthetic potential was obtained for sorghum plants in the second sowing period at the seeding depth of 4–6 cm and was 1.27 and 1.34 million m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 1.16 and 1.22 million m2/ha for the variety ‘Vinets’. In the first sowing period, this indicator was slightly lower and amounted to 1.18 and 1.23 million m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 0.98 and 1.02 million m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety respectively. In the third sowing period, it was the smallest one and equated 1.09 and 1.13 million m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety, and 0.88 and 0.93 million m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety at the optimal seeding depth. The photosynthetic potential was lower at the seeding depth of 2 and 8 cm, which is explained by the different soil and climatic parameters during a certain period of sorghum plant vegetation. The highest value of the photosynthetic capacity net indicator was obtained by sowing seeds at the optimal time and the optimal seeding depth and it equated 3.84–4.02 g/m2 per day for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 3.79 – 3.98 g/m2 per day for the ‘Vinets’ variety. Conclusions. It has been established that the sorghum plants had better vegetation and formed photosynthetic capacity by sowing seeds in the first decade of May at the planting depth of 4–6 cm, which we recommend for growing this crop in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Цель. Установить оптимальные сроки сева и глубину заделки семян сорго зернового сортов ‘Дніпровський 39’ и ‘Вінець’, обосновать их влияние на фотосинтетическую продуктивность посевов в условиях Правобережной Лесостепи Украины.Методы. Полевой, лабораторный, сравнительный, аналитический, обобщающий, математически-статистический.Результаты. Наилучшие результаты фотосинтетической продуктивности посевов сорго зернового получены во время сева в I декаде мая (второй срок) на глубине заделки семян 4–6 см. Соответственно, площадь листовой поверхности в этих вариантах в период «выбрасывания метелки–цветения» достигала максимума и составляла 36,13–38,81 тыс. м2/га у сорта ‘Дніпровський 39’ и 34,23 – 36,91 тыс. м2/га у сорта ‘Вінець’. При севе семян в III декаде апреля (первый срок) при вышеуказанных значениях глубины заделки площадь листовой поверхнос­ти у сортов была несколько меньше и составляла 29,56–31,20 тыс. м2/га у сорта ‘Дніпровський 39’ и 27,76–29,40 тыс. м2/га у сорта ‘Вінець’. При севе семян во II декаде мая (третий срок) площадь листовой поверхности составляла 30,68–32,92 тыс. м2/га у сорта ‘Дніпровський 39’ и 29,08–31,32 тыс. м2/га у сорта ‘Вінець’. Фотосинтетический потенциал был самым высоким в растениях сорго зернового во втором сроке сева семян на глубине заделки 4–6 см и составлял 1,27 и 1,34 млн м2/га у сорта ‘Дніпровський 39’ и 1,16 и 1,22 млн м2/га у сорта ‘Вінець’. В первом сроке сева этот показатель был несколько ниже и составлял 1,18 и 1,23 млн м2/га у сорта ‘Дніпровський 39’ и 0,98 и 1,02 млн м2/га у сорта ‘Вінець’, соответственно. В третьем сроке сева он был самым низким, у сорта ‘Дніпровський 39’ этот показатель составлял 1,09 и 1,13 млн м2/га, у сорта ‘Вінець’ – 0,88 и 0,93 млн м2/га при оптимальных значениях глубины заделки семян. На глубине заделки семян 2 и 8 см фотосинтетический потенциал был ниже, что объясняют различными почвенно-климатическими условиями в определенный период развития растений сорго. Наивысшее значение показателя чистой продуктивности фотосинтеза было получено при севе семян в оптимальные сроки и оптимальной глубине заделки семян и составляло 3,84–4,02 г/м2 в сутки у сорта ‘Дніпровський 39’ и 3,79–3,98 г/м2 в сутки у сорта ‘Вінець’, соответственно.Выводы. Лучше развивались и формировали фотосинтетическую продуктивность растения сорго зернового при севе семян в первой декаде мая на глубине заделки 4–6 см, которые и рекомендованы для выращивания данной культуры в Правобережной Лесостепи Украины. | Purpose. To establish the optimal seeding time and depth of ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ and ‘Vinets’ sorghum varieties, to prove their effect on the crop photosynthetic capacity in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative, analytical, generalizing, mathematical and statistical. Results. It was proved that the best results of crop photosynthetic capacity of sorghum were obtained by sowing in the first decade of May (the second sowing period) at a seeding depth of 4–6 cm. Accordingly, the leaf surface area in these variants reached its maximum during the “panicle-blooming” period and equated 36.13–38.81 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 34.23–36.91 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety. By sowing seeds in the third decade of April (the first sowing period) at the seedining depth values described above the leaf surface area of the varieties was slightly smaller and amounted to 29.56–31.20 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 27.76–29.40 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety. By sowing seeds in the second decade of May (the third sowing period), the leaf surface area was 30.68–32.92 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 29.08–31.32 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety. The highest photosynthetic potential was obtained for sorghum plants in the second sowing period at the seeding depth of 4–6 cm and was 1.27 and 1.34 million m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 1.16 and 1.22 million m2/ha for the variety ‘Vinets’. In the first sowing period, this indicator was slightly lower and amounted to 1.18 and 1.23 million m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 0.98 and 1.02 million m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety respectively. In the third sowing period, it was the smallest one and equated 1.09 and 1.13 million m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety, and 0.88 and 0.93 million m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety at the optimal seeding depth. The photosynthetic potential was lower at the seeding depth of 2 and 8 cm, which is explained by the different soil and climatic parameters during a certain period of sorghum plant vegetation. The highest value of the photosynthetic capacity net indicator was obtained by sowing seeds at the optimal time and the optimal seeding depth and it equated 3.84–4.02 g/m2 per day for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 3.79 – 3.98 g/m2 per day for the ‘Vinets’ variety.Conclusions. It has been established that the sorghum plants had better vegetation and formed photosynthetic capacity by sowing seeds in the first decade of May at the planting depth of 4–6 cm, which we recommend for growing this crop in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. | Мета. Встановити оптимальні строки сівби та глибину загортання насіння сорго зернового сортів ‘Дніпровський 39’ та ‘Вінець’, обґрунтувати їхній вплив на фотосинтетичну продуктивність посівів в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу України. Методи. Польовий, лабораторний, порівняльний, аналітичний, узагальнюючий, математично-статистичний. Результати. Найкращі результати фотосинтетичної продуктивності посівів сорго зернового отримано за сівби у  І декаді травня (другий строк) на глибину загортання насіння 4–6 см. Відповідно, площа листкової поверхні за цих факторів у період «викидання волоті – цвітіння» сягала максимуму і дорівнювала 36,13–38,81 тис. м2/га у сорту ‘Дніпровський 39’ та 34,23–36,91 тис. м2/га у сорту ‘Вінець’. За сівби насіння у ІІІ декаді квітня (перший строк) за таких самих значень глибини загортання площа листкової поверхні у сортів була дещо меншою і становила 29,56–31,20 тис. м2/га у сорту ‘Дніпровський 39’ та 27,76–29,40 тис. м2/га у сорту ‘Вінець’. За сівби насіння у ІІ декаді травня (третій строк) площа листкової поверхні дорівнювала 30,68–32,92 тис. м2/га у сорту ‘Дніпровський 39’ та 29,08–31,32 тис. м2/га у сорту ‘Вінець’. Фотосинтетичний потенціал був найвищим у рослин сорго зернового за ІІ строку сівби насіння та глибини загортання 4–6 см й дорівнював 1,27 та 1,34 млн м2/га у сорту ‘Дніпровський 39’ і 1,16 та 1,22 млн м2/га у сорту ‘Вінець’. За І строку сівби цей показник був дещо меншим і відповідно становив 1,18 та 1,23 млн м2/га у сорту ‘Дніпровський 39’ й 0,98 і 1,02 млн м2/га у сорту ‘Вінець’. За ІІІ строку сівби він був найменшим та у сорту ‘Дніпровський 39’ дорівнював 1,09 і 1,13 млн м2/га, у сорту ‘Вінець’ 0,88 і 0,93 млн м2/га за оптимальних значень глибини загортання насіння. За глибини загортання насіння 2 та 8 см фотосинтетичний потенціал був нижчим, що пояснюють різними ґрунтово-кліматичними умовами у певний період розвитку рослин сорго. Найбільше значення показника чистої продуктивності фотосинтезу було отримано за сівби насіння в оптимальні строки та за оптимальної глибини загортання насіння і становило у сорту ‘Дніпровський 39’, відповідно, 3,84–4,02 г/м2 за добу, у сорту ‘Вінець’ 3,79–3,98 г/м2 за добу.Висновки. Найкраще розвивались та формували фотосинтетичну продуктивність рослини сорго зернового за сівби насіння у першій декаді травня на глибину загортання 4–6 см, які й рекомендовано для вирощування даної культури в Правобережному Лісостепу України.

