Nanoplastics (NPs) are becoming emerging pollutants of global concern. Understanding the environmental behavior of NPs is crucial for their environmental and human risk assessment. In this study, the aggregation and stability of polystyrene (PS) NPs were investigated under different hydrochemical conditions such as pH, salt type (NaCl, CaCl₂, Na₂SO₄), ionic strength (IS), and natural organic matter (NOM). The critical coagulation concentrations of PS NPs were determined to be 158.7 mM NaCl, 12.2 mM CaCl₂, and 80.0 mM Na₂SO₄. Ca²⁺ was more effective in destabilizing PS NPs, compared to Na⁺, owing to its stronger charge screening effect. In the presence of monovalent ions, NOM reduced aggregation through steric repulsion, whereas in the case of divalent ions, NOM induced aggregation through cation bridging. Initial and long-term stability studies demonstrated that, in waters with high IS and NOM content, NOM was the most significant factor affecting NPs aggregation. PS NPs would be highly suspended in all freshwaters, and even in wastewater, whereas they would aggregate rapidly and deposit in seawater. Finally, a statistical model was established to evaluate the hydrodynamic diameter of NPs in different waters. The results indicated the stability of PS NPs in natural aquatic environments and their potential for long-term transport.

Copper (Cu) is a vital micronutrient required for numerous fundamental biological processes, but excessive Cu poses potential detrimental effects on public and ecosystem health. However, the molecular details linking endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis in duck renal tubular epithelial cells have not been fully elucidated. In this study, duck renal tubular epithelial cells exposed to Cu sulfate (CuSO₄) (0, 100 and 200 μM) and a PERK inhibitor (GSK2606414, GSK, 1 μM) for 12 h were used to investigate the crosstalk between ER stress and apoptosis under Cu exposure. Cell and ER morphological and functional characteristics, intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺) levels, apoptotic rates, ER stress and apoptosis-related mRNA and protein levels were examined. The results showed that excessive Cu could cause ER expansion and swelling, increase the expression levels of ER stress-associated genes (PERK, eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP) and proteins (p-PERK and CHOP), induce intracellular Ca²⁺ overload, upregulate the expression levels of apoptosis-associated genes (Bax, Bak1, Caspase9 and Caspase3) and the cleaved-Caspase3 protein, downregulate Bcl-xl and Bcl2 mRNA levels and trigger apoptosis. PERK inhibitor treatment could ameliorate the above changed factors caused by Cu. In conclusion, these findings indicate that excessive Cu could trigger ER stress via activation of the PERK/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway and that ER stress might aggravate Cu-induced apoptosis in duck renal tubular epithelial cells.

Fipronil, a phenyl-pyrazole insecticide, has a wide range of uses, from agriculture to veterinary medicine. Due to its large-scale applications, the risk of environmental and occupational exposure and bioaccumulation raises concerns. Moreover, relatively little is known about the intracellular mechanisms of fipronil in trophoblasts and the endometrium involved in implantation. Here, we demonstrated that fipronil reduced the viability of porcine trophectoderm and luminal epithelial cells. Fipronil induced cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase and apoptotic cell death through DNA fragmentation and inhibition of DNA replication. These reactions were accompanied by homeostatic changes, including mitochondrial depolarization and cytosolic calcium depletion. In addition, we found that exposure to fipronil compromised the migration and implantation ability of pTr and pLE cells. Moreover, alterations in PI3K-AKT and MAPK-ERK1/2 signal transduction were observed in fipronil-treated pTr and pLE cells. Finally, the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of fipronil were also demonstrated in 3D cell culture conditions. In summary, our results suggest that fipronil impairs implantation potentials in fetal trophectoderm and maternal endometrial cells during early pregnancy.

The present study aims to explore the bioaccumulation and biotic transformations of inorganic (iHg) and monomethyl mercury (MMHg) by natural pico-nanoplankton community from eutrophic lake Soppen, Switzerland. Pico-nanoplankton encompass mainly bacterioplankton, mycoplankton and phytoplankton groups with size between 0.2 and 20 μm. Species-specific enriched isotope mixture of ¹⁹⁹iHg and ²⁰¹MMHg was used to explore the accumulation, the subcellular distribution and transformations occurring in natural pico-nanoplankton sampled at 2 different depths (6.6 m and 8.3 m). Cyanobacteria, diatoms, cryptophyta, green algae and heterotrophic microorganisms were identified as the major groups of pico-nanoplankton with diatoms prevailing at deeper samples. Results showed that pico-nanoplankton accumulated both iHg and MMHg preferentially in the cell membrane/organelles, despite observed losses. The ratios between the iHg and MMHg concentrations measured in the membrane/organelles and cytosol were comparable for iHg and MMHg. Pico-nanoplankton demethylate added ²⁰¹MMHg (~4 and 12% per day depending on cellular compartment), although the involved pathways are to further explore. Comparison of the concentrations of ²⁰¹iHg formed from ²⁰¹MMHg demethylation in whole system, medium and whole cells showed that 82% of the demethylation was biologically mediated by pico-nanoplankton. No significant methylation of iHg by pico-nanoplankton was observed. The accumulation of iHg and MMHg and the percentage of demethylated MMHg correlated positively with the relative abundance of diatoms and heterotrophic microorganisms in the pico-nanoplankton, the concentrations of TN, Mg²⁺, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, NH₄⁺ and negatively with the concentrations of DOC, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄²⁻. Taken together the results of the present field study confirm the role of pico-nanoplankton in Hg bioaccumulation and demethylation, however further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and interconnection between heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms.

