Benin’s waterways are affected by several forms of pollution that are linked in particular to anthropic activities. This study aims to detect the presence of antibiotic residues, the frequency of antibiotic resistant bacteria and the levels of heavy metals in Benin’s waterways. 160 surface water samples from streams in Benin were collected. They were filtered by the membrane filtration method, then incubated on different media. The isolated bacterial species were identified by API 20E gallery and specific biochemical tests. After detection of the resistance profile of the latter, the antibiotic residues were quantified in the samples by the ELISA technique on plate and the physicochemical analyses were performed by Multi 3630 IDS SET KS2 multimeter. Finally, heavy metal levels were detected by the MERCK test kit method specific to each metal. The bacterial species mostly identified were Klebsiella pneumoniae (56.59%), Klebsiella spp. (18.68%), Enterobacter spp. (12.63%). The most abundant resistance of bacterial strains was to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (92%), followed by metronidazole (86%). Metronidazole was the antibiotic with the highest residue concentration in the samples (6.578 to 6.829 µg/L), followed by ciprofloxacin (2.142 to 9.299 µg/L). Benin streams contain heavy metals such as mercury (0.454±0.129 µg/L), lead (0.040±0.50 mg/L), zinc (6.120±16.017 mg/L), nickel (0.155±0.233 mg/L) and cadmium (0.154±0.132 mg/L). The analysis of the physico-chemical parameters showed that, apart from electrical conductivity, all parameters comply with Beninese and World Health Organization standards. Actions must be taken to clean up these rivers to preserve the integrity of aquatic ecosystems in Benin.

After particulate matter (PM) collection in Cotonou (Benin), a complete physicochemical characterization of PM2.5 and PM>2.5 was led. Then, their adverse health effects were evaluated by using in vitro culture of human lung cells. BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells) were intoxicated during short-term exposure at increasing PM concentrations (1.5–96 μg/cm2) to determine global cytotoxicity. Hence, cells were exposed to 3 and 12 μg/cm2 to investigate the potential biological imbalance generated by PM toxicity. Our findings showed the ability of both PM to induce oxidative stress and to cause inflammatory cytokines/chemokines gene expression and secretion. Furthermore, PM were able to induce gene expression of enzymes involved in the xenobiotic metabolism pathway. Strong correlations between gene expression of metabolizing enzymes, proinflammatory responses and cell cycle alteration were found, as well as between proinflammatory responses and cell viability. Stress oxidant parameters were highly correlated with expression and protein secretion of inflammatory mediators.

Microcystins (MCs) are the most studied toxins of cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies worldwide. However, they are poorly documented in coastal waters in several parts of the world. In this study, we investigated the composition of cyanobacteria and the presence of microcystins (MCs) in several coastal aquatic ecosystems of Nigeria. Direct morphological analysis revealed that members of the genus Oscillatoria were dominant with five species, followed by Trichodesmium with two species in Nigerian coastal waters. Oso Ibanilo had the highest cyanobacterial biomass (998 × 10³ cells/L), followed by Rivers Ocean (156 × 10³ cells/L). Except for the Cross River Ocean, cyanobacteria were present in all the investigated aquatic ecosystems. Ten (10) out of twenty water bodies examined had detectable levels of MCs. Furthermore, genomic DNA analysis for the mcyE gene of microcystin synthetase (mcy) cluster showed identities higher than 86% (query coverage > 96%) with toxic strains of cyanobacteria in all the samples analyzed. Also, the sequences of samples matched those of uncultured cyanobacteria from recreational lakes in Southern Germany. Our findings indicate that the presence of toxic cyanobacteria in coastal waters of Nigeria is of public and environmental health concern.

This work is the first study about the joint effect (influence) of carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂) from transport and anemia influence on under-five mortality in the Republic of Benin. We focused on that interaction effect and provide scientific pieces of evidence through multiple linear and multinomial regression models. Therefore, the World Bank yearly data about Benin has been used. Time series analysis and co-integration checking were done to deepen the study. The interaction of anemia and CO₂ emissions from transport influences positively under-five mortality (U5M) rate (p = 0.00). Findings reveal that when CO₂ emissions from transport and anemia increase of 1 unit in a given year, Benin is likely to have 10 deaths over 1000 live births higher on the under-five mortality rate the following year.