Purpose. To establish the optimal seeding time and depth of ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ and ‘Vinets’ sorghum varieties, to prove their effect on the crop photosynthetic capacity in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative, analytical, generalizing, mathematical and statistical. Results. It was proved that the best results of crop photosynthetic capacity of sorghum were obtained by sowing in the first decade of May (the second sowing period) at a seeding depth of 4–6 cm. Accordingly, the leaf surface area in these variants reached its maximum during the “panicle-blooming” period and equated 36.13–38.81 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 34.23–36.91 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety. By sowing seeds in the third decade of April (the first sowing period) at the seedining depth values described above the leaf surface area of the varieties was slightly smaller and amounted to 29.56–31.20 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 27.76–29.40 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety. By sowing seeds in the second decade of May (the third sowing period), the leaf surface area was 30.68–32.92 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 29.08–31.32 thousand m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety. The highest photosynthetic potential was obtained for sorghum plants in the second sowing period at the seeding depth of 4–6 cm and was 1.27 and 1.34 million m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 1.16 and 1.22 million m2/ha for the variety ‘Vinets’. In the first sowing period, this indicator was slightly lower and amounted to 1.18 and 1.23 million m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 0.98 and 1.02 million m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety respectively. In the third sowing period, it was the smallest one and equated 1.09 and 1.13 million m2/ha for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety, and 0.88 and 0.93 million m2/ha for the ‘Vinets’ variety at the optimal seeding depth. The photosynthetic potential was lower at the seeding depth of 2 and 8 cm, which is explained by the different soil and climatic parameters during a certain period of sorghum plant vegetation. The highest value of the photosynthetic capacity net indicator was obtained by sowing seeds at the optimal time and the optimal seeding depth and it equated 3.84–4.02 g/m2 per day for the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety and 3.79 – 3.98 g/m2 per day for the ‘Vinets’ variety. Conclusions. It has been established that the sorghum plants had better vegetation and formed photosynthetic capacity by sowing seeds in the first decade of May at the planting depth of 4–6 cm, which we recommend for growing this crop in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Purpose. Determine the effect of plant densities and the use of Organic-balance biological preparation on growth, development of photosynthetic potential and seed yield of maize lines, parental components of perspective hybrids (‘Arabat’, ‘Skadovskyi’, ‘Kakhovskyi’, ‘Azov’, ‘Chonhar’, ‘Hileia’ etc.) under conditions of drip irrigation. Methods. Field, morphometric, statistical. Results. In the flowering phase, the maximum differences in the area of the assimilation surface were observed between the maize lines and between variants using different plant densities and Organic-balance biological preparation. The largest indicator of the area of the assimilation surface was at the mid-late line DK445 for a standing density of 70 thousand plants/ha and the use of organic preparation Organic balance – 0.489 m2/plant. Organic-balance biological preparation had a positive effect on the dynamics of the area of the assimilation surface of the lines, had provide an increase of 0.04 m2/plant or 9.5% over individual phases of development compared to untreated control. The maximum value of the net productivity of photosynthesis – 6.78 g/m2 per day, was obtained from the FAO 420 line at a density of 70 thousand plant/ha, in the FAO 350 line was less by 4.3% with a maximum at a density of 80 thousand. plants/ha. For the FAO 290 line, the optimal plant density was 90,000 plants/ha. It was found that the genotype of the line with a share of influence of 81.2 and 85.2%, respectively, is predominantly influenced by the plant leaf area and the net productivity of photosynthesis. The influence of the organic preparation Organic-balance on these indicators was less and amounted to 13.3 and 12.3% respectively. The least influence on photosynthetic parameters was carried out by the density of phytocoenoses (the proportion of influence of 5.5 and 2.5%). Genotype with 82.2% share had the greatest influence on the seed yield of the lineage-parental components of maize hybrids. Part of the impact of the organic preparation Organic balance was 4.0%, plant density – 5.3%. The maximum seed yield of the FAO 290 line was obtained at a density of 90 thousand. growth./ha and organic drug treatment Organic-balance and amounted to 5.15 t/ha. The FAO 350 line showed the highest yield at a stand density of 80,000. growth/ha and treatment with organic drug Organic-balance – 5.46 t/ha. FAO 420, the highest seed yield, formed at a stand density of 80,000 plants/ha – 6.58 t/ha and treatment with organic drug Organic balance – 7.08 t/ha. Organic Balance treatment increased the seed yield by an average of 8.1%. Conclusions. Photosynthetic indicators of maize lines mainly depend on the genotype. Phytocenosis density and treatment with biopreparation have a much smaller effect. Under irrigation, the maximum seed yield was formed by the FAO 420 parent line of 7.08 t/ha. The results obtained indicate that in order to plan the production of seed material of maize lines, which are the parent components of hybrids, their genotypic features, the response to the density of phytocenoses and biological preparation with growth-stimulating action must be taken into account.

