Extensive industrialization and urbanization have introduced domestic as well as industrial wastes into aquatic ecosystems.Dueto lack of proper treatment and improper mode of disposal, the water bodies have become more polluted with toxic substancesand their adverse effects including mortality to aquatic organisms, are becoming more prominent.In recent years, much attention has been paid to the possible danger of metal poisoning in humans as a result of consumption of contaminated fishes.Vanadium is a rare elementfound combined with certain minerals and mainly from the production of certain alloys used in jet engines. Humans may be exposed to excessive vanadium and may develop adverse vascular effects.In the present investigation, efforts have been made to investigate the effect of sublethal concentration of vanadium (6.5 ppm; 10% of 96h LC50) on the bioaccumulation in gill, liver and skin of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis for 60 days. The pattern of bioaccumulation was in the order liver > gill > skin. Theresults suggest that the organ-specific variation is directly related to the structural and functional change, proximity to the toxicant and presence of ligands having high affinity to vanadium.

Heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), bismuth (Bi), and arsenic (As) are potent and harmful poisonous sources that cause havoc on health conditions for the population of the world. However, the response of our crop species to these potent heavy metals-related toxicity is still left to be fully understood. It is a matter of great concern, as we are heavily dependent on crop species like rice, wheat, peas, etc. Our study here aims to learn about the defensive mechanism of Pisum sativum L. aided with putrescine and mycorrhiza against the stress created by Cd-related toxicity. We quantified physiological parameters such as the membrane-related injury and stability index. We further measured the total free proline content, lipid peroxidation content, and SOD activity. We executed our quantitative experiments on the stressed pea plants due to the exogenously applied Cd-toxicity in the presence and absence of mycorrhiza and putrescine. Insights of our significant results will improve the understanding of readers of the role of mycorrhiza and putrescine in improvising the tolerance level of a pea plant over Cd-related toxicity.