Freshwater salinization is a rapidly emerging ecological issue and is correlated with significant declines in aquatic biodiversity. It remains unclear how changing salinity regimes affect the physiology of sensitive aquatic insects. We used the parthenogenetic mayfly, Neocloeon triangulifer, to ask how ionic exposure history alters physiological processes and responses to subsequent major ion exposures. Using radiotracers (²²Na, ³⁵SO₄, and ⁴⁵Ca), we observed that mayflies chronically reared in elevated sodium or sulfate (157 mg L⁻¹ Na or 667 mg L⁻¹ SO₄) had 2-fold (p < 0.0001) and 8-fold (p < 0.0001) lower ion uptake rates than mayflies reared in dilute control water (16 mg L⁻¹ Na and 23 mg L⁻¹ SO₄) and subsequently transferred to elevated salinities, respectively. These acclimatory ion transport changes provided protection in 96-h toxicity bioassays for sodium, but not sulfate. Interestingly, calcium uptake was uniformly much lower and minimally influenced by exposure history, but was poorly tolerated in the toxicity bioassays. With qRT-PCR, we observed that the expression of many ion transporter genes in mayflies was influenced by elevated salinity in an ion-specific manner (general upregulation in response to sulfate, downregulation in response to calcium). Elevated sodium exposure had minimal influence on the same genes. Finally, we provide novel light microscopic evidence of histomorphological changes within the epithelium of the Malpighian tubules (insect primary excretory system) that undergoes cellular degeneration and necrosis secondary to calcium toxicity. We conclude that physiological plasticity to salinity stress is ion-specific and provide evidence for ion-specific toxicity mechanisms in N. triangulifer.

Converting biomass waste into biochar by slow pyrolysis with subsequent soil amendment is a prospective approach with multiple environmental benefits including soil contamination remediation, soil amelioration and carbon sequestration. This study selected cow manure as precursor to produce biochar under 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C, and a remarkable promotion of carbon (C) retention in biochar by incorporation of exogenous Ca was achieved at all investigated pyrolysis temperatures. The C retention was elevated from 49.2 to 68.3% of pristine biochars to 66.1–79.7% of Ca-composite biochars. It was interesting that extent of this improvement increased gradually with rising of pyrolysis temperature, i.e., doping Ca in biomass promoted pyrolytic C retention in biochar by 16.6%, 23.4%, 29.1% and 31.1% for 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C, respectively. Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometer (TG-MS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that Ca catalyzed thermal-chemical reactions and simultaneously suppressed the release of small organic molecular substances (C₂–C₇) via physical blocking (CaO, CaCO₃, and CaClOH) and chemical bonding (CO and OC–O). The catalyzation mainly occurred at 200–400 °C, while the suppression was more prominent at higher temperatures. Raman spectra and 2D FTIR analysis on biochar microstructure showed that presence of Ca had negative influence on carbon aromatization and thus weakened biochar's stability, while increasing pyrolysis temperature enhanced the stability of carbon structure. Finally, with integrating “C retention” during pyrolysis and “C stability” in biochar, the maximum C sequestration (56.3%) was achieved at 600 °C with the participation of Ca. The study highlights the importance of both Ca and pyrolysis temperature in enhancing biochar's capacity of sequestrating C.

Diethyl phthalate (DEP), as a kind of universally used plasticizer, has aroused considerable public concern owing to its wide detection, environmental stability, and potential health risks. In this work, the highly efficient removal of DEP by ferrate (VI) (Fe(VI)) was systematically explored in soil environment. The effects of the oxidant dosages, soil types, as well as the presence of coexisting cations and anions in tested soil on DEP removal were evaluated. When the dosage of Fe(VI) was 20 mM, complete removal of DEP (50 μg/g) was achieved in the tested soil after 2 min of reaction. Furthermore, the removal rate of DEP was closely related to the soil types, and the degradation rates were decreased obviously in red soil (RS), black soil (BS) and paddy soil (PS), probably due to the acidic condition and high content of organic matters. Moreover, the presence of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ in soil can inhibit the removal of DEP by Fe(VI), while SO₄²⁻ has an slightly promotion effect. Six oxidation intermediates were detected in the reaction process of DEP, product analysis revealed that the transformation of DEP was mainly through two pathways, including hydrolysis and hydroxylation reactions, which were probably mediated by oxygen atom transfer process of Fe(VI). Based on the frontier electron density theory calculation, two ester groups of DEP were prone to be attacked by Fe(VI), and the hydroxyl addition tended to occur at the para-position of one of the ester groups on the benzene ring. This study provides a novel approach for phthalate esters removal from soil using Fe(VI) oxidation and shows new insights into the oxidation mechanisms.