A total of 292 lichen samples, representing over 200 species and at least 65 genera and 26 families, were collected, mainly in Thailand; 170 of the specimens discharged ascospores in the laboratory. Generally, crustose lichens exhibited the highest discharge rates and percentage germination. In contrast, foliose lichen samples, although having a high discharge rate, had a lower percentage germination than crustose species tested. A correlation with season was indicated for a number of species. Continued development of germinated ascospores into recognizable colonies in pure culture was followed for a selection of species. The most successful medium tried was 2 % Malt-Yeast extract agar (MYA), and under static conditions using a liquid culture medium, a sponge proved to be the best of several physical carriers tested; this novel method has considerable potential for experimental work with lichen mycobionts.

Purpose. Determine the effect of plant densities and the use of Organic-balance biological preparation on growth, development of photosynthetic potential and seed yield of maize lines, parental components of perspective hybrids (‘Arabat’, ‘Skadovskyi’, ‘Kakhovskyi’, ‘Azov’, ‘Chonhar’, ‘Hileia’ etc.) under conditions of drip irrigation.Methods. Field, morphometric, statistical.Results. In the flowering phase, the maximum differences in the area of the assimilation surface were observed between the maize lines and between variants using different plant densities and Organic-balance biological preparation. The largest indicator of the area of the assimilation surface was at the mid-late line DK445 for a standing density of 70 thousand plants/ha and the use of organic preparation Organic balance – 0.489 m2/plant. Organic-balance biological preparation had a positive effect on the dynamics of the area of the assimilation surface of the lines, had provide an increase of 0.04 m2/plant or 9.5% over individual phases of development compared to untreated control. The maximum value of the net productivity of photosynthesis – 6.78 g/m2 per day, was obtained from the FAO 420 line at a density of 70 thousand plant/ha, in the FAO 350 line was less by 4.3% with a maximum at a density of 80 thousand. plants/ha. For the FAO 290 line, the optimal plant density was 90,000 plants/ha. It was found that the genotype of the line with a share of influence of 81.2 and 85.2%, respectively, is predominantly influenced by the plant leaf area and the net productivity of photosynthesis. The influence of the organic preparation Organic-balance on these indicators was less and amounted to 13.3 and 12.3% respectively. The least influence on photosynthetic parameters was carried out by the density of phytocoenoses (the proportion of influence of 5.5 and 2.5%). Genotype with 82.2% share had the greatest influence on the seed yield of the lineage-parental components of maize hybrids. Part of the impact of the organic preparation Organic balance was 4.0%, plant density – 5.3%. The maximum seed yield of the FAO 290 line was obtained at a density of 90 thousand. growth./ha and organic drug treatment Organic-balance and amounted to 5.15 t/ha. The FAO 350 line showed the highest yield at a stand density of 80,000. growth/ha and treatment with organic drug Organic-balance – 5.46 t/ha. FAO 420, the highest seed yield, formed at a stand density of 80,000 plants/ha – 6.58 t/ha and treatment with organic drug Organic balance – 7.08 t/ha. Organic Balance treatment increased the seed yield by an average of 8.1%.Conclusions. Photosynthetic indicators of maize lines mainly depend on the genotype. Phytocenosis density and treatment with biopreparation have a much smaller effect. Under irrigation, the maximum seed yield was formed by the FAO 420 parent line of 7.08 t/ha. The results obtained indicate that in order to plan the production of seed material of maize lines, which are the parent components of hybrids, their genotypic features, the response to the density of phytocenoses and biological preparation with growth-stimulating action must be taken into account. | Цель. Определить влияние густоты стояния растений и применения биопрепарата Органик-баланс на рост, развитие фотосинтетического потенциала и урожайность семян линий кукурузы, родительских компонентов перспективных гибридов (‘Арабат’, ‘Скадовський’, ‘Каховський’, ‘Aзов’, ‘Чонгар’, ‘Гилея’ т.д.) в условиях капельного орошения.Методы. Полевой, морфо-метрический, статистические.Результаты. В фазу цветения початков наблюдали максимальные различия значения площади ассимиляционной поверхности между линиями кукурузы и между вариантами с применением различной густоты растений и биопрепарата Органик-баланс. Наибольший показатель площади ассимиляционной поверхности был у среднепоздней линии ДК445 при густоте стояния 70 тыс. раст./га и использовании биопрепарата Органик-баланс – 0,489 м2/растение. Биопрепарат Органик-баланс положительно влиял на динамику площади ассимиляционной поверхности линий, обеспечив прирост по отдельным фазам развития по сравнению с необработанным контролем на 0,04 м2/растение или на 9,5%. Максимальную урожайность семян линии группы ФАО 290 (ДК247) получили при густоте 90 тыс. раст./га и обработке биопрепаратом Органик-баланс ‒ 5,15 т/га. У линии гуппы ФАО 350 (ДК205710) лучшую урожайность зафиксировали на варианте с густотой стояния 80 тыс. раст./га и при обработке биопрепаратом Органик-баланс ‒ 5,46 т/га. Наибольшую урожайность семян линии группы ФАО 420 (ДК445) было отмечено на варианте с густотой стояния 80 тыс. раст./га ‒ 6,58 т/га и при обработке биопрепаратом Органик-баланс ‒ 7,08 т/га. Использование биопрепарата Органик-баланс увеличивало урожайность семян в среднем на 8,1%.Выводы. Фотосинтетические показатели линий кукурузы преимущественно зависили от генотипа. Плотность фитоценоза и обработка биопрепаратом имели гораздо меньшее влияние на продуктивность фотосинтеза. В условиях орошения максимальную урожайность семян было отмечено у среднепоздней родительской линии ДК445 – 7,08 т/га. В соответствии с полученными результатами производство семенного материала родительских компонентов необходимо осуществлять с учётом их генотипических характеристик, реакции на плотность фитоценоза и использования биопрепаратов с ростстимулирующим эффектом. | Мета. Визначити вплив густоти рослин та застосування біопрепарату Органік-баланс на розвиток, формування фотосинтетичного потенціалу та врожайності насіння батьківських компонентів зареєстрованих гібридів (‘Арабат’, ‘Скадовський’, ‘Каховський’, ‘Азов’, ‘Чонгар’, ‘Гілея’ тощо) за умов краплинного зрошення.Методи. Польовий, морфометричний, статистичні.Результати. У фазу цвітіння качанів спостерігали максимальні відмінності значення площі асиміляційної поверхні між лініями кукурудзи та між варіантами з застосуванням різної густоти рослин і біопрепарату Органік-баланс. Найбільшим показник площі асиміляційної поверхні був у середньопізньої лінії ДК445 за густоти стояння 70 тис. росл./га та використання біопрепарату Органік-баланс – 0,489 м2/рослину. Біопрепарат Органік-баланс позитивно впливав на динаміку площі асиміляційної поверхні ліній, забезпечивши приріст за окремими фазами розвитку порівняно з необробленим контролем на 0,04 м2/рослину або на 9,5%. Максимальну врожайність насіння лінії групи ФАО 290 (ДК247) було отримано за густоти 90 тис. росл./га та обробляння біопрепаратом Органік-баланс ‒ 5,15 т/га. У лінії групи ФАО 350 (ДК205710) кращу врожайність було зафіксовано на варіанті з густотою стояння 80 тис. росл./га та при оброблянні біопрепаратом Органік-баланс – 5,46 т/га. Найбільшу врожайність насіння лінії групи ФАО 420 (ДК445) було відмічено у варіанті з густотою стояння 80 тис. рослин/га – 6,58 т/га та при оброблянні біопрепаратом Органік-баланс – 7,08 т/га. Застосування біопрепарату Органік-баланс збільшувало врожайність насіння у середньому на 8,1%.Висновки. Фотосинтетичні показники ліній кукурудзи переважно залежали від генотипу. Архітектоніка агрофітоценозу та застосування біопрепарату Органік-баланс значно менше впливали на продуктивність фотосинтезу. В умовах зрошення максимальну врожайність насіння було відмічено у середньопізньої батьківської лінії ДК445 – 7,08 т/га. Відповідно до отриманих результатів виробництво насіннєвого матеріалу батьківських компонентів необхідно здійснювати із врахуванням їхніх генотипових характеристик, реакцій на густоту агрофітоценозу та застосування біопрепаратів з ефектом стимулювання росту.

