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Air Pollution and Forest Condition in Central Europe
1993
Kandler, O. (University of Munich, Munich (Germany).Botanical Institute of University of Munich)
Depending on their concentrations, air pollutants are dangerous to forests. With the exception of some industrial areas in the east, concentrations of air pollutants in Central Europe are below the damaging threshold as shown by the records of the monitoring stations.
Show more [+] Less [-]Climate Change - Potential Impacts on Subalpine Forest Ecosystem
1993
Kraeuchi, N. (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (Switzerland))
The ranges of the ecosystems move when the climatic pattern changes. Simulations have shown that a global warming would cause important changes of the species composition in subalpine forests. Deciduous trees would invade today's subalpine belt. Various conifers would be displaced and migrate into alpine zone. The model simulations are based on the IPCC climate scenarios.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effects of Acidic Deposition on Calcium Nutrition of Spruce/fir Forests in the Eastern U.S.: Implications for Physiological Processes, Growth, and Climate Interactions
1993
McLaughlin, S.B. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN (USA))
Calcium avaiability to forests has been shown to be reduced by acidic deposition in several ways including: increased leaching from foliage, increased leaching from soils, and decreased availability from poorly buffered soils when aluminium is mobilized. Studies documented that acidic deposition has altered the growth and vigour of red spruce during the past three decades by changing calcium availability.
Show more [+] Less [-]Direct and Indirect Effects and the Long-term Risks of Climate Change on Forests: Tropical Deforestation and Carbon Dioxide
1993
Jarvis, P.G. (University of Edinburgh, Scotland (United Kingdom). Institute of Ecology and Resource Management)
Destruction of forests leads to the release of carbon dioxide stored in the wood and also usually results in major releases of carbon dioxide stored in soil. Annual releases of carbon dioxide from destruction of tropical forests was estimated at about 1650 million tonnes per year.
Show more [+] Less [-]Direct and Indirect effects of Air Pollution on Forest Ecosystems: the Attempt of a Resume of Scientific Investigations Carried out in Nortrhine-Westphalia/FRG during the last Decade
1993
Prinz, B. (Landesansalt fuer Immissionsschutz, Essen (Germany))
Since the beginning of the 80's, a wide-spread damage to Norway spruce has occurred, mainly characterized by the light-induced decay of chlorophyll in magnesium-deficient needles. Damage also occurs in deciduous trees, especially in beech. To clarify the causes of the damage in Northrine-Wesphalian forests, extensive investigations have been carried out, which combined experimental techniques and epidemiologically orientated surveys.
Show more [+] Less [-]Direct and Indirect Effects and the Long-term Risks of Climate Change on Forest Ecosystems: Effects on Forest Soils
1993
Billett, M.F. (University of Aberdeen, Scotland (United Kingdom). Department of Plant and Soil Science)
Climate change effects on forest soils will occur directly on soils or indirectly through effects on tree growth. Increases in soil temperature will cause an increase in soil respiration and decomposition and many increase rates of mineral weathering and ion exchange reactions. Forest soils represent a major sink for C and increased productivity in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide will lead to an increase in c storage in forest ecosystems. Changes in forest productivity will have significant effects on forest soils, included water use, soil moisture status and nutrient cycling.
Show more [+] Less [-]Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Forests in China
1993
Deying Xu (Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing (China))
Experimental research on the physiology of tree seedlings under simulated climate and doubled carbon dioxide can rarely be extrapolated to grown forests. Climatological research has demonstrated a warming trend in the north and a cooling trend in the south of China. However, the changing climate has not caused the death of forests. Projecting the impact of climate change on forest distribution and growth using current GCMs seems to be the only method available.
Show more [+] Less [-]Direct and Indirect effects and the Long-term Risks of Air Pollution on Forest Ecosystems in the Mediterranean Region
1993
Innes, J.L. (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf (Switzerland))
Most concern about the effects air pollution has been directed towards central and northern Europe, although considerable damage has been attributed to air pollution in the Mediterranean countries. The damage is mostly in the vicinity of point sources and can usually be related to specific pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride.
Show more [+] Less [-]Direct and Indirect effects and the Long-term Risks of Air Pollution on Forest Ecosystems: Forest Decline and Wood Quality
1993
Bues, C.T. | Schulz, H. (University of Munich, (Germany))
The results of numerous investigations in Europe on potential relationships between forest decline caused by immissions and the wood quality of diseased trees consistently showed the technical properties of wood form diseased trees to be unaffected. Wood from diseased trees can be used without reservation.
Show more [+] Less [-]Direct Effects of Air Pollution on Physiology of Forest Trees in the Western United States
1993
Bytnerowicz, A. (USDA Forest Service, Riverside, CA (USA). Pacific Southwest Research Station)
Physiological processes of western trees are effected by ozone at concentration over 80 ppb, depending on the duration of the exposures and environmental conditions. At a single fascicle level short-term ozone exposures can cause reduction, no change or increase of stomatal conductance and net assimilation rate. Two seasons of exposures at twice level ozone concentrations caused a significant reduction of stomatal conductance and pigment concentrations in foliage.
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