The Porto-Novo and Cotonou Lagoon complex serve as a trade route for goods and petroleum in both Nigeria and Benin Republic. The complex geographic location also makes it a sink for a large portion of pollutants coming from the city and surrounding areas, as well as from the Ouémé River, which receives pollutants from the north to the south of the country. In order to assess the level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination and the associated health risks, sixteen PAHs in Sarotherodon melanotheron and water from Porto-Novo Lagoon were evaluated. PAHs were extracted from fish and water from four locations and quantified by gas chromatography analysis. PAH concentrations in the water ranged from not detected (ND) to 64.65 mg/l and from ND to 46.24 mg/kg in fish. The PAH of the highest concentration was Benzo(b)fluoranthene while Naphthalene and Acenaphthene were the lowest. The total PAH concentrations ranged between 43.07 and 128.12 mg/L with a mean value of 89.30 ± 20.34 mg/L in water and 67.83 to 97.43 mg/kg with a mean value of 78.35 mg/kg in fish. Spatial distribution showed the highest total concentration in Djassin. Five rings PAHs predominated in water and fish. The hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard index (HI) were < 1.0 indicating that non-carcinogenic risk through water dermal absorption or fish consumption was low. The carcinogenic risk determined was high for Porto-Novo Lagoon water contact by the skin. Porto-Novo Lagoon fish consumption could result in a carcinogenic effect based on carcinogenic toxic equivalent (TEQ) values recorded (TEQ > screen value). The predominance of high-weight molecules (HMW) indicate that PAHs are mainly from pyrolytic sources.

Human activities constitute the source of disturbance in ecosystems. The Oueme basin, exposed to intensive agriculture practices, mainly cotton and cowpea, is considered a vulnerable area. The current study assessed the impact of agriculture on this basin. To do this, using thirteen indicators, grouped into four factors, we evaluated the basin vulnerability by establishing a social vulnerability index (SVI) between 2000 and 2016. Later, based on study outcomes, we were able to identify the crop that threatened this basin. The reliability of vulnerability assessment requires the multicriteria method to accurately determine the relative degree of influence of study indicators, reflected in their weighting coefficient. Therefore, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was applied to indicators. Results revealed an increase in the rate of SVI. According to the spatial distribution, the closer to the north, the greater the SVI. Regardless of the study year, the northern Oueme basin was consistently identified as vulnerable, while the central basin was stable. Vulnerable and stable areas accounted for 12.01% and 34.97%, while they accounted for 14.22% and 13.72% for 2016. A significant decrease in the stable area and an increase in the vulnerable area were detected. Based on this study classification, the slightly vulnerable area (34.97%, also named stable) was identified as the largest for 2000 against the mildly vulnerable area (28.19%) for 2016. Climate has experienced significant changes, and the cotton crop was identified as a threat to the Oueme basin.

Recently, the World Health Organization’s International Association for Research on Cancer classified outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans and puts air pollution in the same category as tobacco smoke, UV radiation, and plutonium. The ambient air is polluted by emissions from motor vehicles, industrial processes, power generation, household combustion of solid fuel, and other sources. Dust storms lead to particulate levels that exceed internationally recommended levels, especially near the Sahara. However, this source of air pollution appears to be under-studied, particularly in the literature devoted to human health impacts in West Africa. More than 50 % of the total dust emitted into the atmosphere comes from the Sahara. These aerosols contribute to increase the concentrations of particles smaller than 10 μm (PM₁₀), which are breathable particles. This study is the first designed to assess the real impact of Saharan dust on air quality and respiratory health of children in a region of West Africa. Dust events having affected the Northern Benin during the dry seasons between 2003 and 2007 were determined. The analyzed health data are the monthly rates of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). Over the entire study period, 61 days of dust events were observed in the region. They recorded on average a daily PM₁₀concentration of 1017 μg m⁻³, more than 18 times higher than that calculated on all days without dust events. The study also highlighted a mean increase of 12.5 % of ALRI rates during the months recording dust events. The use of daily health data should help to refine these initial results in the future.