Purpose. To study the morphological features and determine the biometric indices of leaves of English roses. Methods. Field, morphological, descriptive, biometric. Morphological descriptions were carried out in accordance with the Atlas of morphological features of rose varieties (Rosa L.) (2009) and the Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology (2004). Results. The morphological features of the leaves of English rose varieties were determined. Quantitative (length of complex leaf, number of leaf plates, area of leaflet, total leaf area) and qualitative (leaflet shape, leaflet edge shape, leaflet base shape, leaflet tip) were studied. Varieties of English roses that have maximum and minimum values for these indicators were highlighted. Conclusions. The morphological features were revealed and the biometric indicators of the leaves of English roses from the collection of the State Dendrological Park “Alexandria” NAS of Ukraine were determined. The amplitude of variability of morphological characters of the studied varieties was determined. Peculiarities of the morphological structure and biometric parameters of leaves of English rose varieties can be diagnostic signs for determining varieties within the boundaries of the species. Plants with increased photosynthetic productivity of the leaf apparatus, which is characteristic of the ‘James Galway’ and ‘A Shropshire Lad’ varieties, have an advantage in landscaping.

Purpose. To study the morphological features and determine the biometric indices of leaves of English roses. Methods. Field, morphological, descriptive, biometric. Morphological descriptions were carried out in accordance with the Atlas of morphological features of rose varieties (Rosa L.) (2009) and the Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology (2004). Results. The morphological features of the leaves of English rose varieties were determined. Quantitative (length of complex leaf, number of leaf plates, area of leaflet, total leaf area) and qualitative (leaflet shape, leaflet edge shape, leaflet base shape, leaflet tip) were studied. Varieties of English roses that have maximum and minimum values for these indicators were highlighted. Conclusions. The morphological features were revealed and the biometric indicators of the leaves of English roses from the collection of the State Dendrological Park “Alexandria” NAS of Ukraine were determined. The amplitude of variability of morphological characters of the studied varieties was determined. Peculiarities of the morphological structure and biometric parameters of leaves of English rose varieties can be diagnostic signs for determining varieties within the boundaries of the species. Plants with increased photosynthetic productivity of the leaf apparatus, which is characteristic of the ‘James Galway’ and ‘A Shropshire Lad’ varieties, have an advantage in landscaping.