We investigated the in vitro effects of pyriproxyfen on ionic balance in the testis of the zebrafish by measuring ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ influx. In vivo pyriproxyfen treatment was carried out to study oxidative stress, and conduct morphological analysis of the testis and liver. Whole testes were incubated in vitro with/without pyriproxyfen (10⁻¹², 10⁻⁹ or 10⁻⁶ M; 30 min) and ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ influx determined. To study pyriproxyfen’s mechanism of action, inhibitors/activators of ionic channels or pumps/exchangers, protein kinase inhibitors or a calcium chelator were added 15 min before the addition of ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ and pyriproxyfen. We evaluated the in vivo effects of 7 day exposure to waterborne pyriproxyfen (10⁻⁹ M) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione content (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. Morphological analyses of the testis and liver were carried out after in vivo exposure of D. rerio to pyriproxyfen. Pyriproxyfen increased ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ influx by opening the voltage-dependent T-type channels (T-type VDCC), inhibiting sarco/endoplasmic reticulum ⁴⁵Ca²⁺-ATPase (SERCA) and the NCX exchanger (forward mode) and by mobilizing calcium from stores. The involvement of potassium channels and protein kinase C (PKC) was also demonstrated in pyriproxyfen-induced intracellular calcium elevation. In vivo pyriproxyfen treatment of D. rerio increased lipid peroxidation, decreased GSH content and increased GST activity in testes, in addition to increasing the number and size of spermatogonia cysts and inducing hepatocyte basophilia and dilation of blood vessels in the liver. The toxicity of pyriproxyfen is mediated by calcium overload, increased lipid peroxidation, and a diminished antioxidant capacity in the testis, due to GSH depletion, and altered spermatogenesis. The development of high basophilia in the liver suggests that pyriproxyfen may have estrogenic activity, possibly acting as an endocrine-disruptor. These findings indicate that these alterations may contribute to pyriproxyfen toxicity and spermatogenesis disruption.

The hazardous effects of herbicides are well known; however, their effects on the reproductive system remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the anti-proliferative effects of dinitramine (DN) on immature murine testicular cell lines (Leydig and Sertoli cells) mediated via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced calcium dysregulation in the cytosol and mitochondria. The results demonstrated that the viability and proliferation of DN-treated TM3 and TM4 cells decreased significantly, even in the spheroid state. DN induced the apoptosis of TM3 and TM4 cells and decreased the expression of genes related to cell cycle progression. Treatment with DN increased the cytosolic and intramitochondrial levels of calcium by activating ER stress signals. DN activated the Erk/P38/Jnk Mapk pathway and inactivated the Pi3k/Akt pathway in murine testicular cells. Co-treatment with 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) mitigated DN-induced calcium upregulation in both testicular cell lines. Although 2-APB did not antagonize the anti-proliferative effect of DN in TM3 cells, treatment with 2-APB and 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid restored the proliferation of DN-treated TM4 cells.

The present research used zebrafish (5–28 days post-fertilization; dpf) as a model organism to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant sub-lethal concentrations of waterborne (261 μg/L) and dietary zinc (Zn) (1500 mg Zn/kg dw), either independently or simultaneously, during development. The results showed that whole body contents of Zn were increased in all Zn treatment groups, with the highest accumulation of Zn observed in larvae simultaneously exposed to elevated waterborne and dietary Zn. In addition, exposure to elevated levels of Zn, either through the water or the diet, led to a decrease in whole body calcium (Ca) contents at 28 dpf. The findings also suggested that exposure to elevated levels of Zn resulted in a significant reduction in whole body manganese (Mn) contents. More importantly, the magnitude of decrease in Mn contents by Zn exposure was markedly higher than that in Ca and appeared to mirror the increases in whole body Zn accumulation. These results indicate that Mn regulation is more sensitive than Ca to disruption by Zn exposure in developing fish. Further examination of the Zrt-Irt-Like Protein (ZIP) family of transporters using droplet digital PCR technologies revealed that several zip transporters exhibited temporal and exposure route-specific changes following Zn exposure. In particular, the level of zip4 was influenced by Zn exposure regardless of the exposure routes, while changes in zip7 and zip8 levels were predominantly driven by waterborne exposure. Overall, our findings demonstrated that zebrafish during the developmental periods are sensitive to elevated levels of Zn seen in the environment, particularly following co-exposures to waterborne and dietary Zn. Future toxicological assessment of elevated Zn exposure should consider both the exposure routes and the life stages of fish.