Most African countries have ratified the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and are expected to reduce emissions of POPs such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to the atmosphere. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that there are contemporary sources of OCPs in African countries despite the global ban on these products. This study investigated the atmospheric contamination from OCPs in four West African countries—Togo, Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon—to ascertain the emission levels of OCPs and the characteristic signatures of contamination. Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed in each country for ca. 55 days in 2012 and analyzed for 25 OCPs. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and DDTs constituted the highest burden of atmospheric OCPs in the target countries, at average concentrations of 441 pg m⁻³ (range 23–2718) and 403 pg m⁻³ (range 91–1880), respectively. Mirex had the lowest concentration, ranged between 0.1 and 3.3 pg m⁻³. The concentration of OCPs in rainy season was higher than in dry season in Cameroon, and presupposed inputs from agriculture during the rainy season. The concentrations of ∑25 OCPs in each country were in the following order: Cameroon > Nigeria > Benin > Togo. There was significant evidence, based on chemical signatures of the contamination that DDT, aldrin, chlordane, and endosulfan were recently applied at certain sites in the respective countries.

In the West African savanna zone, traditional subsistence farming increasingly shifts to cash crop farming and in particular to cotton cultivation, which is accompanied by application of pesticides. Increasing use of pesticides by smallholder farmers is suspected to have negative effects on non-target organisms. In this study, possible pesticide impact on the development of tadpoles was investigated. Two insecticide formulations used in cotton cultivation in Benin were compared: Cotofan® (active ingredient (a.i.): α- and β-endosulfan) and Tihan® (a.i.: spirotetramat and flubendiamide). Tadpoles of the widespread species Amietophrynus maculatus were kept in small water basins with increasing insecticide concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μg a.i./L) over a period of 28 days. Tadpoles showed reduced survival at the highest endosulfan concentrations (100 μg/L). Survival of tadpoles undergoing metamorphosis was not influenced by Tihan®. Endosulfan in concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/L negatively impacted the movement of the tadpoles which was not the case for the mixture of spirotetramat and flubendiamide. Time to metamorphosis was not significantly different in the various treatments. Tail length of tadpoles was significantly shorter in Cotofan® treatments compared to controls. Pesticide residues in the tadpoles were relatively low after keeping them in concentrations of 1 and 10 μg a.i./L (25 and 26 μg/kg wet weight (w/w) for the sum of α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate and below the detection limits for flubendiamide and spirotetramat). For the 100 μg a.i./L treatments, 1,600 μg/kg w/w was found of α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate together in the survived tadpoles and 21 μg/kg w/w of flubendiamide.

Many regions in Africa are currently being converted from subsistence to cash crop farming such as cotton. Agricultural intensification is usually accompanied by increased use of pesticides, which can have an impact on non-target organisms. Bats are particularly sensitive to insecticide loads while providing substantial ecosystem services as predators of herbivorous insects. In this study, pesticide residues in bats in a landscape in northern Benin were investigated, which spanned a land use gradient from an agricultural zone dominated by cotton farms, through a buffer zone, and into a national park. Insecticides used in cotton cultivation, such as endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, flubendiamide, and spirotetramat, as well as persistent insecticides such as bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT), lindane, and aldrine, were analysed. Insecticide residues detected in bats comprised DDT, endosulfan, and their corresponding transformation products. Maximum concentrations in the sampled bats were 11.2 mg/kg lipid of p,p′-DDE (median: 0.0136 mg/kg lipid) and 0.797 mg/kg lipid of β-endosulfan (median: below detection limit [DL]). While insecticide concentrations were below lethal concentrations our data suggest that DDT had probably been recently used in the study region, and larger scale use would pose an increased risk for bat populations due to the high biomagnification of DDT.