Purpose. To study the morphological features and determine the biometric indices of leaves of English roses. Methods. Field, morphological, descriptive, biometric. Morphological descriptions were carried out in accordance with the Atlas of morphological features of rose varieties (Rosa L.) (2009) and the Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology (2004). Results. The morphological features of the leaves of English rose varieties were determined. Quantitative (length of complex leaf, number of leaf plates, area of leaflet, total leaf area) and qualitative (leaflet shape, leaflet edge shape, leaflet base shape, leaflet tip) were studied. Varieties of English roses that have maximum and minimum values for these indicators were highlighted. Conclusions. The morphological features were revealed and the biometric indicators of the leaves of English roses from the collection of the State Dendrological Park “Alexandria” NAS of Ukraine were determined. The amplitude of variability of morphological characters of the studied varieties was determined. Peculiarities of the morphological structure and biometric parameters of leaves of English rose varieties can be diagnostic signs for determining varieties within the boundaries of the species. Plants with increased photosynthetic productivity of the leaf apparatus, which is characteristic of the ‘James Galway’ and ‘A Shropshire Lad’ varieties, have an advantage in landscaping. | Мета. Вивчити морфологічні особливості та визначити біометричні показники листків англійських троянд.Методи. Польовий, морфолого-описовий, біометричний. Опис морфологічних ознак виконували згідно з «Атласом морфологічних ознак сортів троянди (Rosa L.)» (2009) та «Ілюстрованим довідником з морфології квіткових рослин» (2009).Результати. Визначено морфологічні особливості листків сортів англійських троянд. Вивчено кількісні (довжина складного листка, кількість листкових пластинок, площа листкової пластинки, загальна площа листка) та якісні (форма листкової пластинки, форма краю листкової пластинки, форма основи листкової пластинки, форма верхівки листкової пластинки) показники. Виділено сорти англійських троянд, які мають максимальні та мінімальні значення за цими показниками.Висновки. Виявлено морфологічні особливості та визначено біометричні показники листків англійських троянд з колекції Державного дендрологічного парку «Олександрія» НАН України. Встановлено амплітуду мінливості морфологічних ознак досліджуваних сортів. Особливості морфологічної будови та біометричних параметрів листків рослин сортів англійських троянд можуть бути діагностичними ознаками для визначення сортів у межах виду. В озелененні переважають рослини із збільшеною фотосинтетичною продуктивністю листкового апарату, яка властива сортам ‘James Galway’ та ‘A Shropshire Lad’. | Цель. Изучить морфологические особенности и определить биометрические показатели листков английских роз. Методы. Полевой, морфолого-описательный, биомет­рический. Описание морфологических признаков проводили в соответствии с «Атласом морфологічних ознак сортів троянди (Rosa L.) (2009) и «Ілюстрованим довідником з морфології квіткових рослин» (2004). Результаты. Определены морфологические особенности листьев сортов английских роз. Изучены количественные (длина сложного листа, количество листовых пластинок, площадь листовой пластинки, общая площадь листа) и качественные (форма листовой пластинки, форма края листовой пластинки, форма основания листовой пластинки, форма верхушки листовой пластинки) показатели. Выделены сорта английских роз, которые имеют максимальные и минимальные значения по этим показателям. Выводы. Установлены морфологические особенности и определены биометрические показатели листов английских роз из коллекции Государственного дендрологического парка «Александрия» НАН Украины. Определена амплитуда изменчивости морфологических признаков исследуемых сортов. Особенности морфологического строения и биометрических параметров листов растений сортов английских роз могут быть диагностическими признаками для определения сортов в границах вида. Для озеленения преимущество имеют растения с увеличенной фотосинтетической продуктивностью листового аппарата, что является характерным для сортов ‘James Galway’ и ‘A Shropshire Lad’.

Purpose. To determine morphological and morphometric features of vegetative and generative organs of Persica species and varieties under the conditions of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine for further use in breeding. Methods. Biological (morphological analysis) and statistical (processing of morphometric parameters) ones. Results. It was found that except ternate multiple buds, in peach hybrid ‘Suputnyk’collateral buds were prevalent which was not common to other tested varieties and species. Buds of each species and variety have a certain number of scales. The most scales were observed in ‘Suputnyk’. Pubescence of abaxial side of the leaf in P. davіdiana and ‘Suputnyk’ plants was not revealed. Species of P. vulgaris (‘Pecherskyi’, ‘Antotsianovyi’, ‘Poleskyi’) was characterized by increase in size of leaf blades, flowers and fruits. The distinctive features of P. davidiana and ‘Suputnyk’ are that stamens were accumulated in their flowers while in P. vulgaris they are branched. Raphe of a P. vulgaris stone protrudes above the edges of the bordering creases and consists of a number of narrow plates. Conclusions. For the breeding purposes, plants have an advantage for some basic criteria: the most flower buds that is common to interspecies hybrid ‘Suputnyk’; increase in photosynthetic productivity of the leaf apparatus to be typical for the variety ‘Pecherskyi’; large fruits that ‘Pecherskyi’ variety is noted for; intense red color of fruits that is inherent feature of ‘Antocianovyi’ variety.

Abstract One of the most promising aquaculture species is the Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) with high market value; disease control is crucial to prevent and reduce mortality and monetary losses. Microsporidia (Fungi) are a potential source of damage to bluefin tuna aquaculture. A new microsporidian species is described from farmed bluefin tunas from the Spanish Mediterranean. This new pathogen is described in a juvenile associated with a highly severe pathology of the visceral cavity. Whitish xenomas from this microsporidian species were mostly located at the caecal mass and ranged from 0.2 to 7.5 mm. Light and transmission electron microscopy of the spores revealed mature spores with an average size of 2.2 × 3.9 μm in size and a polar filament with 13–14 coils arranged in one single layer. Phylogenetic analysis clustered this species with the Glugea spp. clade. The morphological characteristics and molecular comparison confirm that this is a novel microsporidian species, Glugea thunni. The direct life-cycle and the severe pathologies observed makes this parasite a hard risk for bluefin tuna cultures.

Purpose. To establish biological features of plants growth and development and the formation of Miscanthus giganteus planting material depending on the cultivation technology elements. Methods. Field, laboratory, visual, weight measu­ring, mathematical and statistical ones. Results. The features of the growth and development of the miscanthus bioenergy crop were investigated including the formation of planting material depending on the combined technology elements application during the planting time, namely: planting time, rhizome mass, the granules and the MaxiMarin absorbent gel. It was established that the increase in plant height and leaf area as well as the miscanthus stems formation was depended on both the rhizome planting time, their size, and the use of the absorbent. During three-year period, increase in plant height was more intensive and leaf area was largest in case of the absorbent application, as compared to the control during all phases of the development for the first and the second planting time regardless of rhizome mass. On the average, the largest leaf area – 1905,9 cm3 – was in the final stage of vegetation in the context of the second planting time for large rhizomes and application of granules and absorbent gel jointly. Increasing the ground mass due to plant height, leaf area and the number of stems benefited the photosynthesis productivity intensity, that influenced the root system increase, and consequently the output of the miscanthus planting material. It was found that there are direct strong correlation between these indices and the rhizome mass. Ground mass growing is contributed to the increase in the rhizome mass, and accordingly the output of the planting material – rhizome. In case of application of granules and absorbent gel jointly, the ground mass of the miscanthus was growing most intensively and accordingly the rhizome mass was the largest, which in the first year of small rhizomes planting was twice as much as compared to the control and was equal to 1090.5 g, for large rhizomes planting this index was respectively 2.4 times more and equal to 1763.9 g. During the second planting time, the application of granules and absorbent gel jointly resulted in the rhizomes mass increase for small rhizomes planting 1.9, large rhizomes – 2.1 times more as compared to the control. Conclusions. Direct strong correlations were established bet­ween the intensity of the ground mass growth – the height of plants, the number of leaves, leaf area, the number of buds and the rhizome mass. The growth of the ground mass of plants was contributed to the increase of the root system, and consequenly the output of planting material. In all sta­ges of plant development, the increase of the rhizome mass was more intensive in case of the absorbent application regardless the time of rhizome planting, as compared to the control. The application of granules and absorbent jointly allowed to form the largest rhizome mass.

The analysis of the structure of State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Dissemination in Ukraine is presented. The descriptions of new lupine's varieties important for economic use are given. The state of new varieties introduction in production and ways of improving of the soil fertility with a low humus content and the overcoming of crisis in the forage sphere are shown.

Цель. Выявить биологические особенности роста и развития растений и формирования посадочного материала мискантуса гигантского в зависимости от элементов технологии выращивания.Методы. Полевой, лабораторный, визуальный, измерительно-весовой и математико-статистический. Результаты. Исследованы особенности роста и развития биоэнергетической культуры мискантуса, формирования посадочного материала в зависимости от комплексного применения элементов технологии, а именно: сроков посадки, массы ризом, а также гранул и геля абсорбента MaxiMarin в период посадки. Установлено, что прирост высоты растений, увеличение площади листьев и формирование стеблей мискантуса зависели как от сроков посадки ризом, их величины, так и от применения абсорбента. За трёхлетний период прирост высоты растений был более интенсивным, а площадь листовой поверхности – наибольшей при применении абсорбента по сравнению с контролем во всех фазах развития и при обоих сроках посадки независимо от массы ризом. В среднем наибольшей – 1905,9 см3 – площадь листовой поверхности была на период окончания вегетации при втором сроке посадки крупных ризом при совместном использовании гранул и геля абсорбента. Увеличение наземной массы за счет высоты растений, площади листовой поверхности и количества стеблей способствовало повышению продуктивности фотосинтеза и влияло не только на урожайность культуры, но и на увеличение корневой системы выхода посадочного материала мискантуса. Установлены прямые сильные корреляционные связи между этими показателями и массой корневища. С нарастанием наземной массы увеличенивалась масса корневища и, соответственно, выход посадочного материала – ризом. При совместном внесении гранул и использовании геля абсорбента прирост наземной массы был наиболее интенсивным и, соответственно, наибольшей была масса корневища: при первом сроке посадки малых ризом – вдвое, при посадке больших ризом – в 2,4 раза больше, чем на контроле и составляла 1090,5 г, при посадке малых ризом – 2,4 раза и 1763,9 г соответственно. При втором сроке совместное использование гранул и геля абсорбента обеспечило увеличение массы корневища при посадке малых ризом в 1,9 раза, больших – в 2,1 раза по сравнению с контролем.Выводы. Между интенсивностью нарастания наземной массы – высотой растений, количеством листьев, площадью листовой поверхности, количеством почек и массой корневища выявлены прямые сильные корреляционные связи. Нарастание наземной массы растений способствовало увеличению корневой системы – выходу посадочного материала. Во всех фазах развития растений нарастание массы корневища было интенсивнее при использовании абсорбента, независимо от сроков посадки ризом, по сравнению с контролем. Совместное использование гранул и геля абсорбента обеспечило формирование наибольшей массы корневища. | Purpose. To establish biological features of plants growth and development and the formation of Miscanthus giganteus planting material depending on the cultivation technology elements. Methods. Field, laboratory, visual, weight measu­ring, mathematical and statistical ones.Results. The features of the growth and development of the miscanthus bioenergy crop were investigated including the formation of planting material depending on the combined technology elements application during the planting time, namely: planting time, rhizome mass, the granules and the MaxiMarin absorbent gel. It was established that the increase in plant height and leaf area as well as the miscanthus stems formation was depended on both the rhizome planting time, their size, and the use of the absorbent. During three-year period, increase in plant height was more intensive and leaf area was largest in case of the absorbent application, as compared to the control during all phases of the development for the first and the second planting time regardless of rhizome mass. On the average, the largest leaf area – 1905,9 cm3 – was in the final stage of vegetation in the context of the second planting time for large rhizomes and application of granules and absorbent gel jointly. Increasing the ground mass due to plant height, leaf area and the number of stems benefited the photosynthesis productivity intensity, that influenced the root system increase, and consequently the output of the miscanthus planting material. It was found that there are direct strong correlation between these indices and the rhizome mass. Ground mass growing is contributed to the increase in the rhizome mass, and accordingly the output of the planting material – rhizome. In case of application of granules and absorbent gel jointly, the ground mass of the miscanthus was growing most intensively and accordingly the rhizome mass was the largest, which in the first year of small rhizomes planting was twice as much as compared to the control and was equal to 1090.5 g, for large rhizomes planting this index was respectively 2.4 times more and equal to 1763.9 g. During the second planting time, the application of granules and absorbent gel jointly resulted in the rhizomes mass increase for small rhizomes planting 1.9, large rhizomes – 2.1 times more as compared to the control.Conclusions. Direct strong correlations were established bet­ween the intensity of the ground mass growth – the height of plants, the number of leaves, leaf area, the number of buds and the rhizome mass. The growth of the ground mass of plants was contributed to the increase of the root system, and consequenly the output of planting material. In all sta­ges of plant development, the increase of the rhizome mass was more intensive in case of the absorbent application regardless the time of rhizome planting, as compared to the control. The application of granules and absorbent jointly allowed to form the largest rhizome mass. | Мета. Виявити біологічні особливості росту й розвитку рослин та формування садивного матеріалу міскантусу гігантського залежно від елементів технології вирощування.Методи. Польовий, лабораторний, візуальний, вимі­рювально-ваговий, математично-статистичний.Результати. Досліджено особливості росту й розвитку біоенергетичної культури міскантусу, формування садивного матеріалу залежно від комплексного застосування елементів технології, а саме: строків висаджування, маси ризом, гранул і гелю абсорбенту MaxiMarin у період садіння. Встановлено, що приріст висоти рослин, збільшення площі листків та формування стебел міскантусу залежали як від строків садіння ризом, їх величини, так і від застосування абсорбенту. За трирічний період приріст висоти рослин був інтенсивнішим, а площа листкової поверхні – найбільшою у разі застосування абсорбенту, порівняно з контролем у всіх фазах розвитку за обох строків садіння незалежно від маси ризом. У середньому найбільша площа листкової поверхні – 1905,9 см3 – була на період закінчення вегетації за другого строку садіння великих ризом за спільного використання гранул та гелю абсорбенту. Збільшення наземної маси за рахунок висоти рослин, площі листкової поверхні та кількості стебел сприяло підвищенню продуктивності фотосинтезу, що впливало на збільшення кореневої системи – виходу садивного матеріалу міскантусу. Виявлено прямі сильні кореляційні зв’язки між цими показниками та масою кореневища. З наростанням наземної маси збільшувалася маса кореневища, а відповідно й вихід садивного матеріалу – ризом. За спільного внесення гранул і використання гелю абсорбенту найінтенсивніше наростала наземна маса рослин і, відповідно, найбільшою була маса кореневища: в перший строк садіння малих ризом вдвічі більшою, ніж на контролі та становила 1090,5 г, за садіння великих ризом – у 2,4 раза та 1763,9 г відповідно. За другого строку спільне застосування гранул і гелю абсорбенту забезпечило збільшення маси кореневища за садіння малих ризом у 1,9, великих – у 2,1 раза порівняно з контролем.Висновки. Між інтенсивністю наростання наземної маси – висотою рослин, кількістю листків, площею листкової поверхні, кількістю бруньок і масою кореневища виявлено прямі сильні кореляційні зв’язки. Наростання наземної маси рослин сприяло збільшенню кореневої системи – виходу садивного матеріалу. У всіх фазах розвитку рослин наростання маси кореневища було інтенсивнішим у разі використання абсорбенту, незалежно від строків садіння ризом, порівняно з контролем. Спільне використання гранул і гелю абсорбенту забезпечило формування найбільшої маси кореневища.

Purpose. To study the influence of fractional composition of seed material on productive properties of spring rape seeds of the ‘Magnat’ variety and ‘MVM’ (‘Gladiator’) variety sample. Methods. Field investigations, laboratory tests, statistical analysis. Results. During 2013–2014, the influence of sown seeds of different size fractions (up to 2,5 g; 2,6–3,5 g; 3,6 g and more) on the indices of productivity of spring rape varie­ties was studied. It was found that over the years of study field germination of sown fractions of seeds in ‘Magnat’ variety averaged 83.5%, in ‘MSM’ variety sample – 86.7%. During the periods of seedling emergence and harvesting, the density of spring rape crops varied depending on relevant fraction of sown seeds. In the ‘Magnat’ variety, photosynthetic potential of crops ranged from 1.1 to 1.3 million m2/ha, in ‘MSM’ variety sample – from 1.2 to 1.6 million m2/ha. Depending on the seed fractions applied, ‘Magnat’ variety crops during the gro­wing season accumulated organic biomass from 2.05 to 2.36 g/m2 per day, ‘MSM’ sample variety – from 1.83 to 2.10 g/m2 per day. Conclusions. It was established that different fractions of spring rape seeds sown in the Northern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine affected the indices of germinating energy and laboratory germination, crop density formation, leaf surface area and intensity of photosynthesis process (crop photosynthetic potential, net photosynthesis performance). The highest indices of productivity and yield in the ‘Magnat’ variety was ensured by large-seeded fraction (3,6 g and more), in the ‘MVM’ (‘Gladia­tor’) sample variety – by small-seeded fraction (up to 2,5 g).

Purpose. To study the influence of fractional composition of seed material on productive properties of spring rape seeds of the ‘Magnat’ variety and ‘MVM’ (‘Gladiator’) variety sample. Methods. Field investigations, laboratory tests, statistical analysis. Results. During 2013–2014, the influence of sown seeds of different size fractions (up to 2,5 g; 2,6–3,5 g; 3,6 g and more) on the indices of productivity of spring rape varie­ties was studied. It was found that over the years of study field germination of sown fractions of seeds in ‘Magnat’ variety averaged 83.5%, in ‘MSM’ variety sample – 86.7%. During the periods of seedling emergence and harvesting, the density of spring rape crops varied depending on relevant fraction of sown seeds. In the ‘Magnat’ variety, photosynthetic potential of crops ranged from 1.1 to 1.3 million m2/ha, in ‘MSM’ variety sample – from 1.2 to 1.6 million m2/ha. Depending on the seed fractions applied, ‘Magnat’ variety crops during the gro­wing season accumulated organic biomass from 2.05 to 2.36 g/m2 per day, ‘MSM’ sample variety – from 1.83 to 2.10 g/m2 per day. Conclusions. It was established that different fractions of spring rape seeds sown in the Northern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine affected the indices of germinating energy and laboratory germination, crop density formation, leaf surface area and intensity of photosynthesis process (crop photosynthetic potential, net photosynthesis performance). The highest indices of productivity and yield in the ‘Magnat’ variety was ensured by large-seeded fraction (3,6 g and more), in the ‘MVM’ (‘Gladia­tor’) sample variety – by small-seeded fraction (up to 2,5 g).

Chloropyll fluorescence intensity dependence on biological features of sugar beet hybrids and plant growth stages is described. Accuracy of a method of rapid diagnosis of the photosynthetic apparatus status of sugar beet plants are evaluated.

Chloropyll fluorescence intensity dependence  on biological features of sugar beet hybrids and plant growth stages is described. Accuracy of a method of rapid diagnosis of the photosynthetic apparatus status of sugar beet plants are evaluated.

In 2011 to 2013 a study was completed for the impact of varying rates of fertilizing onto the indices of productivity for barley agrophytocenosis of Helios and Commandor, in particular, such its components as a number of productive stems, number of seeds per ear, potential biological activity of ear and photosynthetic apparatus. It is found that the level of spring barley agrophytocenosis productivity is subject both to varietal peculiarities and the rate of mineral fertilizer application. When applying N 60P 60K 60 і N 90P 90K 90 the highest potential and biological productivity of Helios and Commandor was recorder as compared against the control. Impact of varying application rates for fertilizers onto the components of ear biological productivity has been scrutinized. The qualitative composition of ear is a clear expression of variety phenotype and identifies the level of biological yield for spring barley. Application of N 60 P 60 K 60 і N 90 P 90 K 90 mineral fertilizers fairly increased the average leaf surface, photosynthetic lead capacity of varieties in 2 to 2.5 times, as well as FAR efficiency coefficient in 1.5 to 2.0 times as against control that thus contributed to the development of highest biological yield of Helios variety phytomass at the level of 14.9 to 15.0, grain – 7.8 to 8.0 ton per ha and, respectively, 12.7 and 7.5 tons per ha for Comandor variety.

In 2011 to 2013 a study was completed for the impact of varying rates of fertilizing onto the indices of productivity for barley agrophytocenosis of Helios and Commandor, in particular, such its components as a number of productive stems, number of seeds per ear, potential biological activity of ear and photosynthetic apparatus. It is found that the level of spring barley agrophytocenosis productivity is subject both to varietal peculiarities and the rate of mineral fertilizer application. When applying N 60P 60K 60 і N 90P 90K 90 the highest potential and biological productivity of Helios and Commandor was recorder as compared against the control. Impact of varying application rates for fertilizers onto the components of ear biological productivity has been scrutinized. The qualitative composition of ear is a clear expression of variety phenotype and identifies the level of biological yield for spring barley. Application of N 60 P 60 K 60 і N 90 P 90 K 90 mineral fertilizers fairly increased the average leaf surface, photosynthetic lead capacity of varieties in 2 to 2.5 times, as well as FAR efficiency coefficient in 1.5 to 2.0 times as against control that thus contributed to the development of highest biological yield of Helios variety phytomass at the level of 14.9 to 15.0, grain – 7.8 to 8.0 ton per ha and, respectively, 12.7 and 7.5 tons per ha for Comandor variety.

The example of various varieties and hybrids of sugar sorghum illustrates the summary of study on assessing varying density of plants in crops on phonological cha­racteristics of sugar sorghum plants, carbohydrate composition of sorghum juice and yield of its plants. The completed study established that one hectare of sugar sorghum, subject to varietal characteristics and varying density of plants in crop, may provide the green weight of 40.83 до 106.87 t/ha at stem juice yield of 22,27 to 56,24 t/ha, which would contain 2.31 to 6.09 t/ha of total sugars suitable for bioethanol production in at the rate of 198.25 to 501.19 dal/ha. However, despite of higher estimate of total sugars yield and bioethanol at 300 thousand plants per ha density in crop, industrial plots would preferably have plant density in crops ranging within 200...250 thousand pieces per ha. Since higher density increases dry matter content of plants, consequentially, cellulose and lignin in stems, this may create preconditions for harvest losses due to stem lod­ ging Besides, 200 thousand plants per hectare enables to reach the highest level of photosynthesis net productivity which combines high intensity of the photosynthesis with photosynthetic activity of leaf surface.

The example of various varieties and hybrids of sugar sorghum illustrates the summary of study on assessing varying density of plants in crops on phonological cha­racteristics of sugar sorghum plants, carbohydrate composition of sorghum juice and yield of its plants. The completed study established that one hectare of sugar sorghum, subject to varietal characteristics and varying density of plants in crop, may provide the green weight of 40.83 до 106.87 t/ha at stem juice yield of 22,27 to 56,24 t/ha, which would contain 2.31 to 6.09 t/ha of total sugars suitable for bioethanol production in at the rate of 198.25 to 501.19 dal/ha. However, despite of higher estimate of total sugars yield and bioethanol at 300 thousand plants per ha density in crop, industrial plots would preferably have plant density in crops ranging within 200...250 thousand pieces per ha. Since higher density increases dry matter content of plants, consequentially, cellulose and lignin in stems, this may create preconditions for harvest losses due to stem lod­ ging Besides, 200 thousand plants per hectare enables to reach the highest level of photosynthesis net productivity which combines high intensity of the photosynthesis with photosynthetic activity of leaf surface.

Purpose. To determine the efficiency of growing soybean varieties ‘Ustia’, ‘Cordoba’, ‘Estafeta’ depending on the influence of microfertilizers and growth regulators. Methods. Field, laboratory. Results. The article presents the results of studying the efficiency of growing different varieties of soybeans. It was found that in the cultivar ‘Ustia’ the best values of assimilation of photosynthetically active radiation were obtained for the applications of Yara Vita Mono Molitrak in the budding phase (0.25 l/ha) with growth regulator Radostym, and Yara Vita Mono Molitrak in the budding phase (0.25 l/ha) + in the flowering phase (0.25 l/ha) with two studied growth regulators. Similar patterns of the utilization rate of photosynthetic radiation were obtained for the ‘Cordoba’ and ‘Estafeta’ varieties. According to the indicators of the energy balance, the complex use of micronutrient fertilizers and growth regulators in any case pays off with an increase in the yield, which means it is energetically expedient. The maximum coefficients of energy efficiency in the ‘Ustia’, ‘Cordoba’ and ‘Estafeta’ varieties were obtained with the introduction of micronutrient fertilizers Yara Vita Mono Molitrak in the budding phase (0.25 l/ha) + in the flowering phase (0.25 l/ha) and growth regulators Biosyl and Radostym. However, the use of growth regulators separately does not always provide an economic return on investment. In particular, in the variant without Yara Vita Mono Molitrak microfertilizer, the ‘Cordoba’ variety received 28 873 UAH/ha of net profit, while the introduction of growth regulators did not pay off, since there was no significant increase in the yield, and with the use of growth regulators Biosyl and Radostym net profit was within 28824–29179 UAH/ha. In general, the use of micronutrient fertilizer Yara Vita Mono Molitrak with growth regulators Radostim and Biosyl ensu­red guaranteed yield increase. Conclusions. When gro­wing ‘Ustia’, ‘Cordoba’ and ‘Estafeta’ varieties from an energy point of view, it is better to use Yara Vita Mono Molitrak microfertilizer in the budding phase (0.25 l/ha) with the growth regulator Radostym. Under these conditions, the obtained energy efficiency ratio was 3.24; 3.41 and 3.45, and the profit was 31503, 34072 and 34649 UAH/ha, respectively

The trend for development and spreading of diseases and pests of blackcurrant at Orel region in the conditions of extreme drought in 2010 has been detected. Abnormal weather conditions of the summer and the lack of precipitation limited both growth of host plant and disease spreading. At the background of extreme conditions of 2010 the crop phenophases shifted to earlier dates. The awakening of wintering pathogen structures began in the classic dates of the spring, although in summer their biological cycle went off rapidly. Due to the lack of moisture the disease pathogens failed to fully realize their potential of development and spreading. A favorable aspect of the extreme conditions of vegetation period, the reducing of the protective measures against diseases, is to be admitted. Abnormal weather conditions accelerated the pathogen biological cycles and reduced the stock of wintering infection; meanwhile they provoked colonization of the plants by pests. In extremely high air temperature and lasting lack of precipitation the pests number was intensively increasing, exceeding the maliciousness threshold. Due to the above some additional insecticide and acaricide treatments of berry crops were applied. Thus, the vegetation period of 2010 was described as most favorable for the development and spreading of pests and less favorable for disease pathogens.